Psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection among diabetes patients

Objective:This review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose(CBG)testing and insulin injection,as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.Methods:Databases,including PubMed,Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),Scopus,and Google Scholar,were searched to extract the relevant articles.Initially,the terms used to retrieve related studies were"fear of blood glucose monitoring","anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection","psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection","diabetes management",and"diabetes mellitus".Results:Results showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose.This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection.Inadequate information,inappropriate perception,and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.Conclusions:The expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection.Moreover,family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear,anxiety,and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.

Astragalus injection inhibits c-Jun N terminal kinase mRNA expression following oxygen-glucose deprivation and reintroduction in rat hippocampal neurons

BACKGROUND： In studies concerning cell injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, current experiments have primarily focused on altered protein levels. In addition, the apoptotic proteins Bax and Bcl-2 have been thoroughly studied with regard to initiating neuronal apoptosis. OBJECTIVE： To establish an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reintroduction in the rat hippocampus to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury; to observe c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 （JNK3） mRNA expression in hippocampal neurons following Astragalus injection; and thus to determine changes in the signaling and downstream pathways of neuronal apoptosis at the cellular and molecular level. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, cellular and molecular experiment was performed at the Department of Central Laboratory, Chengde Medical College from February to June 2008. MATERIALS： Astragalus injection, the main ingredient of astragaloside, was purchased from Chengdu Di＇ao Jiuhong Pharmaceutical Manufactory, China. JNK3 mRNA probe and in situ hybridization kit were purchased from Tianjin Haoyang Biological Technology, China, and JNK3 RT-PCR primers were designed by Shanghai Bio-engineering, China. METHODS： Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons derived from Sprague Dawley rats, aged 1 2 days, were established. After 8 days, the hippocampal neurons were assigned to the following interventions： model group, Astragalus group, and vehicle control group, cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose reintroduction after oxygen-glucose deprivation for 30 minutes in sugar-free Earle＇s solution and a hypoxia device, which contained high-purity nitrogen. The normal control group was subjected to primary culture techniques and was not treated using above-mentioned interventions. In addition, the Astragalus and vehicle control groups were treated with Astragalus injection （0.5 g/L raw drug） or sterile, deionized water at 2 hours prior to oxygen-glucose deprivation, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： JNK3 mRNA expression was measured by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR at 0, 0.5, 2, 6, 24, 72, and 120 hours after oxygen-glucose reintroduction. RESULTS： Hippocampal neuronal morphology was normal in the normal control group. Hippocampal neurons exhibited apparent apoptosis-like pathological changes in the model, as well as the vehicle control, groups. The apoptosis-like pathological changes in the hippocampal neurons were less in the Astragalus group. Results from in situ hybridization and RT-PCR showed that JNK3 mRNA expression significantly increased in hippocampal neurons from model group, as well as the vehicle control group, compared with the normal control group （P 〈 0.05）. In addition, JNK3 mRNA expression significantly decreased in hippocampal neurons of the Astragalus group, compared with the model group and vehicle control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astragalus injection inhibited apoptosis-related JNK3 mRNA expression following oxygen-glucose deprivation and reintroduction, and accordingly played a role in inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis.

Enzymatic Determination of Glucose by Optical-Fiber Sensor Sequential Injection Renewable Surface Spectrophotometry

On the basis of oxidative decoloration of bromopyrogallol red （BPR） with H2O2, catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase（ HRP）, and the sequential injection renewable surface technique（ SI-RST）, a highly sensitive optical-fiber sensor spectrophotometric method for the enzymatic determination of hydrogen peroxide was proposed. By coupling with a glucose oxidase（GOD）-catalyzed reaction, the method was used to determine glucose in human serum. The considerations in system and flow cell design, and factors that influence the determination performance are discussed. With 100μL of sample loaded and 0. 6 mg of bead trapped, the linear response range from 5.0 × 10^-8 to 5.2 × 10^-6 mol/L BPR with a detection limit（3σ） of 2. 5 ×10 ^-8 mol/L BPR, and a precision of 1.1% RSD（ n = 11 ） and a throughput of a 80 samples per hour can be achieved. Under the conditions of a 8. 7 × 10^ -6 mol/L BPR substrate, 0. 04 unit/mL HRP, 600 s reaction time and a reaction temperature of 37℃, the linear response range for H2O2 was from 5.0 × 10^-8 to 7.0 × 10^-6 mol/L with a detection limit（3σ） of 1.0 × 10^-8 mol/L and a precision of 3.7% RSD （ n = 11 ）. The linear response range by coupling with a GOD-catalyzed reaction was from 1.0 × 10^-7 to 1.0 × 10^-5 mol/L. The method was directly applied to determine glucose in human serum. Glucose contents obtained by the proposed procedure were compared with those obtained by using the phenol-4-AAP method, the error was found to be less than 3%.

Shuxuetong injection protects cerebral microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion

Shuxuetong injection composed of leech(Hirudo nipponica Whitman) and earthworm(Pheretima aspergillum) has been used for the clinical treatment of acute stroke for many years in China. However, the precise neuroprotective mechanism of Shuxuetong injection remains poorly understood. Here, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells(bEnd.3) were incubated in glucose-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 95% N_2/5% CO_2 for 6 hours, followed by high-glucose medium containing 95% O_2 and 5% CO_2 for 18 hours to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion model. This in vitro cell model was administered Shuxuetong injection at 1/32, 1/64, and 1/128 concentrations(diluted 32-, 64-, and 128-times). Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability. A fluorescence method was used to measure lactate dehydrogenase, and a fluorescence microplate reader used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species. A fluorescent probe was also used to measure mitochondrial superoxide production. A cell resistance meter was used to measure transepithelial resistance and examine integrity of monolayer cells. The fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran test was performed to examine blood-brain barrier permeability. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Western blot assay was performed to analyze expression of caspase-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, occludin, vascular endothelial growth factor, cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB p65, I kappa B alpha, phosphorylated I kappa B alpha, I kappa B kinase, phosphorylated I kappa B kinase, claudin-5, and zonula occludens-1. Our results show that Shuxuetong injection increases bEnd.3 cell viability and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression, reduces cleaved caspase-3 expression, inhibits production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide, suppresses expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, markedly increases transepithelial resistance, decreases blood-brain barrier permeability, upregulates claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 expression, reduces nuclear factor-κB p65 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and reduces I kappa B alpha, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, and I kappa B kinase phosphorylation levels. Overall, these findings suggest that Shuxuetong injection has protective effects on brain microvascular endothelial cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. Moreover, its protective effect is associated with reduction of mitochondrial superoxide production, inhibition of the inflammatory response, and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, and the nuclear factor-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Mathematical Model for Diabetes Mellitus with Impulsive Injections of Glucose-insulin

Impulsive injections of glucose and insulin analogues are very important strategies for the control of diabetes mellitus. We mainly imitate diabetes patients take insulin before eating, and eating approximately as a pulse blood glucose injection, as a result, a new mathematical model with impulsive injections of both glucose and insulin at different fixed times is formulated in this paper. Using the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, we show that the existence and uniqueness of a positive globally asymptotically stable periodic solution for type I diabetes. By impulsive comparison theorem, we obtain the glucose concentration level of the system is uniformly bounded above and below for type Ⅱ diabetes. Numerical analysis verifies our theoretical results.

Hyperglycemic Effects of a Periocular Dexamethasone Injection in Diabetic Patients after Vitreoretinal Surgery

Objective To examine the hyperglycemic effects of periocular dexamethasone injection in type 2 diabetic patients after vitreoretinal surgery （VRS）. Methods This was a retrospective non-randomized controlled trial. Twenty consecutive hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes and ocular inflammatory reaction after VRS were enrolled in this study. Ten patients received 2.5 mg dexamethasone and 10 patients received 5 mg dexamethasone. Fourteen consecutive type 2 diabetic patients without ocular inflammatory reaction after VRS were used as control group. We measured fasting blood glucose （FBG） and at 2 h after each meal （post prandial glucose, PBG; 09：00, 13：00, and 19：00 h） after periocular dexamethasone injection. Differences among three groups were determined by q tests. Results The PBG levels in both dexamethasone-treated groups started to increase within 5 h after injection （i.e., PBG at 13：00 h）, and were significantly increased at 29：00 h after injection （P〈0.05）. BG levels were almost 2-fold higher than at baseline and compared with the control group. The BG values declined gradually by 24 h to 48 h after injection. There were no differences in BG levels between the two dexamethasone-treated groups （P〉0.05）, except for PBG at 19：00 h on day 2 after injection （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Periocular dexamethasone injection can cause transient hyperglycemia in diabetic patients after VRS. BG monitoring should be performed following such injection.

Effects of Salivae Miltiorrhizae Liguspyragine Hydrochloride and Glucose Injection(参芎葡萄糖注射液)on the Levels of Main Platelet Thrombin Receptors in Chronic Haemodialysis Patients

Objective：To investigate the effects of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Liguspyragine Hydrochloride and Glucose Injection（参芎葡萄糖注射液,SLGI） on the expression of platelet membrane receptors proteinase-activated receptor-1（PAR1） and proteinase-activated receptor-4（PAR4） in end-stage renal disease（ESRD） patients on chronic haemodialysis（HD）.Methods：Eighty-six ESRD patients on HD（treated group） were treated with SLGI,7 days as one therapeutic course,for two successive courses.The previous therapies were unchanged.Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of platelet PAR1 and PAR4 in the patients,and turbidity method was used to determine the platelet maximum aggregation rate（MAR）.Meanwhile,renal function was measured.The final data were compared with those before treatment and with those in the normal control group（54 healthy subjects）.Results：Compared with the normal control group,the expressions of PAR1 and PAR4 and platelet MAR in ESRD patients on HD was significantly higher before treatment（P=0.001,P=0.006, and P=0.008）;after treatment with SLGI,the above indices in patients were remarkably decreased（P=0.036 and P=0.046）,except PAR4（P=0.067）,but still higher than those in the normal control group,however,it was not statistically significant.Conclusions：（1） The overexpression of PAR1 and PAR4 might lead to increased platelet aggregation and this could be one of the reasons for the thrombotic events in ESRD patients on HD.（2） SLGI was able to down-regulate the expression of PAR1 in ESRD patients on HD,improve platelet function,and regulate platelet activation.

GIS局部放电与等效脉冲注入过程中特高频信号一致性研究

笔者对GIS局部放电与等效脉冲注入过程中的特高频信号一致性进行了试验研究。通过测量等效脉冲注入和局部放电信号的电磁波波形,发现传感器耦合到的特高频信号波形相似;在相同试验条件下,局部放电信号与等效脉冲注入产生的特高频信号衰减规律和传播范围相同。试验结果表明,局部放电与等效脉冲注入过程中产生的特高频信号一致性很好。在此基础上,通过建立等效脉冲幅值与局部放电量之间的对应关系,可用于GIS局部放电特高频在线监测装置现场校验。

界面电荷注入与积聚行为对直流GIS/GIL绝缘子沿面电场的影响分析

气体绝缘组合电器(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)和气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas insulated metalenclosed transmission line,GIL)运行电流大,设备内部存在明显的温度梯度分布,造成高压电极附近电荷的注入与迁移加剧,导致绝缘子内空间及表面电荷的积聚,畸变电场,容易诱发沿面闪络故障。为此文中建立了电—热耦合应力下直流盆式绝缘子内的电荷注入与积聚模型,研究了考虑电荷注入和迁移特性的绝缘子空间电荷及表面电荷积聚情况,并分析了不同负载电流下绝缘子沿面电场分布规律。研究结果表明:温度梯度下,导体—绝缘界面电荷注入会造成绝缘子内部同极性空间电荷的积聚,并且空间电荷积聚密度会随着负载电流的增大而增大;空间电荷的积聚会减弱高压电极附近电场强度,增强绝缘子凸侧表面法向电场强度,加剧表面电荷的积聚;空间及表面电荷的积聚会使绝缘子表面电势上升,导致接地电极附近电势差增大,电场强度显著增大,地电极三结合点处的场强由空载条件下的1.71 kV/mm增长为额定电流作用下的3.47 kV/mm,增加了103%。该研究结果有助于理解温度梯度下直流绝缘子表面电场畸变机理,并对直流绝缘子的优化设计和安全运行有一定的参考价值。

500kV GIS设备漏气原因分析及改进工艺

随着SF6封闭式组合电器(GIS)设备在500kV变电站的广泛投入运行,已发现部分GIS因漏气导致SF6压力降低的现象。本文对湖北省500kV变电站的GIS设备漏气现象进行了调查统计,并以朝阳变电站为例进行试验分析,得出主要原因为外"V"槽密封不完全,失去可靠的防水措施,容易形成贯穿型槽孔而导致漏气。对漏气设备进行注脂工艺改进后,均未发现对接面存在漏气现象。

关于GI平坦模和GF挠模（英文）

研究了两类模:GI平坦模和GF挠模,其中,GI表示Gorenstein内射模,GF表示Gorenstein平坦模;刻画了环的两个同调维数,即Gorenstein内射模的最大平坦维数和模的最大GF挠维数.同时也研究了这些模类和同调维数之间的关系.

关于GI-平坦模的注记

利用GI-平坦模与Gorenstein平坦维数给出了平坦模的另一等价刻划,并得到了环R是左Gorenstein半遗传环时,右R模M是GI-平坦模当且仅当M是平坦模;在交换环的条件下利用Hom函子,A函子刻划了GI-平坦模;另外还给出了短正合列上的模的GI平坦维数的关系.

Integration of microfluidic injection analysis with carbon nanomaterials/gold nanowire arrays-based biosensors for glucose detection

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide(r GO) nanosheets were utilized to construct glucose biosensors in combination with gold nanowire arrays(Au NWAs), and microfluidic injection analysis driven by gravity force was used to investigate the performances of as-prepared glucose biosensors. The results demonstrated glucose biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials/Au NWAs presented excellent performance at low working potential of-0.2 V versus Ag/Ag Cl(3 mol/L KCl), such as high sensitivity, good anti-interference ability and high throughput(45 h^(-1)). The glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase(GOx)–CNT–Au NWAs showed a wide linear range from 100 to 3,000 lmol/L with a sensitivity of 4.12 l A/cm^2 mmol/L. Furthermore, the linear range and sensitivity of GOx–r GO–Au NWAs-based glucose biosensor were 50–4,000 lmol/L and 8.59 l A/(cm^2 mmol/L), respectively, which were better than those of glucose biosensor based on GOx–CNT–Au NWAs,suggesting r GO nanosheets in combination with Au NWAs being a good platform for the construction of glucose biosensors.

盆式绝缘子外注防水胶工艺不良导致GIS设备漏气原因分析与治理措施

由于盆式绝缘子采用外注防水胶工艺密封而导致GIS设备漏气的现象频繁发生,文中通过对故障盆式绝缘子进行现场拆解,对绝缘盆对接面和O型密封圈进行检查,利用红外ATR图谱分析法对密封圈上的白色物质成分进行检测,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱分析对防水胶进行化学成分分析。结果表明外注防水胶工艺容易造成防水胶注入不充分、不均匀的情况,水分、灰尘等杂质易浸入密封面并对其产生腐蚀作用,从而造成密封面光洁度、平整度下降,进而导致漏气故障。建议对于漏气较为严重的情况,进行及时停电更换密封圈并重新注胶,对于漏气量较小的情况,在设备运行状态下进行重新防水处理。

n-GI内射模和n-GI平坦模

引入了n-GI-内射模和n-GI-平坦模.研究了这2种模类的同调性质,讨论了模和环的n-GI-内射维数.

Cause Analysis and Treatment Measures for Leakage of Top Cover of 330kV GIS Equipment

Based on the experience of GIS equipment maintenance, the causes of air leakage defects of GIS equipment running in a 330 substation were analyzed. After the equipment was disassembled, the main causes of air leakage were found, and a series of improvement measures were taken to eliminate the GIS equipment leakage defect. And the effective and feasible advice was put forward for this type of air leakage problem. The results lay a foundation for the safe and stable operation of GIS equipment.

丰宁抽蓄电站500 kV地面GIS安装工艺及步骤

作为世界上最大的抽水蓄能电站丰宁抽蓄电站.500 kV GIS设备作为向电网输送和从电网吸收电能的重要设备组成部分,其重要性不言而喻.对丰宁抽蓄电站500 kV地面GIS设备安装工艺及气室抽真空注气进行了阐述,通过严控现场安装环境、安装工序、安装工艺等以达到优质的设备安装质量,设备的安装质量将直接决定着设备后续运行的稳定性.

胰岛素不同注射方式对糖尿病血糖控制效果的影响研究

目的分析胰岛素不同注射方式对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制情况的影响。方法选取2021年9月—2023年9月安溪县医院收治的186例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,利用最新统计学软件生成随机序列后将其分为对照组、观察组,各93例。两组研究对象均选用门冬胰岛素治疗,其中对照组注射方式为多次胰岛素皮下注射,观察组注射方式为胰岛素泵持续泵注。对比两组血糖控制情况、胰岛素使用剂量、血糖达标情况以及胰岛β细胞功能。结果观察组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及糖化血红蛋白水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组平均每天胰岛素使用量低于对照组,血糖达标时间短于对照组,且在达标即刻使用的胰岛素总量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组胰岛β细胞功能优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于2型糖尿病患者,采用胰岛素泵持续泵注这一注射方式,有利于改善血糖、血压及血脂水平,同时改善胰岛β细胞功能,且使用胰岛素剂量更低,能够更快速地达到控糖标准。

论TA一次注流试验在GIS设备中的应用

通过将HGIS、GIS、AIS设备的特性进行对比,论述了TA一次注流试验在HGIS设备和GIS设备中的必要性和可行性。