Characterization of Microstructure and Texture in Grain-Oriented High Silicon Steel by Strip Casting

Grain-oriented 4.5 wt% Si and 6.5 wt% Si steels were produced by strip casting, warm rolling, cold rolling, primary annealing, and secondary annealing. Goss grains were sufficiently developed and covered the entire surface of the secondary recrystallized sheets. The microstructure and texture was characterized by OM, EBSD, TEM, and XRD. It was observed that after rolling at 700 ℃, the 6.5 wt% Si steel exhibited a considerable degree of shear bands, whereas the 4.5 wt% Si steel indicated their rare presence. After primary annealing, completely equiaxed grains showing strong y-fiber texture were presented in both alloys. By comparison, the 6.5 wt% Si steel showed smaller grain size and few favorable Goss grains. Additionally, a higher density of fine precipitates were exhibited in the 6.5 wt% Si steel, leading to a ~ 30-s delay in primary recrystallization. During secondary annealing, abnormal grain growth of the 6.5 wt% Si steel occurred at higher temperature compared to the 4.5 wt% Si steel, and the final grain size of the 6.5 wt% Si steel was greater. The magnetic induction B8 of the 4.5 wt% Si and the 6.5 wt% Si steels was 1.75 and 1.76 T, respectively, and the high- frequency core losses were significantly improved in comparison with the non-oriented high silicon steel.

Development of top high-grade non-grain-oriented silicon steels at Baosteel

The development, production and application of top high-grade non-grain-oriented （NGO） silicon steels at Baosteel were introduced in this paper. Top high grades refer to the highest grades in the intemational silicon steel product standard and above. B35A230 and B50A250 were developed at Baosteel in 2009 and have been used in inverter compressors for air-conditioners, small transformers and big hydropower generators in the Three Gorges project. Small- batch production of B35A210 and B50A230, which exceed the highest grades listed in the intemational silicon steel product standard,began in 2010. That was a breakthrough in the silicon steel making history in China. Presently,Baosteel＇ s high- grade NGO products have passed the strict qualifications of the three major electric power equipment manufacturers in China and the leading international power equipment suppliers like ALSTOM, GE, SIEMENS, VESTAS, etc. These products are characterized by low iron loss, low anisotropy, good punchability and a high lamination factor. They have been used in the 770 MW hydropower generator at Xiluodu Power Station in the three gorges area, 1 000 MW thermal power generators and 2.5 MW wind power generators.

Analysis of oxide layer structure in nitrided grain-oriented silicon steel

The production of low-temperature reheated grain-oriented silicon steel is mainly based on the acquired inhibitor method.Due to the additional nitriding process,a high nitrogen content exists in the oxide layer,which changes the structure of the oxide layer.In this study,the structure of the surface oxide layer after nitriding was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD),glow discharge spectrometry(GDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The size and orientation of ferritic grains in the oxide layer were characterized,and the distribution characteristics of the key elements along the thickness direction were determined.The results show that the oxide layer of the steel sample mainly comprised particles of Fe2SiO4 and spherical and lamellar SiO2,and Fe4N and fcc-Fe phases were also detected.Moreover,the size and orientation of ferritic grains in the oxide layer were different from those of coarse matrix ferritic grains beneath the oxide layer;however,some ferritic grains exhibited same orientations as those in the neighboring matrix.Higher nitrogen content was detected in the oxide layer than that in the matrix beneath the oxide layer.The form of nitrogen enrichment in the oxide layer was analyzed,and the growth mechanism of ferritic grains during the oxide layer formation is proposed.

Simulation of recrystallization based on EBSD data using a modified Monte Carlo model that considers anisotropic effects in cold-rolled ultra-thin grain-oriented silicon steel

A Monte Carlo Potts model was developed to simulate the recrystallization process of a cold-rolled ultra-thin grain-oriented silicon steel.The orientation and image quality data from electron backscatter diffraction measurements were used as input information for simulation.Three types of nucleation mechanisms,namely,random nucleation,high-stored-energy site nucleation(HSEN),and high-angle boundary nucleation(HABN),were considered for simulation.In particular,the nucleation and growth behaviors of Goss-oriented({011}<100>)grains were investigated.Results showed that Goss grains had a nucleation advantage in HSEN and HABN.The amount of Goss grains was the highest according to HABN,and it matched the experimental measurement.However,Goss grains lacked a size advantage across all mechanisms during the recrystallization process.

Effect of Ball Scribing on Power Loss Separation of Fe-3%Si Grain-oriented Silicon Steel

Power loss of Fe-3%Sigrain-oriented silicon steelwas measured after ballscribing with different spacing using a self-designed tool.Three different sections of power loss,including hysteresis loss,abnormalloss,and eddy current loss,were measured and calculated,respectively.The loss variation and ratio were analyzed based on the experimentaldata.At 1.0 T,hysteresis loss of tested steelwith scribing spacing of 8 mm descends by 8.2% compared to samples without scribing,which is similar to the totalloss variation,and abnormalloss descends by 16.8%.At 1.0 T,hysteresis loss ratio of the steelwith scribing spacing of 16 mm ascends from 55.7% to 57.9%,and eddy current loss increases from 17.4% to 24.1%,while abnormalloss descends from 26.9% to 23.7%.The experimentalresults show that the reduction of power loss after scribing is mainly due to decreasing of hysteresis loss and abnormalloss.

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding of high silicon content coating on low silicon steel

A pulsed Nd：YAG （yttrium aluminum garnet） laser-based technique was employed to clad low silicon steel with preplaced Si and Fe mixed powders for high Si content. The surface morphology, microstructural evolution, phase composition, and Si distribution, within the obtained cladding coatings, were characterized by optical microscopy （OM）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）, with associated energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The microhardness was also measured along the depth direction of the specimens, A crack- and pore-free cladding coating through excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate was successfully prepared on low silicon steel by means of optimized single-track and multi-track laser cladding. The phases of the coating are a-Fe, T-Fe, and FeSi. The high microhardness of the lasercladding zone is considered as an increase in Si content and as the refined microstructure produced by the laser treatment. The Si contents of the cladding coatings were about 5.8wt% in the single-track cladding and 6.5wt% in the multi-track cladding, respectively.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel

In the present paper, a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel has been developed, and its microstructures and mechanical properties at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the boron alloyed high silicon cast steel comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectic borides in as-cast condition. The dendritic matrix is made up of pearlite, ferrite, and the interdendritic eutectic boride is with a chemical formula of M2B (M represents Fe, Cr, Mn or Mo) which is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron. Pure ausferrite structure that consists of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite can be obtained in the matrix by austempering treatment to the cast steel. No carbides precipitate in the ausferrite structure and the morphology of borides remains almost unchanged after austempering treatments. Secondary boride particles precipitate during the course of austenitizing. The hardness and tensile strength of the austempered cast steel decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature, from 250 oC to 400 oC. The impact toughness is 4-11 J?cm-2 at room temperature and the impact

Recent progress of high silicon electrical steels

This paper summarized recent progress of high silicon grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steels. Technical development in composition adjustment, inclusion control and process optimization was introduced, and future development trend was explored. In addition, a brief introduction was provided to technical progress of high silicon thingauge strips with a Si content of 6.5%.

In-situ SEM observation on fracture behavior of austempered silicon alloyed steel

Crack initiation, propagation and microfracture processes of austempered high silicon cast steel have been investigated by using an in-situ tensile stage installed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber. It is revealed that micro cracks always nucleate at the yielding near imperfections and the boundary of matrix-inclusions due to the stress concentration. There are four types of crack propagations in the matrix: crack propagates along the boundary of two clusters of bainitic ferrite; crack propagates along the boundary of ferrite-austenite in bainitic ferrite laths; crack propagates into bainitic ferrite laths; crack nucleates and propagates in the high carbon brittle plate shape martensite which is transformed from some blocky retained austenite due to plastic deformation. Based on the observation and analysis of microfracture processes, a schematic diagram of the crack nucleation and propagation process of high silicon cast steel is proposed.

硅含量对9Cr-1.5W钢在550℃下蠕变性能的影响

在550℃下对硅质量分数分别为0.34%,0.60%,0.90%的9Cr-1.5W钢进行拉伸试验以及不同应力下的蠕变试验,研究了硅含量对试验钢高温拉伸性能和蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:随着硅含量的增加,试验钢在550℃下的屈服强度和抗拉强度均降低,但断后伸长率增大,应变硬化指数先升后降,含质量分数0.60%硅的试验钢具有最大的应变硬化指数;含质量分数0.60%硅的试验钢在不同应力下均具有较长的蠕变时间,表现出最佳的高温蠕变性能,应力指数最小,最小蠕变速率对外加应力敏感性最低;试验钢的蠕变行为均受位错攀移控制。

Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响

无取向硅钢作为新能源汽车电机系统的核心部件材料,要求其磁性能和力学性能同时优异,但两者往往不能兼顾。如何获得强度和磁性能的良好匹配是高性能无取向硅钢需要解决的关键问题之一。对此,本工作通过Cu、Ce合金化研制了高强高效无取向硅钢样品,但是,目前Cu在硅钢中的作用尤其是对磁性能的影响机理尚不十分明确。因此,本工作采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射和透射电镜等方法研究了Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响及机理。结果表明,适量Cu的添加在显著提高强度的情况下同时降低高频铁损,较多Cu的添加使磁感降低、铁损升高。这主要是因为,适量的Cu以富Cu相析出,具有尺寸小、分布分散等特点,一方面促使再结晶的发生,提高晶粒均匀性,并且高温再结晶退火过程中Cu以固溶形式存在不会明显阻碍晶粒长大,对磁性能有利;另一方面促使有利织构的产生,抑制不利织构出现,提高磁感,从而在一定程度上抵消富Cu析出相阻碍磁畴转动对磁性能的不利影响。Cu含量较高时,富Cu析出相不仅尺寸较大,而且形态呈长条状或短棒状,恶化了磁性能。

高牌号无取向硅钢生产流程中织构控制研究现状

在节能减排的背景之下,水电、风电和核电等清洁能源行业得到了快速发展。高牌号无取向硅钢是上述发电机组应用最普遍的铁芯材料。因此,开发低铁损和高磁感的高牌号无取向硅钢是清洁能源产业高质量发展的前提条件。织构是影响高牌号无取向硅钢磁感和铁损的主要因素之一,受到生产工艺的影响。然而,高牌号无取向硅钢工艺流程长,影响织构控制的工艺因素众多。为了满足高牌号无取向硅钢在低铁损时实现高磁感,在产品加工时应尽量避免对磁性能不利的{111}织构的形成,促进对其有利的{100}和{110}织构形成。本文首先介绍了高牌号无取向硅钢的工艺流程,对比了国内外钢铁企业产品的磁性能(P_(15/50)和B_(50))。其次,阐述了高牌号无取向硅钢在炼钢、热轧、常化、冷轧和成品退火过程中促进有利织构形成的影响因素。最后,归纳出能促进高牌号无取向硅钢有利织构形成的生产工艺,并对织构控制的发展方向提出了建议。

喷嘴尺寸对Fe-6.5 %Si高硅钢薄带组织和性能的影响

研究了快速凝固单辊甩带过程中喷嘴尺寸(Φ2 mm、Φ1.5 mm、Φ1 mm和Φ0.7 mm)对Fe-6.5%Si高硅钢薄带组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着喷嘴尺寸的减少,有序相减少,薄带的连续长度明显提高,而薄带的厚度和宽度减小,晶粒尺寸减小,显微硬度也随之减小。薄带饱和磁化强度(M s)随着喷嘴尺寸的减小逐渐变小,而矫顽力(H c)逐渐变大,但磁性能总体变化不大。在Φ1 mm喷嘴下制得的高硅钢薄带质量较好。

低温HiB钢全流程组织、织构演变及成品磁性能

以低温高磁感取向硅钢(HiB钢)全流程生产过程中各工序段的热轧板、常化板、冷轧板、脱碳渗氮板和成品板为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)表征其组织与织构,分析低温HiB钢生产全流程组织与织构的演变规律,探究其对低温HiB钢成品板磁性能的影响。结果表明:低温HiB钢热轧板、常化板的组织和织构在厚度方向上存在显著差异,Goss晶粒起源于热轧板1/4次表层,热轧板与常化板的织构种类相同,仅织构强度存在差异,中心层主要织构为{118}<110>;冷轧板为纤维状变形组织,形成了较强的α纤维织构和γ纤维织构,{111}<110>的织构强度最高,为14.4;脱碳渗氮板以α^(*)纤维和γ纤维织构为主,分别集中在{114}<481>和{111}<112>处,Goss晶粒周围主要为{114}<481>和{111}<112>取向晶粒,尺寸小于其他晶粒,不具有数量和生长优势。磁性能为B_(8)≥1.89 T,P_(1.7/50)≤0.97 W/kg的成品板Goss晶粒发展完善,晶粒尺寸达到厘米级,晶界呈锯齿状,Goss织构锋锐;磁性能为B_(8)=1.83 T,P_(1.7/50)=1.27 W/kg的成品板中多为异常长大的非高斯与高斯位向偏离角较大的取向晶粒,且晶界光滑;大部分晶粒未发生二次再结晶的成品板组织为细晶组织,磁性能B_(8)=1.77 T,P_(1.7/50)=1.48 W/kg。

3.3%Si高强无取向电工钢再结晶组织演变及其对性能的影响

探究3.3%Si高强无取向硅钢再结晶组织与织构的演变及其对磁性能与力学性能的影响规律与机理。借助光学显微镜,扫描电镜分析冷轧-退火在不同阶段再结晶组织与织构,利用磁性能设备测试铁损与磁感应强度,万能拉伸试验机测试力学性能。结果表明,3.3%Si高强无取向硅钢冷轧后组织沿轧向呈纤维状分布,主要织构是{001}<110>织构,在900℃退火30s发生部分再结晶,随着退火时间的延长,纤维状组织消失,得到等轴状铁素体,晶粒尺寸由7.8μm增大到25.1μm,{111}<112>与{111}<110>织构逐渐增强,退火时间为240s时,形成了较强的{114}<481>织构,该织构能对织构有一定的抑制作用。实验钢在900℃退火120s时,磁性能与力学性能均最佳,屈服强度为527MPa,高频铁损P_(1.0/400)为18.79W/kg,磁感应强度B_(5000)为1.644T。

稀土处理对高牌号无取向硅钢中夹杂物的影响

通过工业试验研究了不同稀土含量对高牌号无取向硅钢中夹杂物的影响。研究结果表明,当稀土质量分数为0.0021%时,稀土元素主要形成(La,Ce)AlO_(3)夹杂物,从而进行脱氧、变质钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物;随着钢中稀土含量的增加,稀土主要形成以(La,Ce)AlO_(3)-(La,Ce)_(2)O_(2)S类和(La,Ce)_(2)O_(2)S类稀土夹杂物,主要降低了钢中硫化物的析出量,但是此时生成的稀土夹杂物对钢中大量温降过程析出和二次氧化产生的Al2O3类夹杂物的改性作用较弱,这导致稀土含量高时钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物的数密度明显增加。此外,夹杂物长宽比的统计结果表明,稀土处理使铸坯中夹杂物发生明显球化,但在随后的热轧工序中,常规处理与稀土处理的热轧板中夹杂物的平均长宽比差异较小。即在工业生产实际中,稀土处理对成品组织中的夹杂物的长宽比影响很小,影响夹杂物长宽比的主要因素主要是轧制过程的相关工艺参数。

高硅钢不同脱氧工艺下精炼渣系控制

针对“转炉→RH精炼→连铸”工艺流程生产的高硅钢精炼渣精准控制的难题,借助FactSage7.2商业热力学计算软件,计算了两种不同脱氧工艺下合理的精炼渣系控制范围。采用A脱氧工艺(铝脱氧硅合金化工艺)时,合理精炼渣系控制范围为氧化钙含量为53%~55%,二氧化硅含量在15%~18%,三氧化二铝含量为25%~30%,氧化镁含量为3%~5%,碱度为3~5;采用B脱氧工艺(硅脱氧铝合金化工艺)时,合理的精炼渣系的主要成分范围为:氧化钙含量为53%~56%,二氧化硅含量为12%~17%,三氧化二铝含量为25%~30%,氧化镁含量为3%~5%,碱度为3~4.5。采用工业两种对不同脱氧工艺精炼渣系吸附夹杂能力进行分析,结果表明B脱氧工艺下夹杂物数量、尺寸分布方面均优于A脱氧工艺。

大功率低速直驱电机电磁特性对比分析

针对大功率低速直驱电机,对其电磁特性进行对比研究,以设计的一台36槽30极极槽数相近的大功率低速直驱电机为例,在空载和负载两种状态下,对比不同定子硅钢材料对该种电机的电磁特性及效率的影响。有限元分析表明,采用取向硅钢定子材料的大功率低速直驱永磁电机与常规硅钢定子材料的该种电机相比,电磁特性更优,空载时取向硅钢材料会削弱齿部饱和现象,负载时提高了电机的输出转矩,降低了电动势波形畸变率;降低了永磁体涡流损耗幅值,两部电机效率相差不大,为该类电机工程上实际生产提供参考。

高硅无取向电工钢的高温氧化行为

采用对比实验研究了不同温度下的高硅无取向电工钢的氧化行为,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜及其EDS功能观察了经不同温度(1030~1240℃)加热后高硅无取向电工钢氧化层的微观形貌、结构组成及合金元素的偏析现象.结果表明:经高温加热后的高硅无取向电工钢氧化层主要包括4部分,分别为纯氧化铁层、铁橄榄石和氧化铁混合层、富Si区与贫Si区混合层、致密氧化膜层;高温氧化过程中会产生Si成分偏析现象,1240℃时Si的偏析深度可达130μm,不同深度偏析处的Si质量分数相差可达0.9%,且随着温度的降低,偏析程度逐渐减弱,直至消失.

渗氮温度对低温高磁感取向硅钢氮化物析出行为的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM),结合能谱仪(EDS)与选区电子衍射(SEAD)对渗氮条件下低温高磁感取向硅钢析出相进行表征分析,探讨渗氮过程氮化物析出与转变的机制。结果表明:渗氮处理前,硅钢中固有氮化物以AlN,AlN+MnS与AlN+CuxS为主,尺寸分布在40~150 nm,析出相在基体中的分布较为弥散,主要在晶粒内部析出,晶界上的析出量较少;经750,900℃渗氮处理,渗氮板表层出现大量新析出的氮化物,析出相均分布于晶界及附近与晶粒内部,随渗氮温度的升高,析出相的种类与形貌更复杂多样,尺寸分布范围由50~150 nm减至20~100 nm,其中在120 nm以下析出相的分布密度由9.449×10^(8)个/cm^(2)增至1.649×10~9个/cm^(2),平均尺寸由90 nm减至55 nm,体积分数由5.55%减至3.63%;氮化物析出相沿整个渗氮板厚度方向分布不均匀,但900℃渗氮板中心层析出相的分布密度与含量明显更高,平均尺寸明显更小,提高渗氮温度可大幅改善渗氮板中的氮含量与氮化物在板厚方向上分布的均匀性;渗氮温度由750℃升高至900℃,氮化物析出种类由非晶结构富Mn的Si3N4→正交晶体结构的MnSiN2或(Si,Mn)N→(Si,Mn,Al)N或(Si,Al,Mn)N→(Al,Si,Mn)N或(Al,Si)N进行转变;渗氮温度对氮化物的热稳定性、氮原子的扩散路径与扩散系数的影响是造成氮化物种类与分布发生变化的主要原因。