Teachers’Perception for Evaluation of the Primary School Students With Final Grade

The most difficult and delicate part of the learning process is assessment.Assessment is difficult because during his/her accomplishment the teacher has to consider not only the acquisition of knowledge from students,but also the overall degree of development of their competencies.It is delicate,because through assessment we can influence the emotional side of students and their“willingness”to learn.Despite these facts,teachers need to evaluate students during the learning process.The purpose of the research is to find out what is the perception of teachers about the level of evaluation of students with final grade.The overall results showed that 89%of teachers agree,9%of them have a neutral attitude,and 2%do not agree that the evaluation of students with a final grade is done taking into account many aspects and using many methods,the overall average of the results,M=4.36.Based on the empirical results,it was found that teachers who have completed assessment training have a more positive approach to student assessment,as the average score is higher than teachers who have not completed assessment training.From the qualitative results it was understood that the Teachers did not encounter any difficulties during the assessment of the students.

Based on non-targeted metabolomics for differential components screening of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos and their quality evaluation

Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.

Future of non-invasive graft evaluation:A systematic review of proteomics in kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND Despite the developments in the field of kidney transplantation,the already existing diagnostic techniques for patient monitoring are considered insufficient.Protein biomarkers that can be derived from modern approaches of proteomic analysis of liquid biopsies(serum,urine)represent a promising innovation in the monitoring of kidney transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the diagnostic utility of protein biomarkers derived from proteomics approaches in renal allograft assessment.METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines,based on research results from the PubMed and Scopus databases.The primary focus was on evaluating the role of biomarkers in the non-invasive diagnosis of transplant-related com-plications.Eligibility criteria included protein biomarkers and urine and blood samples,while exclusion criteria were language other than English and the use of low resolution and sensitivity methods.The selected research articles,were categorized based on the biological sample,condition and methodology and the significantly and reproducibly differentiated proteins were manually selected and extracted.Functional and network analysis of the selected proteins was performed.RESULTS In 17 included studies,58 proteins were studied,with the cytokine CXCL10 being the most investigated.Biological pathways related to immune response and fibrosis have shown to be enriched.Applications of biomarkers for the assessment of renal damage as well as the prediction of short-term and long-term function of the graft were reported.Overall,all studies have shown satisfactory diagnostic accuracy of proteins alone or in combination with conventional methods,as far as renal graft assessment is concerned.CONCLUSION Our review suggests that protein biomarkers,evaluated in specific biological fluids,can make a significant contribution to the timely,valid and non-invasive assessment of kidney graft.

Application of NSR-AISC Method in Reserve Estimation and Technical Economic Evaluation of Low-Grade Polymetallic Deposits: Taking a Low-Grade Copper-Molybdenum Mine in Guangdong Province as an Example

The development and utilization of low-grade polymetallic deposits with strategic mineral resources is one of the important measures to alleviate the current high dependence on strategic mineral resources in China. However, domestic mining enterprises and most mining consulting and design institutes usually use general industrial indicators to carry out reserve estimation and technical and economic feasibility studies on low-grade polymetallic deposits, which cannot truly reflect the economic value of such deposits. The article expounds on the definitions of net return value (NSR) and on-site total maintenance cost (AISC) of common ore smelters in the evaluation of overseas mineral resources. Taking a low-grade polymetallic copper-molybdenum mine in Guangdong Province as an example, comparing the research results showed the NSR-AISC method and the general industrial index method in low-grade polymetallic deposit. There are huge differences in the results of reserve estimation;through the further introduction of Taylor’s formula and the research results on the relationship between investment intensity and production scale, a more reasonable mine life and investment scale are recommended, and a more in-depth comparative study has been carried out in the dimension of technical and economic indicators. Based on the comparative study of the above two methods in reserve estimation and the evaluation results of technical and economic indicators, the author believes that the NSR-AISC method can better reflect the true value of low-grade polymetallic ore projects, and should be popularized and applied in resource evaluation and development practice. This article further describes the application status of the NSR-AISC method for reserve estimation and the evaluation of technical economic indicators, and suggests the main points that should be paid attention to in the use of the NSR-AISC method.

Annual Monitoring and Evaluation of the Grades of Arable Land Quality——Taking Lingchuan County as an Example

With the increasing requirement for the protection of arable land, monitor- ing the grades of arable land quality is becoming more important, which can accu- rately and fully reflect the current situation and development trends of arable land quality. It is also an important measure for protecting the quality of arable land. in the present study, the distribution and changes of arable lands of different gradient types and grades in Lingchuan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2015 were monitored and evaluated, to analyze the trends and reasons for the changes in the quality and productivity of arable lands, and to provide references for dynamic monitoring of the quality of arable land.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Spatial Form Planning for Campuses of Newly-upgraded Undergraduate Universities

According to the analysis on the present situation and development tendency of the campus spatial form planning of newly-upgraded undergraduate universities as well as its functions and characteristics,15 evaluation indices were ascertained and the comprehensive evaluation model of the planning was established by AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process).The results showed that AHP could effectively ascertain the evaluation indices system.Through calculating the weight of each index and judging the consistency of matrixes,key factors that can influence the campus spatial form planning were obtained,such as public green space,landscape node,visual contact axis,landscape axis,central plaza and teaching group space.

热敏灸治疗颈型颈椎病的Meta分析及GRADE证据等级评价

目的系统评价热敏灸及其综合疗法用于颈型颈椎病的临床效果,为热敏灸治疗颈型颈椎病提供更好的证据来源。方法收集国内外各大数据库热敏灸及其综合疗法用于颈型颈椎病的随机对照试验(RCT),通过Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析,按照GRADE标准对结局指标进行证据质量评价。结果纳入9篇文献共855例患者,Meta分析结果提示:热敏灸及其综合疗法组在提高总有效率(RR=1.19,P<0.01)和治愈率(RR=1.73,P<0.01)、降低视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分(SMD=-0.73,P<0.01)、简化McGill疼痛问卷(SF-MPQ)评分(SMD=-1.28,P<0.05)以及NPQ颈痛量表评分(SMD=-0.81,P<0.05)方面都优于对照组;GRADE证据等级评价提示:前三者为低质量证据,后二者为极低质量证据。结论热敏灸及其综合疗法用于颈型颈椎病在提高临床效果、镇痛以及改善患者生活质量方面更具优势。

FUZZY MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURE BUILDINGS' DAMAGE GRADE CAUSED BY COAL MINING

Coal mining under buildings certainly causes surface movement and deformation, therefore, it brings about deformation even fracture for buildings. It is an important task to evaluate correcly the buildings’ damage grabe caused by coal mining. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,considering some factors of buildings’ fracture, has been applied to analyze the masonry structure buildings’ damage grade affer coal mining in this paper. It provides a scientific basis for buildings’reidercement before mining and maintenance or compensation after mining.

Evaluation of umami taste components of mushroom (Suillus granulatus) of different grades prepared by different drying methods

Suillus granulatus is a valuable wild edible mushroom with a strong umami taste.Different grades of S.granulatus were dried by different methods,including natural air drying(ND),hot air drying(HAD),vacuum drying(VD),and freeze drying(FD).Results showed that VD samples of all grades had the highest equivalent umami concentration(EUC)value(P<0.05).The second grade of ND samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The first grade of HAD samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The third grade of FD samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The third grade of VD samples had a higher EUC value than the other grades of samples dried by VD.Electronic tongue results indicated no significant differences between samples of all grades dried by all methods.Thus,umami taste components are affected by drying method and grade.VD is an appropriate drying method for all sample grades.ND,HAD,and FD are suitable for second-,first-,and third-grade samples,respectively.

刮痧改善腰椎间盘突出疼痛症状的系统评价及GRADE证据质量评价

目的系统评价刮痧干预腰椎间盘突出疼痛症状的疗效与安全性,为其临床治疗提供循证依据。方法计算机检索自建库到2022年8月29日前公开发表在中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library数据库,收集关于刮痧干预腰椎间盘突出的随机对照试验(Randomized controlled trial,RCT)。文章由两名研究者独立筛选,根据Cochrane Reviewers Handbook 6.2的偏倚风险评估工具对纳入文献进行质量评价,应用RevMan 5.4软件对纳入文献的结局指标进行Meta分析,并采用GRADE系统对结局指标进行证据质量等级评价。结果最终纳入10篇RCT,共1087例患者。Meta分析结果显示:刮痧试验组治疗腰椎间盘突出患者在疼痛VAS评分[MD=-1.11,95%CI(-1.58,-0.64),P<0.00001]、日本骨科协会(JOA)评分[MD=4.47,95%CI(3.76,5.17),P<0.00001]、临床有效率[relative risk(RR)=1.13,95%CI(1.08,1.19),P<0.00001]和护理满意度[RR=1.21,95%CI(1.09,1.34),P=0.0005]方面,明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.00001)。本文结局指标的证据质量为极低。结论当前证据表明,刮痧治疗腰椎间盘突出患者的疼痛症状具有良好临床疗效,并有助于提高临床护理满意度。由于部分结局证据质量较低,有待严谨的多中心、大样本随机对照试验来进一步验证其有效性,提升临床证据。

Method for evaluation of the cleanliness grade of coal resources in the Huainan Coalfield,Anhui,China:a case study

Based on analysis of a large data set and supplementary sampling and analysis for hazardous trace elements in coal samples from the Huainan Coalfield,a generalized contrast-weighted scale index method was used to establish a model to evaluate the grade of coal cleanliness and its regional distribution in the main coal seam(No.13-1)The results showed that:(1)The contents of Cr,Mn and Ni in the coal seam are relatively high and the average values are greater than 20μg/g.The contents of Se and Hg are at a high level while most other trace elements are at normal levels.(2)The cleanliness grade of the coal seam is mainly grade III-IV,which corresponds to a relatively good-medium coal cleanliness grade.However,some parts of the seam are at grade V(relatively poor coal cleanliness).(3)Coal of relatively good cleanliness grade(grade III)is distributed mainly in the regions corresponding to the Zhuji-Dingji-Gubei coal mines and in the eastern periphery of the Panji coal mine.Coal of medium cleanliness(grade IV)is distributed mainly in the regions of the Panji-Xiejiaji and Kouzidong coalmines.Relatively poor grade coal(grade V)is distributed in the southwest regions of the coalfield and the contents of Cr,As and Hg in coal collected from the relatively poor coal cleanliness regions often exceed the regulatory standards for the maximum concentration limits.

穴位埋线治疗功能性便秘疗效与安全性Meta分析及GRADE评价

目的:系统评价穴位埋线治疗功能性便秘(FC)的疗效和安全性及纳入证据的质量,以期为临床决策提供循证医学证据。方法:检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方知识服务平台(WANFANG)、维普中文期刊数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)、Embase、PubMed和Cochrane Library数据库,搜集穴位埋线治疗FC的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时间均从建库至2023年10月16日。由2名研究者独立完成文献筛选、资料提取及偏倚风险评估,采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析,并采用GRADE评价方法对各项结局指标进行证据质量评价。结果:最终共纳入19项RCT,包括1673例患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,穴位埋线治疗FC可提高总有效率[RR=1.23,95%CI=(1.17,1.29),P<0.00001],增加完全自发排便(CSBM)次数[MD=0.61,95%CI=(0.11,1.10),P=0.02],改善粪便性状[MD=0.53,95%CI=(0.31,0.76),P<0.00001]及排便困难[MD=-0.71,95%CI=(-1.03,-0.40),P<0.00001],缩短排便时间[MD=-0.50,95%CI=(-0.72,-0.29),P<0.00001],改善便秘生活质量评估量表(PAC-QOL)评分[MD=-7.72,95%CI=(-12.83,-2.61),P<0.003];两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[RR=0.37,95%CI=(0.10,1.38),P=0.14]。GRADE证据级别评价结果显示:总有效率为中级别证据质量,不良反应发生率、粪便性状评分、排便困难评分为低级别证据质量,CSBM次数、排便时间、PACQOL评分为极低级别证据质量。结论:穴位埋线治疗FC具有一定的疗效,可改善便秘相关症状,且未增加不良反应发生率。但纳入研究质量总体偏低,上述结论尚需开展更多高质量的研究予以验证。

Safety evaluation and whole genome sequencing for revealing the ability of Penicillium oxalicum WX-209 to safely and effectively degrade citrus segments

The microbial potential of Penicillium has received critical attention.The present research aimed to elucidate the efficacy of crude enzyme secreted from Penicillium oxalicum WX-209 in degrading citrus segments and evaluate the safety of the process.Results showed that citrus segment membranes gradually dissolved after treatment with the crude enzyme solution,indicating good degradation capability.No significant differences in body weight,food ingestion rate,hematology,blood biochemistry,and weight changes of different organs were found between the enzyme intake and control groups.Serial experiments showed that the crude enzyme had high biological safety.Moreover,the whole genome of P.oxalicum WX-209 was sequenced by PacBio and Illumina platforms.Twenty-five scaffolds were assembled to generate 36 Mbp size of genome sequence comprising 11369 predicted genes modeled with a GC content of 48.33%.A total of 592 genes were annotated to encode enzymes related to carbohydrates,and some degradation enzyme genes were identified in strain P.oxalicum WX-209.

The effect of grade entitlement attitudes on English programs in Japanese universities language testing and evaluation： Foreign language skill development

This paper deals with the effect of grade entitlement on English programs in Japanese universities. For years, teachers and administrators have noted that even though Japan is one of the highest spending countries on English education, there has not been a commensurate increase in English ability. Most research to explain this disparity has thus far focused on methodology, class size and teacher qualifications. Recent research dealing with academic entitlement at US universities may offer an alternative explanation for some of the lack of success that Japanese universities have experienced. Ellen Greenberger, one of the author＇s of Self-entitled college students： Contributions of personality, parenting and motivational factors, which appeared in 2008 in The Journal of Youth and Adolescence claims that in recent years, the number of students appealing their grades and expecting to be rewarded for effort rather than results has increased. Greenberger＇s paper motivated this study. 200 Japanese students completed a survey that presented a number of grade scenarios. The students were asked, based on test grades and completed assignments, what grade a student should receive in each hypothetical situation. Similarly, full-time and part-time teachers were asked what grade they would give in each situation. This paper explains the different situations, students＇ and teachers＇ responses to the scenarios, and then discusses the implications for English education in Japan.

腕踝针干预术后疼痛疗效的Meta分析和Grade评价

目的运用循证医学方法对腕踝针干预术后疼痛的疗效和安全性进行系统评价和Grade评价。方法计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library中关于腕踝针干预术后疼痛的随机对照试验,检索时限为建库至2023年10月。采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入23篇文献,共计1968例患者,Meta分析结果显示,与常规治疗相比,腕踝针能够提高术后疼痛患者的总有效率[OR=4.42,95%CI(2.60,7.50),P<0.001],术后镇痛泵药量使用减少[MD=-9.03,95%CI(-12.09,-5.98),P<0.001],术后疼痛评分降低[MD=-1.39,95%CI(-1.68,-1.09),P<0.001],可减少不良反应发生率[RR=0.40,95%CI(0.32,0.48),P<0.001]以及临床满意度[OR=3.94,95%CI(2.40,6.48),P<0.001]。Grade证据分级结果显示:总有效率、不良反应发生率和临床满意度3项结局指标为中等质量证据,VAS评分指标为低质量证据,镇痛泵药量使用指标为极低质量证据。结论腕踝针可提高总有效率,减少术后镇痛药用量,不良反应少,安全性高,为患者提供了一种安全有效的镇痛方式。

乌梅丸加减治疗帕金森病的Meta分析及GRADE评价

目的 系统评估乌梅丸加减治疗帕金森病(parkinson's disease, PD)的疗效和安全性。方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、EMBASE、Web of Science、PubMed、CNKI、CBM等中英文数据库及临床试验中心,关于乌梅丸治疗PD的临床随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial, RCT),检索时限从建库至2023年4月。进行资料整理及数据提取等工作后,最终纳入8项研究,治疗组(乌梅丸)和对照组分别纳入226例。使用RevMan 5.3及stata14软件进行荟萃分析,使用GRADEpro GDT评估各项结局指标的证据质量。结果 治疗组降低PD统一评分量表(unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, UPDRS)的各项量表积分较对照组明显,其中在改善UPDRS Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ方面具有统计学意义,结果分别为[MD=-0.769,95%CI(-1.213~-0.324),P=0.001]、[MD=-2.211,95%CI(-2.713~-1.708),P=0]、[MD=-0.526,95%CI(-1.041~-0.012),P=0.045]。2组在改善UPDRS总分方面差异无统计学意义[MD=3.964,95%CI(-9.465~17.392),P=0.563]。治疗组能显著提高治疗有效率,差异具有统计学意义[RR=1.709,95%CI(1.361~2.145),P=0]。各项研究均未发现不良事件发生及与治疗有关的检验指标异常。GRADE证据质量分级结果为UPDRS Ⅰ、UPDRS Ⅲ、UPDRS Ⅳ及有效率方面均为中等级别,UPDRS Ⅱ为低等级,UPDRS总分为非常低。结论 乌梅丸加减的应用对PD的治疗有一定效果,且具有良好的安全性。

Performance evaluation of open-graded epoxy asphalt concrete with two nominal maximum aggregate sizes

Open-graded friction course(OGFC) is applied to pavement surfaces to increase driving safety under wet conditions, and recently, to reduce tire/pavement noise. The durability of OGFC, however, has been a concern since conventional OGFC mixes last typically less than ten years before major maintenance or rehabilitation is needed. This work investigates a new open-graded asphalt mixture that uses epoxy asphalt as binder to improve mix durability. One type of epoxy asphalt that has been successfully applied to dense-graded asphalt concrete for bridge deck paving was selected. A procedure of compacting the mix into slab specimens was developed and a series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the new mix, including Cantabro loss, permeability, friction, shear strength, and wheel rutting tests. Results show superior overall performance of the open-graded epoxy asphalt mix compared to conventional open-graded asphalt mix. There are also preliminary indications that the OGFC mix with 4.75-mm NMAS gradation can improve the resistance performance to raveling, while the OGFC mix with 9.5-mm NMAS gradation can improve the performance of surface friction at a high slip speed.

参芪扶正注射液辅助治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的Meta分析与GRADE评价

为了系统评价参芪扶正注射液联合常规治疗作为干预措施对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的临床疗效和安全性。检索中国国家知识基础设施(China national knowledge infrastructure,CNKI)、PubMed、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang Data)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(Weipu China science and technology journal database,VIP)等数据库,筛选并纳入2023年6月18日以前发表的参芪扶正注射液联合常规疗法治疗COPD患者的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCT),采用Cochrane风险评价工具及评估、发展和评价建议分级(grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)系统进行文献证据质量评价,用RevMan 5.4软件对临床疗效及安全性指标进行Meta分析。结果表明,共纳入16项RCTs,1 486例患者。Meta分析结果显示,参芪扶正注射液辅助治疗可提高患者总有效率和第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量比值(forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC)指标,与对照组相比具有优势(P<0.000 01、P<0.000 1);不良反应少,无严重不良反应(adverse drug reactions,ADR),两组对比无统计学差异(P=0.32);GRADE评价结果显示,有效率及不良反应指标的证据质量均为中等级,肺功能为低等级。可见参芪扶正注射辅助治疗COPD可以提高患者临床疗效,改善肺功能,且具有良好的安全性。但所纳入研究具有局限性,证据质量不高,仍需结合中药辨证使用特点,规范实验方案,开展更多的高质量RCT研究。

火针治疗神经性皮炎的Meta分析及GRADE证据质量评价

目的:运用Meta分析系统评价火针治疗神经性皮炎的临床疗效。方法:计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、重庆维普(VIP)、万方数据库(WanFang)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)及Pubmed、Cochrane library等中英文数据库,时限设定为建库-2023年2月28日,检索火针治疗神经性皮炎的随机对照试验(Randomized controlled,RCT)相关文献。运用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具对纳入研究的文献质量评估,再运用Revman5.4软件进行Meta分析,运用TSA0.9.5.10软件进行试验序贯分析,使用GRADE软件对主要结局指标的证据进行证据质量评级。结果:①共纳入18篇研究,1 662例患者,火针组840例,对照组822例;②Meta分析结果显示:火针组的临床有效率[OR=3.99,95%CI(2.81,5.68),Z=7.71,P<0.00 001]、复发率[OR=0.27,95%CI(0.11,0.68),Z=2.79,P=0.005)]均优于对照组;症状积分[MD=-1.49,95%CI(-2.25,-0.73),Z=3.85,P=0.0 001]、TNF-α水平[MD=-4.26,95%CI(-7.01,-1.51),Z=3.03,P=0.002]、IL-6水平[MD=-7.39,95%CI(-14.36,-0.42),Z=2.08,P=0.04]、IL-4水平[MD=-1.50,95%CI(-1.94,-1.06),Z=6.69,P<0.00 001]方面火针组均低于对照组;③火针组不良反应率整体低于对照组;④试验序贯分析显示:累计Z值穿过了传统界值和TSA界值,表示虽然累计的信息量未达到期望值,但不需要更多的试验,提前得到肯定的结论,结果较为可靠。结论:火针治疗神经性皮炎的具有明确的疗效,在症状积分和TNF-α、IL-6、IL-4水平表达等方面效果均优于对照组,安全性也较高,可为中医外治法治疗神经性皮炎的有效性提供相关证据。但因GRADE证据质量评级显示证据质量不理想,建议后续医务工作者可减少开展火针治疗神经性皮炎相关低质量试验,开展一些多中心、高质量的研究对结果加以佐证,从而避免科研和医疗资源的浪费。

医院药学指南制定中的证据与推荐意见GRADE系统评级方法及应用

目前,国际上存在多种证据与推荐意见分级系统,对临床医务工作者阅读指南证据和推荐意见造成困扰。证据推荐分级的评估、制定与评价(GRADE)系统目前是全球使用最为广泛的证据与推荐意见分级系统,本文简单地介绍GRADE系统证据质量评级及影响推荐意见形成的4个主要因素,并结合中国医院药学界发起制定的、在国际上发表的几部药学指南举例阐述,以帮助临床医务工作者了解GRADE系统,以批判性思维运用指南证据和推荐意见指导临床实践行为。