Alternative Systems of Corporate Governance in Modern Enterprises in Different Countries

Corporate governance deals with the agency problem because of the separation of management and finance in modern enterprises. The paper discusses two typical systems in developed countries market-based system and banking-based system. Four decisive elements for the formation and changing of corporate governance are found on the basis of analysis .above. The author believes there is no absolute uniform of so called ＂good＂ co.rporate governance. It depends much on the specific environment of different countries and companies.

Existence of hidden attractors in nonlinear hydro-turbine governing systems and its stability analysis

This work studies the stability and hidden dynamics of the nonlinear hydro-turbine governing system with an output limiting link,and propose a new six-dimensional system,which exhibits some hidden attractors.The parameter switching algorithm is used to numerically study the dynamic behaviors of the system.Moreover,it is investigated that for some parameters the system with a stable equilibrium point can generate strange hidden attractors.A self-excited attractor with the change of its parameters is also recognized.In addition,numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the proposed system by using the Lyapunov exponent spectra,Lyapunov dimensions,bifurcation diagrams,phase space orbits,and basins of attraction.Consequently,the findings in this work show that the basins of hidden attractors are tiny for which the standard computational procedure for localization is unavailable.These simulation results are conducive to better understanding of hidden chaotic attractors in higher-dimensional dynamical systems,and are also of great significance in revealing chaotic oscillations such as uncontrolled speed adjustment in the operation of hydropower station due to small changes of initial values.

Supporting farmer-managed irrigation systems in the Shigar valley, Karakorum： Role of the government and Aga Khan Rural Support Programme

Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the Karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era records shows that over a century ago government agencies undertook irrigation support projects. In the past three decades,government agencies and the non-government agency Aga Khan Rural Support Programme(AKRSP), which channels foreign funds into the region, have actively engaged in the provision of irrigation support. This article seeks to explore whether such projects support or undermine farmer-managed irrigation systems and the complex institutional arrangements that underpin them. Field research using ethnographic and participatory methods was conducted in spring 2013 in the upper Shigar valley, Skardu district, GilgitBaltistan. The findings show that irrigation development is a political activity that involves village-based actors, religious leaders, local politicians,and government and non-government agencies.Government agencies operate in a largely top-down,engineering mode, their larger projects limited to villages suffering water scarcity. The local government provides small funds for renovation work of FMIS,though allocation of funds is highly politicized. Nongovernment agencies, for a variety of reasons including donor-funding cycles, apply a one-size-fitsall ‘participatory' model in an attempt to socially engineer rules and institutions. In communities divided by factionalism the use of such external models that stress formation of committees are unlikely to yield positive results, and could instead contribute to undermining the very systems they seek to support. This research argues that irrigation interventions should take care to build upon the rich and complex social arrangements that have sustained FMIS through the centuries.

Beyond COVID: Reframing the Global Problematique with STiP (Systems Thinking in Practice)

Since 2019 humanity has been subjected to the perturbations of pandemic,economic disruption,war,civil unrest and changes in whole-Earth dynamics associated with a human-induced Anthropocene.Each perturbation is like a wave-front breaking on the shore of our historical ways of thinking and acting,increasingly unfit for our human circumstances.This challenge to humanity is not new.In 1970 the French term‘problematique’was coined to refer to a set of 49 interrelated global problems;the classic description of wicked and tame problems was published soon after,yet little progress has been made towards answering the question:what purposeful action will aid human flourishing,create and sustain a viable space for humanity,in our ongoing co-evolution with the Anthropocene-Biosphere?A case for innovation in our ways of knowing and doing is made based on arguments that our social world is constrained by:(i)explanations we accept that are no longer relevant to our circumstances;(ii)outdated historical institutions(in the institutional economics sense)that contribute as social technologies to a broader human created and ungoverned technosphere;(iii)inadequate theory-informed practices,or praxis,and(iv)governance-systems no longer adequate for purpose.Practitioners of knowledge science and systems science are urged to act reflexively to critically evaluate the traditions-of-understanding out of which they think and act.

Challenges and recent progress in the governance of biosecurity risks in the era of synthetic biology

Considerable progress has been achieved in basic research and the biotechnological application of biological sciences in recent years.Synthetic biology integrates systems biology,engineering,computer science,and other disciplines to achieve the“modification of life”or even the“creation of life”via the redesign of existing natural systems or the development of new biological components and devices.However,the research and application of synthetic biology can create potential risks,such as aggravation of species with complex gene modifications,threats to species diversity,abuse of biological weapons,laboratory leaks,and man-made mutations.Without a suitable governance system,such research activities could result in harm to humans,plants,and animals,as well as to natural ecological systems.In this article,we first briefly summarize technical progress in synthetic biology in recent years and the potential bioethical and biosecurity risks,and then describe current international treaties,guidance documents,and national regulatory measures designed to address potential harm caused by the dual-use property of synthetic biology,including the Biological Weapons Convention,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Model Code of Conduct for Biological Scientists(Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists).In addition,we also present some recommendations for better governance of synthetic biology research and applications in China,including strengthening the biosecurity capacity,improving the biosecurity regulatory system,and promoting multilevel international cooperation to effectively address the potential biosecurity risks of synthetic biology.

Establishing Government Administrative System On Auto-Products To Harmonize With Commonly-Used Systems Over The World

The first Industrial Policy of China in 90’s——The Industrial Policy of Motor Industry was isaued on July 4, 1994. It was the first time for Chinese Central Government to launch in this policy the supervision and management system over auto products (include motorcycle) relating to safety, emission control and energy-saving