Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus

Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus common second-line choice after metformin for treating T2DM.Various considerations can make selecting and switching between different GLP-1 RAs challenging.Our study aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the usage of GLP-1 RAs and dual GIP and GLP-1 RAs for the management of T2DM.

Dominant-negative inhibition of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide impairs function of β cells in transgenic pigs

Dear Editor： Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide （GIP） and proglucagon product glucagon-like peptide-1 （GLP- 1） and their corresponding receptors promote secretion of glucose-dependent insulin and may be responsible for up to 70% of postprandial insulin secretions.

Glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists and the management of type 2 diabetes-backwards and forwards

This editorial is stimulated by the article by Alqifari et al published in the World Journal of Diabetes(2024).Alqifari et al focus on practical advice for the clinical use of glucagon-like-peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)in the management of type 2 diabetes and this editorial provides complementary information.We initially give a brief historical perspective of the development of GLP-1RAs stimulated by recognition of the‘incretin effect’,the substantially greater insulin increase to enteral when compared to euglycaemic intravenous glucose,and the identification of the incretin hormones,GIP and GLP-1.In addition to stimulating insulin,GLP-1 reduces postprandial glucose levels by slowing gastric emptying.GLP-1RAs were developed because native GLP-1 has a very short plasma half-life.The majority of current GLP-1RAs are administered by subcutaneous injection once a week.They are potent in glucose lowering without leading to hypoglycaemia,stimulate weight loss in obese individuals and lead to cardiovascular and renal protection.The landscape in relation to GLP-1RAs is broadening rapidly,with different formulations and their combination with other peptides to facilitate both glucose lowering and weight loss.There is a need for more information relating to the effects of GLP-1RAs to induce gastrointestinal symptoms and slow gastric emptying which is likely to allow their use to become more effective and personalised.

初诊2型糖尿病患者肠促胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平的变化

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清肠促胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平的变化。方法选取21例初诊T2DM患者(T2DM组)和17例血糖正常的健康体检者(对照组)。两组均行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定0、30、120min时静脉血中胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌多肽(GIP)和胰高血糖素水平。结果 T2DM组患者OGTT中各时点的GLP-1水平[分别为(11.6±4.4)、(14.2±5.4)、(15.1±7.3)pmol/L]较对照组[分别为(18.8±3.1)、(21.8±4.2)、(23.7±4.8)pmol/L]显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组患者各时点GIP水平无显著变化;但T2DM组患者各时点胰高血糖素水平[(16.1±4.3)、(25.1±5.4)、(25.2±5.6)pg/ml]显著高于对照组[(14.8±5.9)、(18.7±4.7)、(15.7±5.2)pg/ml],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于初诊的T2DM患者,空腹及糖负荷后30、120min时GLP-1水平显著下降,GIP水平无变化,胰高血糖素水平显著升高。

肠促胰岛素在2型糖尿病中的作用和研究进展

肠促胰岛素(Incretin)具有进食后刺激胰岛素分泌、促进胰岛素生物合成和抑制胰高血糖素分泌等多种生理功能,在维持血糖稳态上发挥了重要的作用。近年来,随着关于肠促胰岛素在2型糖尿病的发病机制和药物治疗方面的研究不断深入,为2型糖尿病的治疗提供了新的思路,开辟了新的途径。

Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila

AIM: To investigated changes in intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila(A. muciniphila) and explored the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB) surgery on type 2 diabetes in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki(GK) rats. METHODS: Male diabetic GK rats(n = 12) aged 8 wk were randomly assigned to the surgery group(GK-RYGB) or sham surgery group(GK-Sham)(n = 6 per group), and another 6 male Wistar rats aged 8 wk served as controls(WS-Sham). In the surgery group, RYGB surgery was conducted, and a sham operation was performed in both sham groups. Fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels before and after surgery, fasting levels of serum insulin and serum glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and levels 30 min after intragastric injection of glucose, and the amount of A. muciniphila in the stool were determined. Insulin and GLP-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and A. muciniphila were detected by fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The FBG was improved, and serum GLP-1 and insulin increased significantly(P < 0.05) in the GKRYGB group after surgery compared to levels before surgery and to levels in the GK-Sham group. Before surgery, the amounts of A. muciniphila in the GK-RYGB and GK-Sham groups were significantly lower than in the WS-Sham group(P < 0.05). After surgery, the amount of A. muciniphila in the GK-RYGB group increased markedly compared to that before surgery and to that in the GKSham and WS-Sham groups(P < 0.05). In addition, the A.muciniphila amount was positively related to GLP-1(r = 0.86, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated RYGB surgery may increase GLP-1 secretion, elevate serum insulin after intragastric injection of glucose, and improve insulin resistance in diabetic GK rats, thereby contributing to a significant reduction in blood glucose. The increased amount of A. muciniphila after RYGB surgery may be related to elevated GLP-1 secretion.

葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽/胰高血糖素样肽-1双受体激动剂在血糖控制中的作用研究进展

葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic ploypeptide,GIP)及胰高血糖素样肽(glucagon-like peptide,GLP)-1是两种主要的肠促胰岛素,二者均能增加葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌,发挥降糖作用。近年来,GLP-1受体激动剂对2型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus type 2,T2DM)的疗效得到广泛认可,但关于GIP对T2DM的疗效仍未完全明确。当GIP与GLP-1在单分子双重激动剂中结合时,可表现出显著协同作用。现主要概述GIP/GLP-1双受体激动剂在T2DM患者血糖控制中的作用,及从临床前研究和临床研究中获得的新发现,旨在为临床提供参考。

非酒精性脂肪肝患者口服葡萄糖后血浆胰高血糖素样肽和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽水平的变化

目的考察非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFLD)患者口服葡萄糖后胰高血糖素样肽(glucagonlikepeptide-1,GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic ploypeptide,GIP)分泌的特征。方法选取34例非酒精性脂肪肝和42例健康人群,行口服糖耐量试验后在120 min内测定血GLP-1、GIP、血糖、血胰岛素、胰高血糖素含量进行比较。结果 NAFLD患者经葡萄糖诱导后GLP-1分泌量明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),而GIP没有明显改变,但是所有患者均存在胰岛素抵抗。与正常对照组相比,NAFLD患者空腹胰岛素水平和葡萄糖诱导后的胰岛素水平均明显升高,血糖降低缓慢,而空腹胰高血糖素水平明显升高。结论 NAFLD患者经葡萄糖诱导分泌GLP-1功能缺陷,GIP分泌无异常。NAFLD患者存在胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症和胰高血糖素血症。