BACKGROUND：Studies have reported that potassium channel openers exhibit a protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibit glutamate excitotoxicity in rats.However,the effects of the glutamate re...BACKGROUND：Studies have reported that potassium channel openers exhibit a protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibit glutamate excitotoxicity in rats.However,the effects of the glutamate receptor 1α and glutamate transporter 1 remain poorly understood.OBJECTIVE：To investigate the prophylactic use of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener cromakalim on neurological function and cerebral infarct size,as well as glutamate receptor 1α and glutamate transporter 1 expression,in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,and to explore action mechanisms underlying reduced glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroprotection in rats.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：Randomized,controlled,animal experiment was performed at the Brain Institute,Qingdao University Medical College,Between July 2008 and April 2009.MATERIALS：Cromakalim was purchased from Sigma,USA; rabbit anti-glutamate receptor 1α polyclonal antibody was offered by Wuhan Boster,China; rabbit anti-glutamate transporter 1 polyclonal antibody was offered by Santa Cruz Biotechnology,USA.METHODS：Sixty male,Wistar rats,aged 6 months,were randomly assigned to three groups （n =20）：sham-surgery,model,and cromakalim.Intraluminal thread methods were used to establish middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats from the model and cromakalim groups.Rats from the sham-surgery group were subjected to exposed common carotid artery,external carotid artery,and internal carotid artery,without occlusion.Cromakalim （10 mg/kg） was administered 30 minutes prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion,but there was no intervention in the model and sham-surgery groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：At 24 hours post-surgery,neurological behavioral functions were evaluated using Bederson＇s test,cerebral infarction volume was determined following tetrazolium chloride staining,and glutamate receptor 1a and glutamate transporter 1 expressions were detected using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS：Following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,neurological behavioral malfunctions were obvious in all mice.Focal cerebral infarction was detected in ischemic hemispheres,glutamate receptor 1α expression increased,and glutamate transporter 1 expression decreased in the ischemic hemisphere （P〈 0.05）.Compared with the model group,neurological behavioral functions significantly improved,cerebral infarction volume was significantly reduced （P〈 0.05）,glutamate receptor 1α expression was significantly decreased,and glutamate transporter 1 expression was increased in the cromakalim group （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarction volume in rats through the preventive use of cromakalim could be related to decreased glutamate receptor 1α expression and enhanced glutamate transporter 1 expression.展开更多
In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of the glutamate transporter 1 （GLT-1, EAAT2） in major depressive disorder （MDD）. However, experimental data on brain GLT-1 levels are, to some extent, inc...In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of the glutamate transporter 1 （GLT-1, EAAT2） in major depressive disorder （MDD）. However, experimental data on brain GLT-1 levels are, to some extent, inconsistent in human postmortem and animal studies, These discrepancies imply that the role of GLT-1 in the pathophysiology of MDD and the action of antidepressants remain obscure. This work was designed to study the impact of chronic unpredictable stress （CUS） for 2 ses- sions per day for 35 days and four weeks of fluoxetine （FLX） on depressive-like behaviors in rats, as well as the concomitant expression of the GLT-1 protein in the hippocampus. Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference and open field tests. GLT-1 levels were detected by immunohisto- chemistry and Western blot analysis. Our study demonstrated that the animals exposed to CUS showed depressive-like behaviors and exhibited a significant decrease in GLT-1 expression in the hippocampus. Chronic FLX treatment reversed the behavioral deficits and the CUS-induced decrease in GLT-1 levels. Taken together, our results support the reduction of GLT-1 in human postmortem studies in MDD and suggest that GLT-1 may be involved in the antidepressant activity of FLX. Our studies further support the notion that GLT-1 is an attractive candidate molecule associated with the fundamental processes of MDD and may be a potential, and novel pharmacological target for the treatment of MDD.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the abundance and potential diagnostic significance of neuroligin-1 and glutamate(Glu) in Hirschsprung's disease(HSCR).METHODS: Ninety children with HSCR and 50 children without HSCR matched fo...AIM: To investigate the abundance and potential diagnostic significance of neuroligin-1 and glutamate(Glu) in Hirschsprung's disease(HSCR).METHODS: Ninety children with HSCR and 50 children without HSCR matched for similar nutritional status, age and basal metabolic index were studied. The expression and localization of neuroligin-1 and Glu were assessed using double-labeling immunofluorescence staining of longitudinal muscles with adherent myenteric plexus from the surgically excised colon of children with HSCR. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the abundance of neuroligin-1 and Glu in different HSCR-affected segments(ganglionic, transitional, and aganglionic segments). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect and compare serum Glu levels in the long-segment HSCR, short-segment HSCR and non-HSCR samples.RESULTS: Neuroligin-1 and Glu were co-expressed highest to lowest in the ganglionic, transi tional and aganglionic segments based on Western blot(neuroligin-1: 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.101 ± 0.006, 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.035 ± 0.005, and 0.101 ± 0.006 vs 0.035 ±0.005, P < 0.005; Glu: 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.115 ± 0.008, 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, and 0.115 ± 0.008 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, P < 0.005) and q RT-PCR(neuroligin-1: 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6, 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, and 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, P < 0.005). Serum Glu level was the highest to lowest in the non-HSCR, short-type HSCR and long-type HSCR samples based on ELISA(in nmol/μL, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.57 ± 0.25, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, and 0.57 ± 0.25 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, P < 0.005).CONCLUSION: Neuroligin-1 and Glu may represent new markers of ganglion cells, whose expression may correlate with the pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis or classification of HSCR.展开更多
Baicalin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis root.Recent evidence indicates that baicalin is neuroprotective in models of ischemic stroke.Here,we investigate the neuroprotective effect of ba...Baicalin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis root.Recent evidence indicates that baicalin is neuroprotective in models of ischemic stroke.Here,we investigate the neuroprotective effect of baicalin in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Seven-day-old pups underwent left common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia（8% oxygen at 37°C） for 2 hours,before being injected with baicalin（120 mg/kg intraperitoneally） and examined 24 hours later.Baicalin effectively reduced cerebral infarct volume and neuronal loss,inhibited apoptosis,and upregulated the expression of p-Akt and glutamate transporter 1.Intracerebroventricular injection of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3 K/Akt） inhibitor LY294002 30 minutes before injury blocked the effect of baicalin on p-Akt and glutamate transporter 1,and weakened the associated neuroprotective effect.Our findings provide the first evidence,to our knowledge that baicalin can protect neonatal rat brains against hypoxic-ischemic injury by upregulating glutamate transporter 1 via the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.展开更多
Objective: To observe the effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST) and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits, and to investigate the effect of peripheral ner...Objective: To observe the effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST) and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits, and to investigate the effect of peripheral nerve anesthesia on the morphology and function of the spinal cord. Methods: Twenty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and control group; with 10 rabbits in each group. For spinal nerve anesthesia, 5 g/L of bupivacaine was used in the experimental group, and sterile saline was used in the control group. After 30 min of cardiac perfusion, GLAST and GLT-1 protein expression in spinal neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Results: GLAST and GLT-1 protein-positive cells increased in neurons in the experimental group, compared with the control group(P<0.05). Conclusions: After subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia, rabbit glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expression is increased; and spinal cord nerve cell function is inhibited.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Developmental seizures are pathologically characterized by regenerative sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers rich in Zn^2＋. Zn^2＋ metabolism in the mossy fiber pathway, and Zn^2＋ accumulation in presy...BACKGROUND： Developmental seizures are pathologically characterized by regenerative sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers rich in Zn^2＋. Zn^2＋ metabolism in the mossy fiber pathway, and Zn^2＋ accumulation in presynaptic membrane vesicles, are dependent on zinc transporter 1 （ZnT1） and glutamate receptor subunit 2 （GluR2）. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of long-term recurrent neonatal seizure, in the presence and absence of physical exercise, on the developmental expression of hippocampal zinc transporter 1 （ZnT1） and GluR2, and on cognitive function in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Based on behavioral examination and molecular biological research, a randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, between January 2007 and April 2008. MATERIALS： Twenty-one 6-day-old Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were employed in this study. ZnT1 mRNA in situ hybridization kit was provided by Tianjin Haoyang Biological Manufacture Co.,Ltd., China. Rabbit anti-GluR2 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech, Inc, USA. METHODS： Rats were randomly divided into a recurrent seizure group （n = 11） and a control group （n = 10）. In the recurrent seizure group, 30-minute seizure was induced by flurothyl gas inhalation for a total of 6 consecutive days. Rats from the control group underwent experimental procedures similar to the recurrent seizure group, with the exception of flurothyl gas inhalation. Thirty minutes of treadmill exercise was performed daily by all rats at postnatal days 51–56. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At postnatal day 82, rat hippocampal tissue was harvested for analysis of hippocampal ZnT1 and GluR2 expression by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rat learning and memory capabilities were examined using the Y-maze test. RESULTS： In the recurrent seizure group, the gray scale value of ZnT1 in situ hybridization positive neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05）, while the gray scale value of GluR2 immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal hilus and dentate gyrus was significantly lower （P 〈 0.05）, than in the control group. At postnatal days 29–35, numbers of trials to criteria for successful learning were greater in the recurrent seizure group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）; at postnatal days 61–67, the numbers of trials to criteria for successful learning were similar between the two groups （P 〉 0.05）. At postnatal days 29–35 and 61–67, there was no significant difference in memory capability between the recurrent seizure and control groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Physical exercise likely improves the learning deficits caused by recurrent neonatal seizure in rats during brain development by modulating ZnT1 and GluR2 expression.展开更多
The diffuse brain injury model was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats, according to Marmarou＇s free-fall attack. The water content in brain tissue, expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor la mRNA and protein were...The diffuse brain injury model was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats, according to Marmarou＇s free-fall attack. The water content in brain tissue, expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor la mRNA and protein were significantly increased after injury, reached a peak at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased. After treatment with the competitive antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor la, （RS）-l-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, the water content of brain tissues decreased between 12-72 hours after injury, and neurological behaviors improved at 2 weeks. These experimental findings suggest that the 1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid may result in marked neuroprotection against diffuse brain injury.展开更多
Objective： To study the morphologic abnormalities of the myenteric plexus in diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism of their effect on gastrointestinal motility. Methods： Forty rats were randomly divided into a ...Objective： To study the morphologic abnormalities of the myenteric plexus in diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism of their effect on gastrointestinal motility. Methods： Forty rats were randomly divided into a diabetic group and a control group, Gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were measured and histologic and molecular changes in glutamatergic nerves in the ileal myenteric plexus were observed, mGluR5 receptor and EAAC1 transporter changes in the diabetic rats were studied using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results：Eighteen weeks after the establishment of the diabetic rats model, gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were found to be significantly delayed in the diabetic group when compared with the control group. The density of glutamatergic ganglia and neurons in the ileal myenterie plexus were significantly decreased in the diabetic group when compared with control group（P 〈 0.05） and the mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters were downregulated in the diabetic rats（P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Decreased glutamatergic enteric ganglia and neurons and decreased mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters in the intestinal myenteric plexus is one of the mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy in rats.展开更多
To investigate the intracellular mechanism that interleukin 1β (IL 1β) facilitates epileptic seizure and neuronal damage, the effect of IL 1β alone or IL 1β plus glutamate (Glu) on the intracellular free calci...To investigate the intracellular mechanism that interleukin 1β (IL 1β) facilitates epileptic seizure and neuronal damage, the effect of IL 1β alone or IL 1β plus glutamate (Glu) on the intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i) of single cultured hippocampal neuron was examined by using EPC 9 light electricity measurement system. The results showed that IL 1β of different concentrations (5×10 3 U/L, 10×10 3 U/L, 20×10 3 U/L, 30×10 3 U/L, 50×10 3 U/L, 100×10 3 U/L) failed to affect the neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i, but IL 1β could facilitate the augmentation of neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i induced by Glu in a dose dependent pattern. MK 801 inhibited the effect of Glu on [Ca 2+ ] i, and also inhibited the effect of IL 1β on [Ca 2+ ] i induced by Glu, while verapamil did not influence the effect of Glu or IL 1β. It is concluded that IL 1β, as a neuromodulator, can facilitate the activation of NMDA receptor by Glu, induce the increase of intracellular calcium, which enhances the excitement of neuron.展开更多
Glutamate is a regulated molecule in the mammalian testis. Extracellular regulation of glutamate in the body is determined largely by the expression of plasmalemmal glutamate transporters. We have examined by PCR, wes...Glutamate is a regulated molecule in the mammalian testis. Extracellular regulation of glutamate in the body is determined largely by the expression of plasmalemmal glutamate transporters. We have examined by PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry the expression of a panel of sodium-dependent plasmalemmal glutamate transporters in the rat testis. Proteins examined included： glutamate aspartate transporter （GLAST）, glutamate transporter 1 （GLT1）, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 （EAAC1）, excitatory amino acid transporter 4 （EAAT4） and EAAT5. We demonstrate that many of the glutamate transporters in the testis are alternately spliced. GLAST is present as exon-3- and exon-9-skipping forms. GLT1 was similarly present as the alternately spliced forms GLT1 b and GLTlc, whereas the abundant brain form （GLTla） was detectable only at the mRNA level. EAAT5 was also strongly expressed, whereas EAAC1 and EAAT4 were absent. These patterns of expression were compared with the patterns of endogenous glutamate localization and with patterns of D-aspartate accumulation, as assessed by immunocytochemistry. The presence of multiple glutamate transporters in the testis, including unusually spliced forms, suggests that glutamate homeostasis may be critical in this organ. The apparent presence of many of these transporters in the testis and sperm may indicate a need for glutamate transport by such cells.展开更多
Optogenetics is a combination of optics and genetics technology that can be used to activate or inhibit specific cells in tissues. It has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and neurological diseases, bu...Optogenetics is a combination of optics and genetics technology that can be used to activate or inhibit specific cells in tissues. It has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and neurological diseases, but rarely Alzheimer’s disease. Adeno-associated virus carrying the CaMK promoter driving the optogenetic channelrhodopsin-2 (CHR2) gene (or without the CHR2 gene, as control) was injected into the bilateral dentate gyri, followed by repeated intrahippocampal injections of soluble low-molecular-weight amyloid-β1–42 peptide (Aβ1–42). Subsequently, the region was stimulated with a 473 nm laser (1–3 ms, 10 Hz, 5 minutes). The novel object recognition test was conducted to test memory function in mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the numbers of NeuN and synapsin Ia/b-positive cells in the hippocampus. Western blot assay was carried out to analyze the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, NeuN, synapsin Ia/b, metabotropic glutamate receptor-1a (mGluR-1a), mGluR-5, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1, glutamate receptor 2, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Optogenetic stimulation improved working and short-term memory in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. This neuroprotective effect was associated with increased expression of NR1, glutamate receptor 2 and mGluR-5 in the hippocampus, and decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and interleukin-6. Our results show that optogenetics can be used to regulate the neuronal-glial network to ameliorate memory functions in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. The study was approved by the Animal Resources Committee of Jinan University, China (approval No. LL-KT-2011134) on February 28, 2011.展开更多
We have previously reported the high levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies(GAD65A)in patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease.Here we describe a 32-year-old Japanese female with a...We have previously reported the high levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies(GAD65A)in patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease.Here we describe a 32-year-old Japanese female with a thirteen-year history of type 1 diabetes whose levels of GAD65A were elevated just after the emergence of anti-thyroid autoimmunity.At 19 years of age,she developed diabetic ketoacidosis and was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.She had GAD65A,insulinoma-associated antigen-2 autoantibodies(IA-2A),and zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies(ZnT8A),but was negative for antibodies to thyroid peroxidase(TPOAb)and thyroglobulin(TGAb)at disease onset.ZnT8A and IA-2A turned negative 2-3 years after the onset,whereas GAD65A were persistently positive at lower level(approximately 40 U/mL).However,just after the emergence of TGAb at disease duration of 12.5 years,GAD65A levels were reelevated up to5717 U/mL in the absence of ZnT8A and IA-2A.Her thyroid function was normal and TPOAb were consistently negative.She has a HLA-DRB1*03:01/*04:01-DQB1*02:01/*03:02 genotype.Persistent positivity for GAD65A might be associated with increased risk to develop anti-thyroid autoimmunity.展开更多
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH;EC 1.4.1.2) catalyzes the reversible amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, and the polymerization of nucleoside triphosphate(s) to RNA. But the natural role of the reversible aminati...Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH;EC 1.4.1.2) catalyzes the reversible amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, and the polymerization of nucleoside triphosphate(s) to RNA. But the natural role of the reversible amination reaction is the subject of an expanding conversation. The aim was to illuminate the natural role of GDH through its RNA synthetic activity. Stoichiometric combinations of mineral salts that targeted the GDH subunit compositions were applied to field-cultivated peanuts. GDH of seeds were made to synthesize RNA in the deamination and then in the amination direction. Free amino acids were analyzed by HPLC. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) was assayed by photometry. Free amino acid yields in-creased from the control’s lowest (9.8 kg·ha–1) and amination-deamination ratio (0.05) through 12.0 - 23.0 kg·ha–1 in the K-, N+K+P+S-, Pi-, N+S-, S-treated peanuts with amination-deamination ratios between 0.6 and 10.0 until at the P+K-treated peanut which had the highest amino acid yield (52.4 kg·ha–1) and the highest amination-deamination ratio (61). The Km and Vmax values of GOGAT were within the normal range. Yields of free amino acids resulting from GDH aminating activity increased from <1.0 kg·ha–1 in the control, through 2.2 in the N+S-, 6.84 in the P+N-, 17.3 in the N-, to 42.6 kg·ha–1 in the P+K- treated peanut. These results show that the natural role of the GDH amination activity is to assimilate escalating multiples of the quantities of NH4+ ion as assimilated via the GS-GOGAT pathway. Peanut protein yields increased in parallel with GDH aminating activities and free amino acid yields such that the control peanut had the lowest protein (<26.0 kg·ha–1) and the yields increased exponentially (500 - 600 kg·ha–1) through the K-, P+S-, Pi-, N-treated to 910 kg·ha–1 in the P+K-treated peanut with the highest aminating activity of GDH. The ability of GDH aminating activity to escalate protein yields of food crops could be employed to address proteinenergy malnutrition syndrome of developing nations.展开更多
基金Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Foundation
文摘BACKGROUND：Studies have reported that potassium channel openers exhibit a protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibit glutamate excitotoxicity in rats.However,the effects of the glutamate receptor 1α and glutamate transporter 1 remain poorly understood.OBJECTIVE：To investigate the prophylactic use of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener cromakalim on neurological function and cerebral infarct size,as well as glutamate receptor 1α and glutamate transporter 1 expression,in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,and to explore action mechanisms underlying reduced glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroprotection in rats.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：Randomized,controlled,animal experiment was performed at the Brain Institute,Qingdao University Medical College,Between July 2008 and April 2009.MATERIALS：Cromakalim was purchased from Sigma,USA; rabbit anti-glutamate receptor 1α polyclonal antibody was offered by Wuhan Boster,China; rabbit anti-glutamate transporter 1 polyclonal antibody was offered by Santa Cruz Biotechnology,USA.METHODS：Sixty male,Wistar rats,aged 6 months,were randomly assigned to three groups （n =20）：sham-surgery,model,and cromakalim.Intraluminal thread methods were used to establish middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats from the model and cromakalim groups.Rats from the sham-surgery group were subjected to exposed common carotid artery,external carotid artery,and internal carotid artery,without occlusion.Cromakalim （10 mg/kg） was administered 30 minutes prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion,but there was no intervention in the model and sham-surgery groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：At 24 hours post-surgery,neurological behavioral functions were evaluated using Bederson＇s test,cerebral infarction volume was determined following tetrazolium chloride staining,and glutamate receptor 1a and glutamate transporter 1 expressions were detected using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS：Following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,neurological behavioral malfunctions were obvious in all mice.Focal cerebral infarction was detected in ischemic hemispheres,glutamate receptor 1α expression increased,and glutamate transporter 1 expression decreased in the ischemic hemisphere （P〈 0.05）.Compared with the model group,neurological behavioral functions significantly improved,cerebral infarction volume was significantly reduced （P〈 0.05）,glutamate receptor 1α expression was significantly decreased,and glutamate transporter 1 expression was increased in the cromakalim group （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarction volume in rats through the preventive use of cromakalim could be related to decreased glutamate receptor 1α expression and enhanced glutamate transporter 1 expression.
基金supported by the Key Technology Research of Major Mental Illness Prevention and Treatment for the Barriers to the Recognition and Prevention of Depression and Anxiety in the General Hospital,China(No.2012BAI01B05)
文摘In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of the glutamate transporter 1 （GLT-1, EAAT2） in major depressive disorder （MDD）. However, experimental data on brain GLT-1 levels are, to some extent, inconsistent in human postmortem and animal studies, These discrepancies imply that the role of GLT-1 in the pathophysiology of MDD and the action of antidepressants remain obscure. This work was designed to study the impact of chronic unpredictable stress （CUS） for 2 ses- sions per day for 35 days and four weeks of fluoxetine （FLX） on depressive-like behaviors in rats, as well as the concomitant expression of the GLT-1 protein in the hippocampus. Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference and open field tests. GLT-1 levels were detected by immunohisto- chemistry and Western blot analysis. Our study demonstrated that the animals exposed to CUS showed depressive-like behaviors and exhibited a significant decrease in GLT-1 expression in the hippocampus. Chronic FLX treatment reversed the behavioral deficits and the CUS-induced decrease in GLT-1 levels. Taken together, our results support the reduction of GLT-1 in human postmortem studies in MDD and suggest that GLT-1 may be involved in the antidepressant activity of FLX. Our studies further support the notion that GLT-1 is an attractive candidate molecule associated with the fundamental processes of MDD and may be a potential, and novel pharmacological target for the treatment of MDD.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81270720 and No.81471487
文摘AIM: To investigate the abundance and potential diagnostic significance of neuroligin-1 and glutamate(Glu) in Hirschsprung's disease(HSCR).METHODS: Ninety children with HSCR and 50 children without HSCR matched for similar nutritional status, age and basal metabolic index were studied. The expression and localization of neuroligin-1 and Glu were assessed using double-labeling immunofluorescence staining of longitudinal muscles with adherent myenteric plexus from the surgically excised colon of children with HSCR. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the abundance of neuroligin-1 and Glu in different HSCR-affected segments(ganglionic, transitional, and aganglionic segments). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect and compare serum Glu levels in the long-segment HSCR, short-segment HSCR and non-HSCR samples.RESULTS: Neuroligin-1 and Glu were co-expressed highest to lowest in the ganglionic, transi tional and aganglionic segments based on Western blot(neuroligin-1: 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.101 ± 0.006, 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.035 ± 0.005, and 0.101 ± 0.006 vs 0.035 ±0.005, P < 0.005; Glu: 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.115 ± 0.008, 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, and 0.115 ± 0.008 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, P < 0.005) and q RT-PCR(neuroligin-1: 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6, 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, and 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, P < 0.005). Serum Glu level was the highest to lowest in the non-HSCR, short-type HSCR and long-type HSCR samples based on ELISA(in nmol/μL, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.57 ± 0.25, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, and 0.57 ± 0.25 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, P < 0.005).CONCLUSION: Neuroligin-1 and Glu may represent new markers of ganglion cells, whose expression may correlate with the pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis or classification of HSCR.
基金supported by the Chinese Medicine Research Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Health Department of China,No.2013A040the Science and Technology Program of Jiangxi Provincial Health Department of China,No.20123023the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangxi Province of China,No.2009BSB11209
文摘Baicalin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis root.Recent evidence indicates that baicalin is neuroprotective in models of ischemic stroke.Here,we investigate the neuroprotective effect of baicalin in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Seven-day-old pups underwent left common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia（8% oxygen at 37°C） for 2 hours,before being injected with baicalin（120 mg/kg intraperitoneally） and examined 24 hours later.Baicalin effectively reduced cerebral infarct volume and neuronal loss,inhibited apoptosis,and upregulated the expression of p-Akt and glutamate transporter 1.Intracerebroventricular injection of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3 K/Akt） inhibitor LY294002 30 minutes before injury blocked the effect of baicalin on p-Akt and glutamate transporter 1,and weakened the associated neuroprotective effect.Our findings provide the first evidence,to our knowledge that baicalin can protect neonatal rat brains against hypoxic-ischemic injury by upregulating glutamate transporter 1 via the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Y2006C02)
文摘Objective: To observe the effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST) and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits, and to investigate the effect of peripheral nerve anesthesia on the morphology and function of the spinal cord. Methods: Twenty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and control group; with 10 rabbits in each group. For spinal nerve anesthesia, 5 g/L of bupivacaine was used in the experimental group, and sterile saline was used in the control group. After 30 min of cardiac perfusion, GLAST and GLT-1 protein expression in spinal neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Results: GLAST and GLT-1 protein-positive cells increased in neurons in the experimental group, compared with the control group(P<0.05). Conclusions: After subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia, rabbit glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expression is increased; and spinal cord nerve cell function is inhibited.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30470555, 30571909, 30870808the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, No. BK2007509Natural Science Foundation for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province, No. 07KJB320103
文摘BACKGROUND： Developmental seizures are pathologically characterized by regenerative sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers rich in Zn^2＋. Zn^2＋ metabolism in the mossy fiber pathway, and Zn^2＋ accumulation in presynaptic membrane vesicles, are dependent on zinc transporter 1 （ZnT1） and glutamate receptor subunit 2 （GluR2）. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of long-term recurrent neonatal seizure, in the presence and absence of physical exercise, on the developmental expression of hippocampal zinc transporter 1 （ZnT1） and GluR2, and on cognitive function in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Based on behavioral examination and molecular biological research, a randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, between January 2007 and April 2008. MATERIALS： Twenty-one 6-day-old Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were employed in this study. ZnT1 mRNA in situ hybridization kit was provided by Tianjin Haoyang Biological Manufacture Co.,Ltd., China. Rabbit anti-GluR2 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech, Inc, USA. METHODS： Rats were randomly divided into a recurrent seizure group （n = 11） and a control group （n = 10）. In the recurrent seizure group, 30-minute seizure was induced by flurothyl gas inhalation for a total of 6 consecutive days. Rats from the control group underwent experimental procedures similar to the recurrent seizure group, with the exception of flurothyl gas inhalation. Thirty minutes of treadmill exercise was performed daily by all rats at postnatal days 51–56. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At postnatal day 82, rat hippocampal tissue was harvested for analysis of hippocampal ZnT1 and GluR2 expression by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rat learning and memory capabilities were examined using the Y-maze test. RESULTS： In the recurrent seizure group, the gray scale value of ZnT1 in situ hybridization positive neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05）, while the gray scale value of GluR2 immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal hilus and dentate gyrus was significantly lower （P 〈 0.05）, than in the control group. At postnatal days 29–35, numbers of trials to criteria for successful learning were greater in the recurrent seizure group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）; at postnatal days 61–67, the numbers of trials to criteria for successful learning were similar between the two groups （P 〉 0.05）. At postnatal days 29–35 and 61–67, there was no significant difference in memory capability between the recurrent seizure and control groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Physical exercise likely improves the learning deficits caused by recurrent neonatal seizure in rats during brain development by modulating ZnT1 and GluR2 expression.
文摘The diffuse brain injury model was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats, according to Marmarou＇s free-fall attack. The water content in brain tissue, expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor la mRNA and protein were significantly increased after injury, reached a peak at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased. After treatment with the competitive antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor la, （RS）-l-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, the water content of brain tissues decreased between 12-72 hours after injury, and neurological behaviors improved at 2 weeks. These experimental findings suggest that the 1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid may result in marked neuroprotection against diffuse brain injury.
文摘Objective： To study the morphologic abnormalities of the myenteric plexus in diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism of their effect on gastrointestinal motility. Methods： Forty rats were randomly divided into a diabetic group and a control group, Gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were measured and histologic and molecular changes in glutamatergic nerves in the ileal myenteric plexus were observed, mGluR5 receptor and EAAC1 transporter changes in the diabetic rats were studied using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results：Eighteen weeks after the establishment of the diabetic rats model, gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were found to be significantly delayed in the diabetic group when compared with the control group. The density of glutamatergic ganglia and neurons in the ileal myenterie plexus were significantly decreased in the diabetic group when compared with control group（P 〈 0.05） and the mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters were downregulated in the diabetic rats（P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Decreased glutamatergic enteric ganglia and neurons and decreased mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters in the intestinal myenteric plexus is one of the mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy in rats.
文摘To investigate the intracellular mechanism that interleukin 1β (IL 1β) facilitates epileptic seizure and neuronal damage, the effect of IL 1β alone or IL 1β plus glutamate (Glu) on the intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i) of single cultured hippocampal neuron was examined by using EPC 9 light electricity measurement system. The results showed that IL 1β of different concentrations (5×10 3 U/L, 10×10 3 U/L, 20×10 3 U/L, 30×10 3 U/L, 50×10 3 U/L, 100×10 3 U/L) failed to affect the neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i, but IL 1β could facilitate the augmentation of neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i induced by Glu in a dose dependent pattern. MK 801 inhibited the effect of Glu on [Ca 2+ ] i, and also inhibited the effect of IL 1β on [Ca 2+ ] i induced by Glu, while verapamil did not influence the effect of Glu or IL 1β. It is concluded that IL 1β, as a neuromodulator, can facilitate the activation of NMDA receptor by Glu, induce the increase of intracellular calcium, which enhances the excitement of neuron.
文摘Glutamate is a regulated molecule in the mammalian testis. Extracellular regulation of glutamate in the body is determined largely by the expression of plasmalemmal glutamate transporters. We have examined by PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry the expression of a panel of sodium-dependent plasmalemmal glutamate transporters in the rat testis. Proteins examined included： glutamate aspartate transporter （GLAST）, glutamate transporter 1 （GLT1）, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 （EAAC1）, excitatory amino acid transporter 4 （EAAT4） and EAAT5. We demonstrate that many of the glutamate transporters in the testis are alternately spliced. GLAST is present as exon-3- and exon-9-skipping forms. GLT1 was similarly present as the alternately spliced forms GLT1 b and GLTlc, whereas the abundant brain form （GLTla） was detectable only at the mRNA level. EAAT5 was also strongly expressed, whereas EAAC1 and EAAT4 were absent. These patterns of expression were compared with the patterns of endogenous glutamate localization and with patterns of D-aspartate accumulation, as assessed by immunocytochemistry. The presence of multiple glutamate transporters in the testis, including unusually spliced forms, suggests that glutamate homeostasis may be critical in this organ. The apparent presence of many of these transporters in the testis and sperm may indicate a need for glutamate transport by such cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81171191(to LYZ)the Shenzhen Special Fund Project on Strategic Emerging Industry Development of China,No.JCYJ20160422170522075(to LYZ)the Shenzhen Healthcare Research Project of China,No.201601015(to LYZ)
文摘Optogenetics is a combination of optics and genetics technology that can be used to activate or inhibit specific cells in tissues. It has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and neurological diseases, but rarely Alzheimer’s disease. Adeno-associated virus carrying the CaMK promoter driving the optogenetic channelrhodopsin-2 (CHR2) gene (or without the CHR2 gene, as control) was injected into the bilateral dentate gyri, followed by repeated intrahippocampal injections of soluble low-molecular-weight amyloid-β1–42 peptide (Aβ1–42). Subsequently, the region was stimulated with a 473 nm laser (1–3 ms, 10 Hz, 5 minutes). The novel object recognition test was conducted to test memory function in mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the numbers of NeuN and synapsin Ia/b-positive cells in the hippocampus. Western blot assay was carried out to analyze the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, NeuN, synapsin Ia/b, metabotropic glutamate receptor-1a (mGluR-1a), mGluR-5, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1, glutamate receptor 2, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Optogenetic stimulation improved working and short-term memory in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. This neuroprotective effect was associated with increased expression of NR1, glutamate receptor 2 and mGluR-5 in the hippocampus, and decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and interleukin-6. Our results show that optogenetics can be used to regulate the neuronal-glial network to ameliorate memory functions in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. The study was approved by the Animal Resources Committee of Jinan University, China (approval No. LL-KT-2011134) on February 28, 2011.
文摘We have previously reported the high levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies(GAD65A)in patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease.Here we describe a 32-year-old Japanese female with a thirteen-year history of type 1 diabetes whose levels of GAD65A were elevated just after the emergence of anti-thyroid autoimmunity.At 19 years of age,she developed diabetic ketoacidosis and was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.She had GAD65A,insulinoma-associated antigen-2 autoantibodies(IA-2A),and zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies(ZnT8A),but was negative for antibodies to thyroid peroxidase(TPOAb)and thyroglobulin(TGAb)at disease onset.ZnT8A and IA-2A turned negative 2-3 years after the onset,whereas GAD65A were persistently positive at lower level(approximately 40 U/mL).However,just after the emergence of TGAb at disease duration of 12.5 years,GAD65A levels were reelevated up to5717 U/mL in the absence of ZnT8A and IA-2A.Her thyroid function was normal and TPOAb were consistently negative.She has a HLA-DRB1*03:01/*04:01-DQB1*02:01/*03:02 genotype.Persistent positivity for GAD65A might be associated with increased risk to develop anti-thyroid autoimmunity.
文摘Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH;EC 1.4.1.2) catalyzes the reversible amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, and the polymerization of nucleoside triphosphate(s) to RNA. But the natural role of the reversible amination reaction is the subject of an expanding conversation. The aim was to illuminate the natural role of GDH through its RNA synthetic activity. Stoichiometric combinations of mineral salts that targeted the GDH subunit compositions were applied to field-cultivated peanuts. GDH of seeds were made to synthesize RNA in the deamination and then in the amination direction. Free amino acids were analyzed by HPLC. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) was assayed by photometry. Free amino acid yields in-creased from the control’s lowest (9.8 kg·ha–1) and amination-deamination ratio (0.05) through 12.0 - 23.0 kg·ha–1 in the K-, N+K+P+S-, Pi-, N+S-, S-treated peanuts with amination-deamination ratios between 0.6 and 10.0 until at the P+K-treated peanut which had the highest amino acid yield (52.4 kg·ha–1) and the highest amination-deamination ratio (61). The Km and Vmax values of GOGAT were within the normal range. Yields of free amino acids resulting from GDH aminating activity increased from <1.0 kg·ha–1 in the control, through 2.2 in the N+S-, 6.84 in the P+N-, 17.3 in the N-, to 42.6 kg·ha–1 in the P+K- treated peanut. These results show that the natural role of the GDH amination activity is to assimilate escalating multiples of the quantities of NH4+ ion as assimilated via the GS-GOGAT pathway. Peanut protein yields increased in parallel with GDH aminating activities and free amino acid yields such that the control peanut had the lowest protein (<26.0 kg·ha–1) and the yields increased exponentially (500 - 600 kg·ha–1) through the K-, P+S-, Pi-, N-treated to 910 kg·ha–1 in the P+K-treated peanut with the highest aminating activity of GDH. The ability of GDH aminating activity to escalate protein yields of food crops could be employed to address proteinenergy malnutrition syndrome of developing nations.
