Rebirth after death: forest succession dynamics in response to climate change on Gongga Mountain, Southwest China

Global climate change is having long-term impacts on the geographic distribution of forest species. However, the response of vertical belts of mountain forests to climate change is still little known. The vertical distribution of forest vegetation(vertical vegetation belt) on Gongga Mountain in Southwest China has been monitored for 30 years. The forest alternation of the vertical vegetation belt under different climate conditions was simulated by using a mathematical model GFSM(the Gongga Forest Succession Model). Three possible Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) climate scenarios(increase of air temperature and precipitation by 1.8℃/5%, 2.8℃/10% and 3.4℃/15% for B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively) were chosen to reflect lower, medium and higher changes of global climate. The vertical belts of mountainous vegetation will shift upward by approximately 300 m, 500 m and 600 m in the B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively, according to the simulated results. Thus, the alpine tree-line will move to a higher altitude. The simulation also demonstrated that, in a changing climate, the shift in the vegetation community will be a slow and extended process characterized by two main phases. During the initial phase, trees of the forest community degrade or die, owing to an inability to adapt to a warmer climate. This results in modest environment for the introduction of opportunistic species, consequently, the vegetation with new dominant tree species becomes predominant in the space vacated by the dead trees at the expense of previously dominated original trees as the succession succeed and climate change advance. Hence, the global climate change would dramatically change forest communities and tree species in mountainous regions because that the new forest community can grow only through the death of the original tree. Results indicated that climate change will cause the change of distribution and composition of forest communities on Gongga Mountain, and this change may enhance as the intensity of climate change increases. As a result, the alternation of death and rebirth would finally result in intensive landscape changes, and may strongly affect the eco-environment of mountainous regions.

Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter and Total Nitrogen on the Yajiageng Vertical Belt,Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River Banks

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter（SOM） and total nitrogen（TN） were studied in different plant communities of the Yajiageng vertical belt in Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks. The results show： （1） the contents of SOM and TN of the plant communities gradually decreased with the following order： subalpine coniferous forest （3 027 m）, subalpine meadow （3 873 m）, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest（2 737 m）, subalpine shrub（3 565 m） and treeline（3 564 m）. （2） With soil profile depth increasing, the contents of SOM and TN gradually decreased. For different vegetation types, the contents of SOM and TN in sub-alpine coniferous forest were higher than that of other vegetational types. （3）The ratio of the content of carbon to the content of total nitrogen （Cc/CTN）WaS 13.5-27.6, which was relatively lower than the appropriate Cc/CTN of 25-30, and indicated that the soil in favor of the organic matter decomposed and nutrients released. Cc/CTN in the soil had no correlation with sea level altitude. However, its distribution in the soil x, aried with different vegetation types. （4） Nitrogen in SOM existed mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and Cc/CTN in the soil was not obvious correlated with SOM and TN.

Influence of soil organic matter contents on soil water characteristics of forests on east slope of Gongga Mountain

By testing soil organic matter （SOM） contents, soil water contents （SWC） within low suctions, and saturated infiltration rates of samples taken from east slope of Gongga Mountain of China, the enhancive effects of SOM contents on SWC within low suctions and saturated infiltration rates were quantified. The simulated functions might be applied on regional experience forest-hydrology model. The improving function of protecting forest floor and increasing SOM contents on forest ecosystem hydrological effects were also embodied.

Analysis of solute preferential transport in a dark coniferous forest ecosystem of Gongga Mountain,Sichuan Province,southwestern China

We selected a dark coniferous forest ecosystem of Gongga Mountain in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as our research area to study the preferential flow and solute preferential transport by adding the tracers KNO3 and KBr to the self-made soil column equipment in different ways to examine density and volume changes of inflows and outflows of a mass input （impulse input） and a stable, well-distributed input （step input））. The results showed that this dark coniferous forest ecosystem of Gongga Mountain is a typical area of preferential flow and solute preferential transport, a process that can be classified into five parts. A great amount of solute was transported at high speed as the result of preferential flow in the soil and caused the density of the solute in both deep water and in groundwater to rise rapidly, which definitely increased pollution in the deep soil layer.

Temperature and Precipitation Variations at Two Meteorological Stations on Eastern Slope of Gongga Mountain,SW China in the Past Two Decades

Gongga Mountain,locates on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau of China,is the highest mountain in China except summits in Tibet.Only limited meteorological data on Gongga Mountain have been published so far.Here we present the meteorological records from two stations,Moxi Station(at 1,621.7 m above sea level(a.s.l.),19922010) and Hailuogou Station(at 2,947.8 m a.s.l.,1988-2010),on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain.In the past two decades,the annual precipitation decreased while the annual mean temperature increased at Hailuogou Station.Both precipitation and temperature increased at Moxi Station.The precipitation variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain is influenced by both East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon,so that the precipitation concentrated between May and October.The temperature variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the past two decades showed similar trends as that of the northern hemispheric and global.In the past two decades,the temperature increased 0.35℃ and 0.3℃/decade at Hailuogou Station and Moxi Station respectively,which was higher than the increase extents of northern hemispheric and global temperature.The most intense warming occurred at the first decade of 21 st century.The winter temperature increased more at Hailuogou Station than at Moxi Station.A remarkable increase of temperature in March was observed with only a little precipitation at both high and low altitude stations.

Succession Features and Dynamic Simulation of Subalpine Forest in the Gongga Mountain, China

The Gongga Mountain of eastern Tibet Plateau is a representative of the alpine regions with high peaks and deep valleys. Climate change over the last thousand years has controlled the dynamics of glacier and debris flow occurrence, which resulted in substantial changes in the mountainous environment. The authors surveyed the community structure of primary forests in Gongga Mountain and forest successign processes in woodland plots. The changing features in the subalpine environment are discussed in this paper. Tree species and sizes between the glacier shrinking areas and debris flow fans in Hailuogou Valley are compared. The pioneer species that settle in debris flow fans and the glacier shrinking areas are Salix spp. and Populus purdomii. Abies fabri and Picea brachytyla are the climax tree species. The succession process of primary vegetation in Hailuogou (2700 ～ 3200 m) can be divided into four stages:

Simulating Carbon Sequestration and GHGs Emissions in Abies fabric Forest on the Gongga Mountains Using a Biogeochemical Process Model Forest-DNDC

The process-oriented model Forest-DNDC describing biogeochemical cycling of C and N and GHGs (greenhouse gases) fluxes (CO2, NO and N2O) in forest ecosystems was applied to simulate carbon sequestration and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of the Gongga Mountains at southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that the simulated gross primary production (GPP) of Abies fabric forest was strongly affected by temperature. The annual total GPP was 24,245.3 kg C ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 26,318.8 kg C ha-1 yr-1 for 2006, respectively. The annual total net primary production (NPP) was 5,935.5 and 4,882.2 kg C ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 2006, and the annual total net ecosystem production (NEP) was 4,815.4 and 3,512.8 kg C ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 2006, respectively. The simulated seasonal variation in CO2 emissions generally followed the seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. The annual total CO2 emissions were 3,109.0 and 4,821.0 kg C ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 2006, the simulated annual total N2O emissions from forest soil were 1.47 and 1.36 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 2006, and the annual total NO emissions were 0.09 and 0.12 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for 2005 and 2006, respectively.

Annual Time-series Analyses of Total Gaseous Mercury Measurement and its Impact Factors on the Gongga Mountains in the Southeastern Fringe of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Long-term monitoring programs for measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations are presently recognized as powerful tools for local,regional and global studies of atmospheric long-range transport processes,and they could also provide valuable information about the impact of emission controls on the global budget of atmospheric mercury,their observance and an insight into the global mercury cycle. China is believed to be an increasing atmospheric mercury emission source. However,only a few measurements of mercury,to our knowledge,have been done in ambient air over China. The highly-time resolved atmospheric mercury concen-trations have been measured at Moxi Base Station (102°72′E 29°92′N,1640 m asl) of the Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from May 2005 to June 2006 by using a set of Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers (Tekran 2537A). Measurements were carried out with a time resolution of every 15 minutes. The overall average total gaseous mercury (TGM) covering the measurement periods was 4±1.38 ng·m-3 (N=57310),which is higher than the global background level of approximately 1.5～2.0 ng·m-3. The measurements in all seasons showed a similar diurnal change pattern with a high concentration during daytime relative to nighttime and maximum concentration near solar noon and minimum concentration immediately before sunrise. The presence of diurnal TGM peaks during spring and summer was found earlier than that during autumn and winter. When divided seasonally,it was found that the concentrations of TGM were highest in winter with 6.13 ± 1.78 ng·m-3 and lowest in summer with 3.17 ± 0.67 ng·m-3. There were no significant differences in TGM among wind sectors during each season. Whereas Hg generally exhibited significant correlations with the parameters,such as temperature,saturated vapor pressure,precipitation,ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atmospheric pressure at the whole measurement stage,and the correlations varied seasonally. Our results suggest that the local or regional abundant geothermal activities,such as thermal spring,anthropogenic source processes and changes in meteorological conditions,regulate and affect Hg behavior in the study area.

A STUDY ON THE SOIL RESPIRATION OF THE FORESTS ON GONGGA MOUNTAIN

CO 2 is the key gas of the greenhouse ones, the effect of its radiation on temperature ascent is 60% of the total greenhouse gases. The elevating CO 2 concentration influences to a great extent the future climate warming in a regional or global scale. Forest is the main part of carbon cycling in the land ecosystem.. Monitoring CO 2 absorption and emission in the forest ecosystem play a non\| fungible role in study on the global change. Gongga Mountain is located in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and there exist intact vertical vegetation zonality, which is advantageous for measuring soil CO\-2 emission on each vertical forest zonality and researching the ecological factors of soil respiration.The east slope of Gongga Mountain develops 5 natural forest vertical zones from lower to higher altitudes: secondary forest, ever\|greened and deciduous broad\|leaved mixed forest, broad\|leaved and coniferous mixed forest, coniferous forest and alpine shrubs. Based on the two\|year’s measurement, the soil respiration of each forest averaged: 5 488, 6 344, 5 912, 4 176 and 3 864μmol CO 2/(m 2·s); the flux of soil CO 2 emission was arranged: 208 628, 241 169, 224 746, 158 752 and 146 891kg CO 2/(hm 2·d), respectively.

Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Forest Ecosystem in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River -Case Study on Gongga Mountain

The deforestation on large scale in the upper reaches of Yangtze River has caused serious problems of ecosystem and environment. Restoration of the degenerated forest ecosystems is one of the main research fields. Taking Gongga Mountain as an example, degeneration features and existing problems of forest ecosystems are analyzed in this paper, and the measures are also proposed.

Experimental study on N_2O and CH_4 fluxes from the dark coniferous forest zone soil of the Gongga Mountain, China

The static closed chamber technique is used in the study on the CH4 and N2O fluxes from the soils of primeval Abies fabri forest, the succession Abies fabri forest and the clear-cut areas of mid-aged Abies fabri forest in the Gongga Mountain from May 1998 to September 1999. The results indicate the following: (i) The forest soil serves as the source of atmospheric N2O at the three measurement sites, while the fluxes of CH4 are all negative, and soil is the sink of atmospheric CH4. The comparative relations of N2O emissions between the three sites are expressed as primeval Abies fabri forest > clear-cut areas > succession Abies fabri forest, and those of CH4 consumption fluxes are primeval Abies fabri forest > succession Abies fabri forest > clear-cut areas. (ii) Signifi-cant seasonal variations of N2O emission at various sites were observed, and two emission peaks of N2O occurr during summer (July—August) and spring (February—March), whereas N2O emission is relatively low in winter and spring (mid March—April). Seasonal variations of CH4 consumption at each measurement site fluctuate drastically with unclear regularities. Generally, CH4 consumption fluxes of succession Abies fabri forest and clear-cut areas are higher from mid May to late July but lower in the rest of sampling time, while the CH4 flux keeps a relatively high value even up to Sep-tember in primeval Abies fabri forest. In contrast to primeval Abies fabri forest, the CH4 absorbabili-ties of succession Abies fabri forest and clear-cut areas of mid-aged Abies fabri forest are weaker. Particularly, the absorbability of the clear-cut areas is even weaker as compared with the other two sites, for the deforestation reduces the soil absorbability of atmospheric CH4. (iii) Evident diurnal variation regularity exists in the N2O emissions of primeval Abies fabri forest, and there is a statistic positive correlation between the fluxes of N2O and air temperature (R=0.95, n=11, <0.01), and also the soil temperature of 5-cm layer (R=0.81, n=11, < 0.01), whereas the CH4 diurnal variation regularities are unclear and have no significant correlation with the soil temperature of 5-cm layer and air temperature.

Temperature variability since A.D.1837 inferred from tree-ring maximum density of Abies fabri on Gongga Mountain,China

Two tree-ring MXD (maximum latewood density) chronologies of Abies fabri were developed from the eastern slopes of Gongga Mountain, and a regional chronology (RC) was established based on the two MXD chronologies. There were significant positive correlations between the three MXD chronologies and August-September temperature, and the RC had the highest correlation (r=0.733, n=48, P<0.001) with mean August-September temperature. Based on growth-climate analyses, we reconstructed mean August-September temperature during the past 171 years for the study area. The reconstruction explained 53.5% of the instrumental temperature variance during the period 1960-2007 (F=52.8, R2adj =52.4%). In the past 171 years, there were 22 very warm years and 23 very cold years, four cold periods (1837-1842, 1884-1891, 1899-1905 and 1984-1989) and three warm periods (1966-1973, 1916-1924 and 1876-1881). Our reconstruction was validated by other tree ring-based temperature reconstructions from the surrounding area and documented climate disaster events.

Late Quaternary glacial chronology on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain,eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

The Gongga Mountain is the largest area of modern glaciation in the Hengduan Mountains and,with a summit elevation of 7556 m,is the highest mountain on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.During the Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles the Gongga Mountain was extensively and repeatedly glaciated,and glacial landforms and outwash deposits from multiple glaciations are well-preserved in valleys,in basins,and on piedmonts.To constrain the glacial chronology of the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain,sample sites were selected based on the distribution and weathering of glacial tills,relationships among glacial deposits,and soil development on moraines.Dating of the tills and glaciofluvial deposits was undertaken with electron spin resonance(ESR) and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL).The ages of the glacial deposits can be divided into four clusters:2.2±0.5,11.9±0.6,35.9±2.7-58.0±6.3 and 119.2±15.9-194.2±32.8 ka.Five glacial advances in this region have been identified,which are equivalent in age to the Little Ice Age(LIA),Neoglaciation,marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS) 2,mid-MIS3,and MIS6.The largest local last glacial maximum(LGML) occurred on Gongga Mountain during mid-MIS3,characterized by a cold-humid climate,rather than the global Last Glacial Maximum(LGMG) of MIS2.The Gongga,Nanmenguangou(NMGG) and Yajiageng Glaciations occurred during the late part of the last glacial cycle,the middle of the last glacial cycle and the penultimate glacial cycle,respectively.On the basis of geomorphological,sedimentological,and compositional characteristics,landforms of the Moxi Platform and terraces can be grouped by facies and geochronology.In combination with the dating results,this analysis indicates the basal part of the Moxi Platform between Xinxin and the Moxi Hotel is correlative with the till of the Nanguanmen Glaciation(mid-MIS3).This basal unit has occasional lenses of glaciofluvial sandy gravel and lacustrine sediments.The remainder of the Moxi Platform and the terraces beside the platform are glaciofluvial deposits occasionally mixed with debris flow deposits and range in age from MIS3 to Holocene.

Modern pollen-vegetation relationship based on discriminant analysis across an altitudinal transect on Gongga Mountain,eastern Tibetan Plateau

Quantitative relationship between modern pollen assemblage and altitudinal vegetation belt is crucial for the reconstruction of paleovegetation in the mountain regions.Modern pollen analysis on 70 topsoil samples was conducted across an altitudinal transect(1100-4500 m) on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the eastern Tibetan Plateau with an elevation interval of 50 m.Distributions of major pollen types along the transect indicated a weak correlation between Pinus pollen and the elevation.Distributions of Picea and Abies pollen(percentage sum of 2%-8%) could fairly indicate the elevation range of 2700-3700 m,as well as the subalpine dark coniferous forest and the timberline in the region.High percentage intervals of alpine types of Ericaceae,Cupressaceae and Cyperaceae were correlated to the high-elevation regions(3700-4500 m) dominated by alpine shrub meadow and alpine meadow.Seven altitudinal vegetation belts on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain were well defined by discriminant analysis conducted on the modern pollen assemblages,as reflected by high values of probability of modern analog.Most of the modern pollen assemblages(88.5%) were typical for the vegetation types at their sampling locations.Thus,the relationship between the modern pollen assemblages and vegetation across the altitudinal transect based on discriminant analysis can be applied to the quantitative reconstruction of paleovegetation changes in the mountain regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

2022—2023年四川泸定M_(S)6.8、M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6地震序列的发震构造及成因

四川泸定2022年9月5日发生M_(S)6.8强震,随后10月22日和2023年1月26日又分别发生M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6强余震,主震和两次强余震的震中相距仅几公里却有着截然不同的震源机制解,因此,探究三者的发震构造、联系及成因至关重要.本研究利用国家地震台网记录到的这三次地震序列的连续波形数据及震相资料进行双差重定位,并进一步采取CAP波形反演方法和P波初动极性反演方法获得研究区M_(L)2.5+的79个余震震源机制解.结果显示,主破裂沿鲜水河断裂磨西段,破裂彻底,余震活动性不高.沿主断裂分布的余震具有明显的分段特征,断层近直立且西北浅东南深.主震及磨西段大部分余震均为走滑机制,是典型的印度—欧亚板块挤压旋转造成鲜水河走滑断裂带应力失稳触发的强震活动.发生在贡嘎山地区的余震是M_(S)6.8主震触发的震群活动,震级水平不高,分布弥散,并没有触发与主断裂共轭的燕子沟、海螺沟和磨子沟次级断裂,而是触发了与主断裂近平行的次级隐伏断裂——贡嘎山断裂.M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6两次强余震均发生在该次级隐伏断裂上,断层倾角40°~50°且震源深度较浅.贡嘎山地区拉张型地震活动明显不同于走滑型为主的鲜水河断裂带,可能是印度—欧亚板块挤压旋转作用下贡嘎山快速隆升而地表快速剥离导致局部因重力卸载而垮塌造成的,M_(S)6.8主震有明显的触发作用.三次泸定强震的发生,释放了磨西段及西侧贡嘎山地区部分应力,但并未改变"Y"字形交汇区强震发生的可能性.

贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区大中型兽类多样性的红外相机初步调查

2019—2021年通过红外相机陷阱法对四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区进行了大中型兽类监测。共布设相机90台(正常工作71台),累计完成14495个相机工作日,获得大中型兽类独立有效照片1926张。共记录到大中型兽类4目12科20种;包括国家一级重点保护野生动物林麝Moschus berezovskii,以及13种国家二级重点保护野生动物。此外,在该地区首次记录到赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis。相对多度指数(RAI)居前3的为毛冠鹿Elapho‑dus cephalophus(RAI=8.058)、中华鬣羚Capricornis milneedwardsii(RAI=1.352)和岩羊Pseudois nayaur(RAI=1.338)。共有33台相机记录到以放牧和采集为主的人为活动,表明该地区人为干扰较为严重。本研究结果可为该区域大中型兽类物种多样性编目及保护区的管理提供基础数据。

川西亚高山森林苔藓与枯落物持水特征

森林苔藓和枯落物在水土保持、水分涵养方面具备重要作用,但现有研究多单一关注苔藓或枯落物,对苔藓-枯落物层的整体效应的认识较少,尤其针对高海拔西南森林林下的苔藓-枯落物层,更为鲜见。本文以川西贡嘎山针叶林和阔叶林地被层(苔藓、枯落物)为研究对象,通过野外调查、采样瓶取样浸水试验,分析了单一苔藓、单一枯落物及苔藓-枯落物整体的持水特征。结果表明:(1)贡嘎山苔藓和枯落物最大持水率为327.9%~432.6%,最大持水量为16.6~79.4 t/hm^(2),有效拦蓄量为7.1~34.2 t/hm^(2)。针叶林比阔叶林具有更大的持水能力和水分拦蓄能力。(2)不同地被组分中,苔藓-枯落物层持水率、有效拦蓄率、持水量和拦蓄量最大,苔藓显著提高了针叶林地被层的水源涵养能力;(3)地被层持水量与时间呈对数关系,吸水速率与时间呈幂函数关系,不同组分持水量和持水率均在0~2 h内迅速增长,2~12 h内缓慢增长,12 h时几乎达到饱和状态。(4)与单一苔藓或枯落物层相比,苔藓-枯落物整体的吸水速率更快,具有更高效的短期降水拦蓄能力。本研究结果可为亚高山森林水源涵养和生态水文研究与保护提供参考和理论基础。

四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区山溪鲵属动物的种群数量与分布

山溪鲵属(Batrachuperus)是我国特有属,已知6种,除稻城山溪鲵(Batrachuperus daochengensis)外,其余5种全部被列入国家二级重点保护野生动物名录.该属物种主要分布于青藏高原东缘及邻近地区.为了解贡嘎山国家级自然保护区内山溪鲵属动物资源现状,2022年和2023年利用样线法对该保护区内的山溪鲵属动物开展了种群数量和分布调查.在实地调查的44条样线中,有20条样线发现有山溪鲵属动物的分布,占调查样线总数的45.46%,分布于保护区内的康定市、泸定县和石棉县所辖区域;山溪鲵属动物在该保护区内的分布海拔为2 900~4 300 m. 20条样线两年调查共发现成体和幼体250只,卵胶袋17对;在20条样线中,雅家埂泸定方向和虫草基地下两条样线中发现个体数相对较多,其他样线相对较少,部分样线仅发现1只个体.种群数量较大的5条样线2次调查发现的成体和幼体数的差异可能与调查季节有关.最后根据调查结果提出了今后工作的方向和内容.

贡嘎山冰川退缩区土壤-植物-微生物功能多样性对磷循环的协同作用

对于植物和土壤微生物来说,磷是重要的生命元素。土壤磷的生物有效性随成土过程发生改变,同时植物和土壤微生物通过调整自身养分利用策略,对土壤磷循环产生影响。基于冰川退缩迹地土壤和植被原生演替序列,探讨了土壤-植物-微生物功能多样性的磷循环协同作用过程,分析了贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区4次冰碛物出露时间(1980、1970、1958、1930年)退缩迹地上发育的土壤物理化学性质、磷形态和酶活性的演化规律。结果表明:①随着植被演替和土壤发育,海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤磷含量及其生物有效性发生明显改变;②成土作用初期,微生物促进了原生矿物磷的转化,并为早期植被发育提供养分;随着原生矿物磷释放量的减少,植物养分利用策略经历了由磷回收循环→简单获取→回收循环3个不同阶段;另外,随着植被演替,微生物更多地参与有机磷活化,提升了植物养分重吸收效率;③海螺沟冰川退缩区冰碛物磷的快速流失加剧了植物与微生物对磷的竞争。

四川贡嘎山狼的分布、群体大小和活动节律

狼(Canis lupus)是世界上分布最广的大型食肉动物之一,曾广布于中国内地,但由于栖息地丧失和人类迫害,分布范围锐减。2011—2020年在四川贡嘎山195个1 km×1 km网格(286个位点)放置红外相机,结果仅在46个网格、56个位点拍摄到狼,累计278次独立探测,网格与位点的占有率分别为23.6%和19.6%。狼分布海拔为3097~4563 m,3000 m以下区域未拍摄到狼。狼偏好单独活动,群体大小仅为(1.2±0.5)头,不同生境和季节的群体大小没有差异(t=−1.119,P=0.266;t=−0.251,P=0.801)。活动节律显示狼是日夜兼行性动物,旱季(11月至翌年4月)活动高峰在03:00—07:00及15:00—17:00,雨季(5—10月)活动高峰在03:00—07:00及13:00—15:00。狼与6种野生有蹄类的时间生态位重叠度均较高,旱季与中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)的重叠度最高(Δ4=0.908),雨季与水鹿(Rusa unicolor)的重叠度最高(Δ4=0.895)。本研究初步探明狼在贡嘎山的分布、群体大小和活动节律,为深入研究打下基础,也为这一大型食肉动物种群的精细管理与保护提供支撑。