Simulation of Artificial Grain Feeding in Order to Reach Dynamical Bed Stabilisation Along the River Rhine

The Wesel-Xanten stretch of the fiver Rhine between km-812.5 and km-821.5 is one of the reaches where strong erosion leads to high maintenance efforts conceming navigability.In order to improve the naviga- tion conditions without aggravating the flood protection,but also ensuring that the ecological system of the river is not damaged,investigations of the morphodynamical processes in connection with artificial grain feeding ac- tivities have to be carried out by Federal Waterways Engineering and Research...

Changing the Proportions of Grass and Grain in Feed Substrate Impacts the Efficacy of <i>Asparagopsis taxiformis</i>to Inhibit Methane Production <i>in Vitro</i>

Benefits of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis as an ingredient to manage methane (CH4) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to evolve. Asparagopsis has been demonstrated to eliminate enteric CH4 emissions in vitro and reduce it greater than 80% in animals. Variability in animal studies is suspected to be associated with variable inclusion and proportions of grass and grain in the diet. This in vitro study aimed to elucidate effects of gradient grass to grain proportions in the fermentation using five steps from 100% Rhodes grass (RG) to 100% barley grain (BG). Gradient inclusion of Asparagopsis was in six steps of Control with no inclusion (C), Low (L), Low-Medium (LM), Medium (M), Medium-High (MH), and High (H) levels tested in three fermentation durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). There was significant effect of RG/BG and inclusion of Asparagopsis such that CH4 production decreased with increasing Asparagopsis independent of RG/BG;however, there was enhanced reduction at greater proportions of BG. Thus, the level of Asparagopsis required to completely inhibit CH4 production in vitro was decreased with decreasing RG/BG. Increasing the duration of fermentation had greatest effect on CH4 at C, L, and LM levels of Asparagopsis independent of RG/BG, although magnitude of CH4 production was greater for higher proportions of BG for the C and L levels. Digestibility of in vitro substrate increased with fermentation duration and increasing BG;however, there was no change associated with inclusion levels of Asparagopsis. Increases in total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) were observed with increased fermentation duration and concomitant with increasing substrate digestion. Increasing proportions of BG induced increase in tVFA. In contrast, and independent of changes in substrate, increasing inclusion of Asparagopsis had little effect on tVFA. The acetic and propionic acid ratio (AA:PA) decreased with decreasing RG/BG and increasing Asparagopsis. This pattern was most pronounced with 100% BG and MH-H Asparagopsis levels. Compared to control, there was decrease in the AA:PA ratio with addition of even L levels of Asparagopsis and with L compared to LM inclusion levels. Increasing levels of BG and Asparagopsis resulted in significant decreases in AA:PA ratios and CH4 production. This study has confirmed that gradient levels (ratio) of grass and grain in a feed mix impact the antimethanogenic efficacy of Asparagopsis during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid.

发酵酒糟在养牛产业中的应用研究进展

酒糟作为酿酒产业的副产物,近年在动物饲料中被广泛应用,其可替代日粮中的部分精料用于畜禽养殖,在一定程度上可缓解畜禽养殖业的饲料短缺问题。酒糟经过微生物发酵后能延长储存时间,而且能提高饲料中粗蛋白质含量及优化氨基酸组成,同时降低粗纤维含量,营养价值较高,提升了酒糟的饲用价值。本文主要对几种发酵酒糟特点、利用方式及发酵酒糟在养牛产业中的应用效果的研究进展进行综述,以期为发酵酒糟饲料化的研发与应用奠定基础。

“双循环”格局下中国饲料粮进口稳定性研究

“双循环”格局下适度进口已成为缓解国内饲料粮供需矛盾的现实选择。在有效利用国际饲料粮市场的同时,降低饲料粮进口的稳定性风险,既重要且必要。在对国内饲料粮供需形势精准判断的基础上,综合分析饲料粮进口的可获性与可供性,并采用香农熵指数法对饲料粮的进口来源稳定性进行评估。结果表明:国内饲料粮供需格局趋紧并呈现常态化发展趋势,供需缺口不断扩大,适度进口饲料粮是大势所需。总量上,世界饲料粮的供应潜力巨大;时点上,我国与国际饲料粮生产波动的相关性较弱。因此,利用国际市场弥补国内饲料粮的供需缺口是可行的。1992—2020年,我国饲料粮进口的稳定程度整体处于较低水平,其中,玉米、麦麸和大麦的变动幅度较大,大豆的波动幅度较小。在新一轮高水平开放格局下,亟须完善政策体系、优化进口结构、提高进口稳定性,构建“双循环”新发展格局下开放型的国家饲料粮安全保障体系。

Using vibrational infrared biomolecular spectroscopy to detect heat-induced changes of molecular structure in relation to nutrient availability of prairie whole oat grains on a molecular basis

Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing methods on interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure in terms of functional groups that are related to protein and starch inherent structure of oat grains with two continued years and three replication of each year.Method： The oat grains were kept as raw（control） or heated in an air-draft oven（dry roasting： DO） at 120 °C for 60 min and under microwave irradiation（MIO） for 6 min. The molecular structure features were revealed by vibrational infrared molecular spectroscopy.Results： The results showed that rumen degradability of dry matter, protein and starch was significantly lower（P 〈0.05） for MIO compared to control and DO treatments. A higher protein α-helix to β-sheet and a lower amide I to starch area ratio were observed for MIO compared to DO and/or raw treatment. A negative correlation（-0.99, P 〈 0.01）was observed between α-helix or amide I to starch area ratio and dry matter. A positive correlation（0.99, P 〈 0.01） was found between protein β-sheet and crude protein.Conclusion： The results reveal that oat grains are more sensitive to microwave irradiation than dry heating in terms of protein and starch molecular profile and nutrient availability in ruminants.

Effect of Low Feed Rate FSP on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Cast 2285 Aluminum Alloy

Friction stir processing （FSP）, a variation of FSW （friction stir welding） is an emerging surface engineering technology that can locally eliminate casting defects and refine microstructures, thereby improving the mechanical properties of material. FSP can also produce fine grained microstructures through the thickness to impart superplasticity. The technology involves plunging a rapidly rotating, non consumable tool, comprising a profiled pin and larger diameter shoulder, into the surface and then traversing the tool across the surface. The pin and the shoulder friction heat the surface which alters the grain structure in the processed area thereby improving the mechanical properties. This paper presents the effects of FSP on microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded cast 2285 aluminum alloy at three different feed rates viz. 10, 12 and 15 mm/min. With the increase in the feed speed the material was observed to have increased impact strength. FSP also increased the tensile and yield strengths with increases in hardness and ductility values also. The observation has been listed in detail and pictorially represented.

Grain Consumption and Production in Virginia: A Trend and Spatial Examination

This article couples an examination of grain production with Virginia’s livestock and poultry sector to analyze the overall magnitude and distribution of grain consumption in Virginia. Specifically, this paper describes the sources and trends over time of grain production and consumption;identifies grain surplus (and deficit) areas across Virginia’s counties;describes and applies a methodology to quantify livestock and poultry consumption requirements at the state- and county-levels;provides an updated assessment of Virginia’s ability to meet its feed grain needs;and discusses implications on the overall distribution system. Important results of the analysis reveal that grain consumption in Virginia is due mainly to demand in the poultry sector (primarily broilers and chickens). Furthermore, grain consumption in this state has generally declined over the last twenty years, due to decreasing livestock population numbers. Coupled with a slight upward trend in grain production, Virginia appears to be increasingly capable of meeting its grain needs. There is, however, an important east-west divide in the state, with western counties requiring more grain than they produce. Since grain does not appear to move from the relatively “production-rich” eastern counties, transportation infrastructure is important to bring in grain from outside the state.

粮食安全背景下保障饲料粮供给的策略研究

不确定因素的增多致使全球粮食安全形势不容乐观,我国利用外部饲料粮的风险加剧。在饲料粮需求增大、对外依存度上升情况下,如何保障饲料粮供给安全备受关注。其中,玉米大豆带状复合种植,生物育种产业化应用,玉米豆粕减量替代等实施缓解了饲料粮供给压力。为确保效果更好,还需多措并举保障饲料粮供给,以应对严峻的粮食安全形势。

中国式现代化视域下饲料粮供给体系升级路径探析

随着中国式现代化发展的逐步深入,饲料粮产业通过前沿生物技术实现减量替代、提质扩优,切实推动饲料粮供给体系升级,为保障国家饲料粮供给安全提供保障。从现实基础层面解读,在中国式现代化视域下促进饲料粮供给体系升级是饲料粮产业在政策指导文件指引、科学技术创新支持与产品结构调整下的有益实践。从价值意蕴层面透析,面向中国式现代化建设任务的饲料粮供给体系升级有利于实现国家粮食安全、破解养殖业结构矛盾及提升饲料行业市场应变能力。文章提出完善支持保障体系,创设良好发展环境;嵌入新型科学技术,提供科技支撑;打造合作组织联盟,奠定雄厚主体基础的实现路径,探索饲料粮供给体系升级进路,在加速推进中国式现代化的时代背景下提高饲料粮稳产保供水平。

我国饲料粮供给区域差异时空演化特征及影响因素分析

文章旨在探究我国饲料粮供给区域差异时空演化特征及其影响因素。选取2005—2021年我国31个省份的月度面板数据,使用空间自相关和冷热点分析法深入探究饲料粮供给区域差异时空演化特征,进一步通过泰尔指数与空间杜宾模型深入剖析其驱动因素。结果显示,饲料粮供给冷点与热点区域均呈现集中态势,且其局部空间关联性较为明显。饲料粮供给空间分布格局检验结果表明,北部沿海地区多为“低-低”型区域聚集区,东北、东南沿海与西南地区多为“高-高”型区域聚集区。泰尔指数与结构性原因分析显示,饲料粮供给水平呈现明显正向空间溢出效应,其中组内差异是区际差异的关键因素。空间杜宾模型结果表明,土地生产率、交通运输水平、粮食生产机械投入和饲料粮加工水平是饲料粮供给水平的重要影响因素。

饲料粮中霉菌毒素检测技术的研究进展

霉菌毒素具有很强的毒性,广泛存在于饲料粮中。霉菌毒素经饲料粮进入动物体后,会产生明显的毒副反应,不仅会降低动物的生长性能、免疫力和饲养经济效益,而且容易转移到动物源性食品中,危及人体健康。在饲料工业和畜牧养殖业中,如何高效、便捷、低成本检测霉菌毒素的污染情况至关重要。因此,本文阐述霉菌毒素的种类及危害,并罗列了常见的霉菌毒素检测技术,以期为霉菌毒素检测技术的推广和研发提供参考。

新疆畜禽饲料资源中粗蛋白含量的调查研究

试验旨在研究新疆不同地州间各种常规饲料原料的粗蛋白含量和分布情况,为各地州饲粮合理配制提供科学依据。对新疆全区14个地州的13种115个主要畜禽饲料原料在科学采样的基础上进行粗蛋白含量测定。对同类不同种饲料样品和不同饲料样品的粗蛋白含量进行单因素方差分析,比较不同饲料原料中粗蛋白含量的差异及不同地区之间的差异。结果表明:不同原料除青贮玉米外,干物质含量都在92%以上;粮油加工副产物的粗蛋白含量最高,粮食作物秸秆粗蛋白含量最低。8个地州采集玉米样品中喀什的粗蛋白含量最高。全疆各地州的各种类饲料原料中粗蛋白含量相互之间变化非常大,因此,实际应用中要充分考虑到不同区域饲粮中粗蛋白含量,为精准配方、精准营养提供技术支撑。

饲料粮期货套期保值与规模生猪养殖主体生产稳定

我国生猪养殖规模化趋势明显,饲料粮期货为规模生猪养殖主体管理饲料粮价格风险、稳定生猪生产提供了金融工具。基于2013-2020年生猪上市公司的经营报告数据,使用双向固定效应模型,实证研究了饲料粮期货套期保值交易对规模生猪养殖主体的隐性与显性稳产作用,并检验了期货交易促进生产稳定的作用机制。研究结果表明:饲料粮期货套期保值交易有助于规模生猪养殖主体扩大生产,且随着生猪营收占比的增加,期货交易的扩产效应有所提高;期货交易有助于规模生猪养殖主体稳定出栏。机制分析结果表明,期货交易稳产的作用机制是降低了生猪养殖主体经营现金流的波动,稳定了收益。基于上述研究结论,从通过期货市场规避风险、金融知识普及、鼓励金融工具创新等方面提出了政策建议。

中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产的耦合协调关系及其时空分异研究

【目的】厘清中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产的耦合协调关系及其时空特征对于保障国家粮食安全,助推畜牧业高质量发展具有重要意义。【方法】对中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产的时空特征进行分析归纳,并综合运用耦合协调度模型和灰色关联分析对中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产耦合协调度的时空特征和关联因子进行分析。【结果】中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产的耦合度等级总体处于高水平耦合阶段,但存在降级风险且空间分异特征不明显;协调度等级“倒挂”,由“中级协调”降至“初级协调”,且协调度等级的空间分异特征明显;各省(自治区、直辖市)协调度和首要关联因子间的关联效应同样存在差异,总体可分为因子促进型和因子约束型两类。【结论】从夯实生产基础、调整营养供给结构、完善社会化服务以及加强财政扶持4个方面入手,促使中国畜产品供给和饲料粮生产达到更优质的协调等级。

我国饲料粮供需结构变动的影响因素分析

加强饲料粮供给是稳定饲料粮市场供需、推动畜牧业高质量发展的重要抓手。文章基于2006年1月—2022年12月饲料粮供需结构月度数据样本,采用VAR模型对我国饲料粮供需结构展开实证分析。结果发现,玉米供给量对饲料粮供需结构变动的影响最明显,城乡居民畜产品消费量次之,稻谷供给量最低。从供给视角分析,饲料粮供需结构变动的主要影响因素包括玉米供给量、豆粕供给量、高粱供给量、小麦供给量。从需求视角分析,城乡居民畜产品消费量是影响饲料粮供需结构变动的主要因素。从突发事件视角分析,自然灾害风险指数并非是饲料粮供需结构变动的格兰杰原因。在忽略其他因素影响情况下,自然灾害风险指数对7周后饲料粮供需结构变动影响贡献率为23.62%。研究表明,饲料粮供需结构变动主要受到玉米供给量、城乡居民畜产品消费量、豆粕供给量、高粱供给量、小麦供给量、自然灾害风险等因素影响。

我国饲料粮价格非对称性波动特征及其成因分析

文章基于我国30个省(市、自治区)饲料粮价格数据,采用TGARCH模型实证检验我国各地区饲料粮价格非对称性波动特征及其成因。结果表明,仅有7个省份饲料粮价格存在非对称波动,说明我国饲料粮价格波动不是普遍规律,而是个体属性;我国饲料粮价格非对称性特征具有区域异质性,黑龙江、吉林、河南和内蒙古的饲料粮价格存在负向非对称性波动,江苏、山东和广东的饲料粮价格存在正向非对称性波动;政策变动、自然灾害、技术等不规则因素变动是引发饲料粮价格非对称性波动的主要原因。因此,相关主体应提高饲料粮价格变动信息判断能力,采取差异化饲料粮价格调控措施,强化市场调控力度,有效调控饲料粮价格波动。

多菌种发酵芝麻香型丢糟生产饲料的工艺条件优化

为了优化多菌发酵芝麻香型丢糟生产饲料的工艺条件,试验以芝麻香型丢糟为原料,添加辅料麸皮,同时接种枯草芽孢杆菌D、酿酒酵母菌SY和植物乳杆菌2-41进行发酵。采用正交试验设计,测定粗蛋白含量、细胞计数和感官评价指标。最佳工艺条件:麸皮添加量15%,菌种接种量17%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间8 d,初始酸度1.2 mmol/10 g NaOH,该发酵条件下产物粗蛋白含量(25.31±0.41)%,细胞计数6.4×10^(8)个/g,发酵香突出,饲料评分95分,等级为1级。

白酒固态酿造副产物丢糟在动物养殖中的应用研究

白酒丢糟是粮谷接种固态发酵取酒后的残渣,是白酒酿造生产中的主要副产物。随着我国白酒产能的不断增加,白酒丢糟的产量也随之增加,其有效、高值化的利用方式仍是白酒行业有待解决的课题之一。白酒丢糟富含粮谷残留的营养成分,还富集了发酵过程形成的多种不易挥发的功能活性成分,在动物养殖中有很大的利用价值。本文就白酒丢糟饲用营养成分、功能成分以及在各类动物养殖中的应用情况进行归纳总结,旨在为白酒丢糟的进一步开发利用研究以及应用推广提供依据。

畜牧强国视域下中国饲料粮供应链体系构建研究

作为建设畜牧强国的重要内容,中国饲料粮供应链体系构建是实现农村产业兴旺和农民增收致富的重要抓手。畜牧强国视域下,中国饲料粮体系构建是顺应农业高质量发展新要求、推动乡村产业振兴战略新方向以及契合中国式现代化发展新形势的重要举措。文章从核心层、关键层和支撑层3方面构建中国饲料粮供应链体系,分析中国饲料粮供应链体系构建的核心功能、关键要素及运行机制。在此基础上,提出积极布局数字基础设施建设,夯实饲料粮供应链基础支撑;加大科技创新投入,转变饲料粮供应链体系动能支撑;建立饲料粮资金链管理体系,强化饲料粮供应链体系金融支撑的举措。以期为促进中国饲料粮供应链可持续发展,加速推动畜牧强国建设进程。

“粮改饲”背景下我国肉羊养殖成本效率变动及优化路径研究

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