Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β,NLRP3 Inflammasome,and Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia worldwide. Because of the progressive neurodegeneration, individual cognitive and behavioral functions are impaired, affecting the quality of life of millions of people. Although the exact pathogenesis of AD has not been fully elucidated, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and sustaining neuroinflammation dominate its characteristics. As one of the major tau kinases leading to hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been drawing great attention in various AD studies. Another research focus of AD in recent years is the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex acting as a regulator in immunological reactions to exogenous and endogenous danger signals, of which the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been studied mostly in AD and proven to play a significant role in AD development by its activation and downstream effects such as caspase-1 maturation and interleukin (IL)-1β release. Studies have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in a GSK-3β-dependent way and that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome downregulates GSK-3β, suggesting that these two important proteins are closely related. This article reviews the respective roles of GSK-3β and the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD as well as their relationship and interaction.

The Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway participates in the neuroprotective effect of interleukin-4 against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Interleukin-4(IL-4) has a protective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Animal experiments have shown that IL-4 improves the short-and long-term prognosis of neurological function. The Akt(also called protein kinase B, PKB)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β(Akt/GSK-3β) signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, it is not yet clear whether the Akt/GSK-3β pathway participates in the neuroprotective effect of IL-4 against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the present study, we established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion mouse model by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by a 24-hour reperfusion. An IL-4/anti-IL-4 complex(10 μg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery. We found that administration of IL-4 significantly alleviated the neurological deficits, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and autophagy and reduced infarct volume of the mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury 24 hours after reperfusion. Simultaneously, IL-4 activated Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. However, an Akt inhibitor LY294002, which was injected at 15 nmol/kg via the tail vein, attenuated the protective effects of IL-4. These findings indicate that IL-4 has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by mitigating oxidative stress, reducing apoptosis, and inhibiting excessive autophagy, and that this mechanism may be related to activation of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway. This animal study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China(approval No. WDRY2017-K037) on March 9, 2017.

Ischemic postconditioning enhances glycogen synthase kinase-3β expression and alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

The present study established global brain ischemia using the four-vessel occlusion method. Following three rounds of reperfusion for 30 seconds, and occlusion for 10 seconds, followed by reperfusion for 48 hours, infarct area, the number of TUNEL-positive cells and Bcl-2 expression were significantly reduced. However, glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity, cortical Bax and caspase-3 expression significantly increased, similar to results following ischemic postconditioning. Our results indicated that ischemic postconditioning may enhance glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity, a downstream molecule of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, which reduces caspase-3 expression to protect the brain against ischemic injury.

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion induces endoplasmic reticulum stress through glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activation in PC12 cells

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion （MPP^＋） induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates caspase-12 in PC12 cells, leading to neuronal apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. The present study investigated the regulatory effects of nerve growth factor （Akt activator） and lithium chloride （glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor） on the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. The results revealed that MPP＋ induced expression of Bip and C/EBP homologous protein. The upregulation of Bip and C/EBP homologous protein, as well as the decreased pro-caspase-12 level induced by MPP^＋ were inhibited by pretreatment of the nerve growth factor or lithium chloride. These results suggest that the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-Aktglycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway is involved in MPP-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Regenerative potential of targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in neural tissues

Multiple roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3（GSK-3）in neural tissues：GSK-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that has two isoforms encoded by two different genes,GSK-3αand GSK-3β,in mammals.GSK-3 has several sites of serine and tyrosine phosphorylation.

Molecular docking study of xylogranatins binding to glycogen synthase kinase-3β

Objective The mangrove tree Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig(X.granatum)is a medicinal plant used to treat various diseases in several Asian countries.Many bioactive natural products have been isolated from the plants,particularly several groups of limonoids,including 18 xylogranatins(Xyl-A to R),all of which bear a furyl-δ-lactone core commonly found in limonoids.Based on a structural analogy with the limonoids obacunone and gedunin,we hypothesized that xylogranatins could target the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β),a major target for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies,viral infections,and cancers.Methods We investigated the binding of the 18 xylogranatins to GSK-3βusing molecular docking in comparison with two known reference GSK-3βATP-competitive inhibitors,LY2090314 and AR-A014418.For each compound bound to GSK-3β,the empirical energy of interaction(ΔE)was calculated and compared to that obtained with known GSK-3βinhibitors and limonoid triterpenes that target this enzyme.Results Five compounds were identified as potential GSK-3βbinders,Xyl-A,-C,-J,-N,and-O,for which the calculated empiricalΔE was equivalent to that calculated using the best reference molecule AR-A014418.The best ligand is Xyl-C,which is known to have marked anticancer properties.Binding of Xyl-C to the ATP-binding pocket of GSK-3βpositions the furyl-δ-lactone unit deep into the binding-site cavity.Other xylogranatin derivatives bearing a central pyridine ring or a compact polycyclic structure are much less adapted for GSK-3βbinding.Structure-binding relationships are discussed.Conclusion GSK-3βmay contribute to the anticancer effects of X.granatum extract.This study paves the way for the identification of other furyl-δ-lactone-containing limonoids as GSK-3βmodulators.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β positively regulates the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells

Although glycogen synthase kinase-3 （GSK-3） might act as a tumor suppressor since its inhibition is expected to mimic the activation of Wnt-signaling pathway, GSK-3β may contribute to NF-κB activation in cancer cells leading to increased cancer cell proliferation and survival. Here we report that GSK-3β activity was involved in the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cell both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of GSK-3 activity by pharmacological inhibitors suppressed proliferation of the ovarian cancer cells. Overexpressing constitutively active form of GSK-3β induced entry into the S phase, increased cyclin D1 expression and facilitated the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, GSK-3 inhibition prevented the formation of the tumor in nude mice generated by the inoculation of human ovarian cancer cells. Our findings thus suggest that GSK-3β activity is important for the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, implicating this kinase as a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

Cornel iridoid glycoside induces autophagy to protect against tau oligomer neurotoxicity induced by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β

Tau oligomers are the etiologic molecules of Alzheimer disease(AD), and correlate strongly with neuronal loss and exhibit neurotoxicity. Recent evidence indicates that small tau oligomers are the most relevant toxic aggregate species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of cornel iridoid glycoside(CIG) on tau oligomers and cognitive functions. We injected wortmannin and GF-109203 X(WM/GFX, 200 μmol·L-1 each) into the lateral ventricles to induce tau oligomer and memory impairment in rats. When oral y administered with CIG at 60 and 120 mg·kg-1 per day for 14 d, CIG decreased the escape latency in Morris water maze test. We also found that CIG restored the expression of presynaptic p-synapsin, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic density-95(PSD-95) decreased by WM/GFX in rat cortex. CIG reduced the accumulation of tau oligomers in the brain of WM/GFX rats and in cells transfected with wild type glycogen synthase kinase-3β(wt GSK-3β). In addition, CIG up-regulated the levels of ATG7, ATG12, Beclin-1, and LC3 II in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the restoration of autophagy function. These results suggest that CIG could ameliorate memory deficits and regulate memory-associated synaptic proteins through the clearance of tau oligomers accumulation. Moreover, CIG clears tau oligomers by restoring autophagy function.

Lithium chloride ameliorates learning and memory ability and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activity in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

In the present study,Fmr1 knockout mice （KO mice） were used as the model for fragile X syndrome.The results of step-through and step-down tests demonstrated that Fmr1 KO mice had shorter latencies and more error counts,indicating a learning and memory disorder.After treatment with 30,60,90,120,or 200 mg/kg lithium chloride,the learning and memory abilities of the Fmr1 KO mice were significantly ameliorated,in particular,the 200 mg/kg lithium chloride treatment had the most significant effect.Western blot analysis showed that lithium chloride significantly enhanced the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,an inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the Fmr1 KO mice.These results indicated that lithium chloride improved learning and memory in the Fmr1 KO mice,possibly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity.

Protection of INS-1 Cells from Free Fatty Acid-induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3

To examine the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 （GSK-3） in the apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells to better understand the pathogenesis and to find new approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, apoptosis was induced by oleic acid （OA） in INS-1 cells and the activity of GSK-3 was inhibited by LiCl. The PI staining and flow cytometry were employed for the evaluation of apoptosis. The phosphorylation level of GSK-3 was detected by Western blotting. The results showed that OA at 0.4 mmol/L could cause conspicuous apoptosis of INS- 1 cells and the activity of GSK-3 was significantly increased. After the treatment with 24 mmolFL of LiCl, a inhibitor of GSK-3, the OA-induced apoptosis of INS-1 cells was lessened and the phosphorylation of GSK-3 was increased remarkably. It is concluded that GSK-3 activation plays an important role in OA-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells and inhibition of the GSK-3 activity can effectively protect INS-1 cells from the OA-induced apoptosis. Our study provides a new experimental basis and target for the clinical treatment of type-2 diabetes.

Construction of the Pharmacophore Model of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors

A three dimensional pharmacophore model has been generated for glycogen synthase kinase-3 （GSK-3） inhibitots. A dataset consisting of 89 compounds was selected on the basis of the information content of the structures and activity data as required by the CATALYST system. The optimum model with four features （one hydrogen-bond acceptor unit, one ring aromatic unit, and two hydrophobic aromatic units） was selected with a good correlation coefficient （0.95）. This model is able to predict the activity of other known GSK-3 inhibitors not included in the model generation, and can be further used to identify structurally diverse compounds with desired biological activity by virtual screening.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3： a key kinase in retinal neuron apoptosis in early diabetic retinopathy

Background Diabetes-related pathogenic factors can cause retinal ganglion cell （RGC） apoptosis, but the specific mechanism is not very clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between glycogen synthase kinase-3 （GSK-3） activation and retinal neuron apoptosis. Methods In an in vitro experiment, the number of apoptotic RGC-5 cells differentiated by staurosporine was evaluated via flow cytometry and nuclei staining using Hoechst 33258. GSK-3 phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation in RGC-5 cells after serum deprivation were determined using Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using the dye 5,5＇,6,6＇-tetrachloro-l,l＇,3,3＇-tetrethyl benzimidalyl carbocyanine iodide, and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels were measured with dihydroethidium. In an in vivo experiment, the number of apoptotic retinal neurons was evaluated via terminal transferase dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL）, and GSK-3 phosphorylation was determined using Western blotting, in the retinal nerve epithelial tissue of rats in which diabetes was induced by intravenous tail-vein injection of streptozotocin for 4 weeks. Results The levels of phosphorylated Ser21/9 in GSK-3α/13 and p-T308/S473-AKT were lower and the cleaved caspase-3 levels were higher in the serum-deprived model （P 〈0.05）. Lithium chloride treatment was associated with a slower rate of apoptosis, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased ROS levels in differentiated RGC-5 cells （P 〈0.05）. The level of blood glucose and the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the whole-mounted retinas were higher （P 〈0.01）, and the levels of phosphorylated Ser21/9 in GSK-3α/13 and body weight were lower （P 〈0.05）. However, the thickness of the retinal nerve epithelial layer was not significantly less in diabetic rats compared with control group. Lithium chloride intravitreal injection increased the levels of phosphorylated Ser21/9 in GSK-3α/13 and decreased TUNEL-positive cells in the whole-mounted retinas. Conclusion GSK-3 kinase is closely related to retinal neuron apoptosis, and the application of the GSK-3 inhibitor lithium chloride can reduce retinal neuron apoptosis in early diabetic retinopathy.

The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of diabetes mellitus

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury can lead to severe brain injury.Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta is known to be involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and diabetes mellitus.However,the precise role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury is unclear.In this study,we observed the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta on brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.Rat models of diabetes mellitus were generated via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury were generated by occluding the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery.Post-conditioning comprised three cycles of ischemia/reperfusion.Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays demonstrated that after 48 hours of reperfusion,the structure of the brain was seriously damaged in the experimental rats compared with normal controls.Expression of Bax,interleukin-6,interleukin-8,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling,and cleaved caspase-3 in the brain was significantly increased,while expression of Bcl-2,interleukin-10,and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta was decreased.Diabetes mellitus can aggravate inflammatory reactions and apoptosis.Ischemic post-conditioning with glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor lithium chloride can effectively reverse these changes.Our results showed that myocardial ischemic post-conditioning attenuated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury by activating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta.According to these results,glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta appears to be an important factor in brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Effect of glycogen synthase kinase 3β on treatment of corticosterone-induced depression in mice treated with Xiaobuxintang-2

Objective:Xiaobuxintang-2(XBXT-2)has antidepressant effects,but the underlying mechanism is still unclear.In this study,we used the corticosterone-induced depression mouse model to study the antidepressant effect of XBXT-2and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:A mouse model of depression was induced by corticosterone.The mice were divided into 5 groups:(i)control group,(ii)corticosterone group(CORT),(iii)corticosterone+XBXT-2(CORT+XBXT-2)group,(iv)corticosterone+XBXT-2+lentiviral empty group(CORT+XBXT-2+no-load),(v)corticosterone+XBXT-2+lentivirus GSK3βOverexpression group(CORT+XBXT-2+GSK3β).The expression level of GSK3βin the hippocampus was detected by immunoblotting,and the depression status of the mice was evaluated by forced swimming test and tail suspension test.Results:The GSK3βlentivirus induced the high expression of GSK3βin the hippocampus of mice,and the mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased compared with the control group.The immobility time is significantly increased in corticosterone injection-induced depression model mice(CORT group),and XBXT-2 can effectively reduce the immobility time of depression model mice.Overexpression of GFP empty lentivirus did not affect mouse behavior,whereas overexpression of GSK3βsignificantly increased immobility time in depression model mice according to forced swimming and tail suspension experiments.Conclusion:High expression of GSK3βin the hippocampus of mice can inhibit the therapeutic effect of XBXT-2 on the corticosterone-induced depression in mice.

基于PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路探讨EA改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能障碍的内在机制

目的探讨鞣花酸(ellagicacid,EA)对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能的影响,并基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶-3(PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β)信号通路探讨鞣花酸对双转基因小鼠海马氧化应激水平的调节机制。方法将32只SPF级6月龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为4组,即APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+EA组、APP/PS1+LY294002组、APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组,每组8只,另外选取8只SPF级C57BL/6J野生型小鼠(Wildtype)作为空白对照组,即WT组。APP/PS1+EA组给予50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA;APP/PS1+LY294002组予以1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射PI3K抑制剂LY294002;APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组予以50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA,同时按1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射LY294002;WT组和APP/PS1组于相同时间点灌胃等体积10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。每日给药1次,连续给药60天。Morris水迷宫检测小鼠学习和记忆能力,免疫组化、蛋白免疫印迹法检测PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β相关蛋白的表达,透射电镜观察小鼠海马组织超微结构变化。结果与WT组相比,其他四组的逃避潜伏期均增长(P<0.05),穿越平台次数明显减少(P<0.01);APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+LY294002组和APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组中的PI3K、AKT蛋白表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量显著升高(P<0.01);APP/PS1+EA组的PI3K表达量降低(P<0.05),AKT表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量升高(P<0.05);与WT组相比,APP/PS1组海马神经元细胞数目较少,线粒体结构破坏,大部分线粒体出现肿胀,线粒体的内膜和外模不完整,部分线粒体嵴消失,微管、微丝缠结,排列紊乱,而APP/PS1+EA组神经元细胞数较APP/PS1组增多,线粒体结构较清晰,可见清楚的线粒体嵴,线粒体轻度水肿。微管、微丝排列较整齐有序。结论鞣花酸改善AD模型小鼠的学习和记忆能力、减少海马神经元细胞损伤和凋亡,其作用机制可能是通过调节PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β等相关蛋白降低AD模型小鼠海马氧化应激水平。

艾司氯胺酮通过糖原合成酶激酶-3β/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3通路改善新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤的研究

目的基于糖原合成酶激酶-3β/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3(GSK-3β/NLRP3)通路探讨艾司氯胺酮对新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤的作用。方法将30只新生大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及艾司氯胺酮组,每组10只。假手术组新生鼠行颈部正中切口,暴露双侧颈总动脉;模型组和艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠采用结扎颈总动脉联合低氧环境建立缺血缺氧模型;艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠给予艾司氯胺酮干预(50 mg/kg)。检测各组新生鼠左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-1β水平,心肌损伤、心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶1/3/9(caspase 1/3/9)水平,心肌组织中性粒细胞浸润情况,以及心肌组织中GSK-3β、NLRP3蛋白水平变化。结果相比于假手术组,模型组新生鼠LVEF、LVFS降低,LVEDD、LVESD增高,且艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠LVEF、LVFS高于模型组,LVEDD、LVESD低于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型组血清CK-MB、cTnI、LDH、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平,心肌损伤及凋亡,心肌组织切割的caspase 1/3/9蛋白水平、中性粒细胞数量、GSK-3β、NLRP3蛋白水平增加,且艾司氯胺酮组上述指标低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论艾司氯胺酮通过抑制炎症反应改善新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤,其作用机制与GSK-3β/NLRP3通路有关。

GSK3/Nrf2调控的生物节律在机体衰老中的规律

背景:生物节律(昼夜节律)紊乱是一个典型的与衰老有关的问题,维持生物节律的正常运作可能是一种很有前景的抗衰老策略。核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2的表达具有生物节律;糖原合成酶激酶3系统代表了一个“调节阀”,它控制核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2水平的细微振荡。抗氧化基因转录水平的昼夜变化可以影响生物体对氧化应激的反应,但是糖原合成酶激酶3/NF-E2相关因子2在调节机体衰老中的具体分子机制仍令人困惑。目的:拟通过对该领域文献的回顾,寻找糖原合成酶激酶3/核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2调控的生物节律在机体衰老中的一般规律。方法:文献资料法通过对有关“糖原合成酶激酶3、核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2、生物节律以及衰老”等相关文献进行检索、查阅和筛选,为全文的分析奠定理论基础。对比分析法通过对所得到文献进行阅读分析,比较文献之间的异同点,为论点提供合理的理论支撑。通过对文献的进一步对比分析,理清相关指标间的关系,为全文的分析明确思路。结果与结论:①糖原合成酶激酶3可通过对节律基因的调节间接调控核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2的表达;②糖原合成酶激酶3和核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2是抗衰老程序的组成部分,且与生物节律相关;③并且糖原合成酶激酶3/核转录因子NF-E2相关因子2参与多种代谢途径,包括与衰老相关疾病(2型糖尿病和癌症)和神经退行性疾病相关的代谢途径。

丹酚酸B对创伤后应激障碍模型大鼠认知功能和GSK-3β/β-Catenin信号通路的影响

目的 探讨丹酚酸B(Sal B)是否可通过调节糖原合成酶激酶-3β/β-连环蛋白(GSK-3β/β-Catenin)信号通路改善创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)模型大鼠认知功能。方法 60只大鼠随机分为正常组、PTSD组、Sal B低剂量组(10 mg/kg)、Sal B高剂量组(20 mg/kg)和GSK-3β抑制剂组(30 mg/kg CHIR-99021),每组12只。除正常组外,其余组大鼠采用单一延长应激法构建PTSD大鼠模型。旷场实验、Morris水迷宫实验评估大鼠认知功能;Nissl染色观察海马神经元病理学变化;TUNEL染色检测海马神经元凋亡;Western blot检测海马组织中裂解的胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase-3)、B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、原癌基因(c-Myc)、细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)、总GSK-3β(tGSK-3β)、磷酸化GSK-3β(p-GSK-3β)、总β-Catenin(t-β-Catenin)、磷酸化β-Catenin(p-β-Catenin)蛋白表达。结果与PTSD组比较,Sal B低剂量组、Sal B高剂量组和GSK-3β抑制剂组大鼠爬行格数、站立次数、运动总距离、跨越原平台次数增多,逃避潜伏期、首次跨越原平台时间缩短,海马神经元凋亡率以及海马组织中Bax、cleaved caspase-3、t-GSK-3β、p-β-Catenin蛋白表达水平降低,Cyclin D1、c-Myc、p-GSK-3β、t-β-Catenin蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。结论 Sal B能够减轻PTSD模型大鼠海马神经元凋亡、损伤并可改善其认知功能障碍,抑制GSK-3β/β-Catenin信号通路。

黄芩苷调节galectin-3/Akt/GSK-3β/Snail信号通路改善慢性肾脏病大鼠的肾纤维化机制

目的 探讨黄芩苷调节半乳糖凝集素3(galectin-3)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/糖原合成酶激酶(GSK-3β)/Snail信号通路对慢性肾脏病大鼠肾纤维化的影响。方法 采用腺嘌呤诱导制备慢性肾脏病大鼠肾纤维化模型,随机将健康雄性SD大鼠分为对照组、模型组、阳性药物(氯沙坦,9 mg/kg)组、低剂量黄芩苷组(20 mg/kg)、中剂量黄芩苷组(40 mg/kg)、高剂量黄芩苷组(80 mg/kg),模型组和对照组给予等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃。30 d后,检测6组大鼠血清尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)水平;Masson染色检测肾脏组织胶原分布面积;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肾脏组织病理变化;免疫组化学法检测肾脏组织中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、Ⅰ型胶原A1(CoLIA1)表达;蛋白印迹(Western blot)法分析肾脏组织中galectin-3、p-Akt/Akt、p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β、Snail表达情况。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肾脏损伤严重并伴有黑色腺嘌呤代谢物结晶沉积,胶原纤维增多,肾脏组织胶原分布面积、α-SMA、CoLIA1、Scr、BUN、galectin-3、p-Akt/Akt、p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β、Snail水平升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性药物组、黄芩苷低、中和高剂量组大鼠肾间质、肾小球和肾小管病变明显减轻,腺嘌呤代谢物结晶和纤维化组织减少,肾脏组织胶原分布面积、α-SMA、CoLIA1、Scr、BUN、galectin-3、p-Akt/Akt、p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β、Snail水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 黄芩苷可能通过抑制galectin-3/Akt/GSK3β/Snail信号通路,进而改善慢性肾脏病大鼠肾纤维化。

血清色氨酸羟化酶糖原合成酶激酶3β水平对拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗青少年双相障碍抑郁发作的效果评估

目的探讨血清色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)、糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)水平评估拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗青少年双相情感障碍(BD)抑郁发作疗效的价值。方法回顾性收集2022年6月至2023年4月浙江省温州市第七人民医院收治的187例青少年BD抑郁发作患儿临床资料,所有患儿均接受拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗,治疗4周评价治疗效果。根据治疗效果将患儿分为有效组与无效组,比较2组患儿基线资料、治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β水平。用双变量Pearson相关分析血清TPH、GSK-3β水平的相关性;经Logistic回归分析治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β水平对拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗BD抑郁发作疗效的影响;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线和决策曲线,分析治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β水平对拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗BD抑郁发作疗效的预测评估价值。结果187例BD抑郁发作青少年患儿经拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗4周,有效156例,无效31例,有效率为83.4%。无效组患儿治疗前血清TPH水平低于有效组,血清GSK-3β水平高于有效组(t=6.920、4.648,P<0.001)。经双变量Pearson相关分析显示,BD抑郁发作患儿治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β水平呈负相关(r=-0.173,P=0.018)。经多项Logistic回归分析结果显示,治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β是拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗BD抑郁发作疗效的独立危险因子(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,血清TPH、GSK-3β水平单独及联合预测评估BD抑郁发作患儿疗效的曲线下面积>0.70,具有一定的预测评估价值。决策曲线显示,在阈值0~1.0内,治疗前血清TPH、GSK-3β联合预测评估拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗BD抑郁发作患儿疗效的净收益率优于单独的净收益率,且净收益率>0,有临床意义。结论血清TPH、GSK-3β水平对拉莫三嗪精准用药治疗青少年BD抑郁发作疗效具有良好的预测评估价值。