Low-Level Antibiotic Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Pathogens from Infected Skin and Soft Tissues in Rural Kenya

Introduction: Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a cause of frequent inpatient and outpatient care visits whose causative agents are associated with a high antimicrobial resistance burden. For insights on antimicrobial susceptibilities in a rural setting, we examined specimens from suspected SSTIs from two public health facilities in Kenya. We additionally assessed antibiotic use, appropriateness of empiric therapy and risk factors for SSTI. Methodology: Between 2021 and 2023, 265 patients at Kisii and Nyamira County Referral hospitals were enrolled. Wound swabs/aspirates were collected and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using the VITEK 2 Compact platform. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were analyzed with R Statistical software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 16.2% (43/265) of patients with a methicillin resistance (MRSA) proportion of 14% (6/43). While 13/15 drugs elicited susceptibilities ranging from 84% - 100%, penicillin (16%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SXT] (23%) yielded the lowest susceptibilities. Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8), and Citrobacter species (n = 4) were the most commonly isolated gram-negative species. Gram-negative strains showed high susceptibilities to most of the tested drugs (71% - 100%) with the exception of ampicillin (18%), TMP-SXT (33%), and first and second generation cephalosporins. Conclusions: The low MRSA prevalence and generally high antibiotic susceptibilities for S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria present opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in the study setting. Diminished susceptibilities against penicillin/ampicillin and TMP-SXT accord with prevailing local data and add a layer of evidence for their cautious empiric use.

科学术语的翻译实践及其概念的语境重置——从“bacterium”到“细菌”

19世纪末20世纪初,“bacterium”概念由西方传播至我国,并最终以“细菌”二字成为汉语词。这是一则外来概念在华传播的成功案例。“细菌”的入华“旅行”先后经历了术语“bacterium”的翻译实践、概念“bacterium”的在华接受及译词“细菌”的最终确立。“微虫”“微生物”“微菌”“霉菌”“微生毒”“微生虫”“璧他利亚”等译词的涌现、共存与淘汰体现了概念跨文化传播在语言层面的复杂表征,语境重置则是此番过程的本质。汉语语境“虫”概念和本土传统的病因学体系为“旅行”概念的接受创造条件。“细菌”二字被确立为术语“bacterium”的译词则是社会权力制约下的结果。深入挖掘这则成功案例,厘清概念跨文化传输的特点,或能为提升概念跨文化传播效率提供些许启示。

High mortality associated with gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection in liver transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppression reduction

BACKGROUND Immunosuppression is an important factor in the incidence of infections in transplant recipient.Few studies are available on the management of immunosuppression(IS)treatment in the liver transplant(LT)recipients complicated with infection.The aim of this study is to describe our experience in the management of IS treatment during bacterial bloodstream infection(BSI)in LT recipients and assess the effect of temporary IS withdrawal on 30 d mortality of recipients presenting with severe infection.AIM To assess the effect of temporary IS withdrawal on 30 d mortality of LT recipients presenting with severe infection.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted with patients diagnosed with BSI after LT in the Department of Liver Surgery,Renji Hospital from January 1,2016 through December 31,2017.All recipients diagnosed with BSI after LT were included.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of risk factors for 30 d mortality was conducted in the LT recipients with Gram-negative bacterial(GNB)infection.RESULTS Seventy-four episodes of BSI were identified in 70 LT recipients,including 45 episodes of Gram-positive bacterial(GPB)infections in 42 patients and 29 episodes of GNB infections in 28 patients.Overall,IS reduction(at least 50%dose reduction or cessation of one or more immunosuppressive agent)was made in 28(41.2%)cases,specifically,in 5(11.9%)cases with GPB infections and 23(82.1%)cases with GNB infections.The 180 d all-cause mortality rate was 18.5%(13/70).The mortality rate in GNB group(39.3%,11/28)was significantly higher than that in GPB group(4.8%,2/42)(P=0.001).All the deaths in GNB group were attributed to worsening infection secondary to IS withdrawal,but the deaths in GPB group were all due to graft-versus-host disease.GNB group was associated with significantly higher incidence of intra-abdominal infection,IS reduction,and complete IS withdrawal than GPB group(P<0.05).Cox regression showed that rejection(adjusted hazard ratio 7.021,P=0.001)and complete IS withdrawal(adjusted hazard ratio 12.65,P=0.019)were independent risk factors for 30 d mortality in patients with GNB infections after LT.CONCLUSION IS reduction is more frequently associated with GNB infection than GPB infection in LT recipients.Complete IS withdrawal should be cautious due to increased risk of mortality in LT recipients complicated with BSI.

Association between infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and mortality in critically ill patients

The incidence of gram-negative multidrug-resistant(MDR) bacterial pathogens is increasing in hospitals and particularly in the intensive care unit(ICU) setting. The clinical consequences of infections caused by MDR pathogens remain controversial. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available data concerning the impact of these infections on mortality in ICU patients. Twenty-four studies, conducted exclusively in ICU patients, were identified through Pub Med search over the years 2000-2015. Bloodstream infection was the only infection examined in eight studies, respiratory infections in four and variable infections in others. Comparative data on the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic treatment were provided by only seven studies. In ten studies the presence of antimicrobial resistance was not associated with increased mortality; on the contrary, in other studies a significant impact of antibiotic resistance on mortality was found, though, sometimes, mediated by inappropriate antimicrobial treatment. Therefore, a direct association between infections due to gram-negative MDR bacteria and mortality in ICU patients cannot be confirmed. Sample size, presence of multiple confounders and other methodological issues may influence the results. These data support the need for further studies to elucidate the real impact of infections caused by resistant bacteria in ICU patients.

Seafood as a Reservoir of Gram-negative Bacteria Carrying Integrons and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Japan

PCR and DNA sequencing were used to screen and characterize integrons and resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from seafood products in Japan.A total of 215 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from local and imported seafood samples collected from retail markets in Hiroshima Prefecture.Class 1 integrons containing gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim

Impact of Polymyxin Resistance on Virulence and Fitness among Clinically Important Gram-Negative Bacteria

Humanity is facing an enormous and growing worldwide threat from the emergence of multi-drug-resistant(MDR)Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Acinetobacter baumannii.Polymyxin B and E(colistin)constitute the last-line therapies for treating MDR Gram-negative bacteria.Polymyxin is a cationic antibacterial peptide that can destroy the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.With the increasing clinical application of polymyxin,however,there have been many reports of the occurrence of polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.This resistance is mainly mediated by the modification or complete loss of lipopolysaccharide(LPS).LPS is also a virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria,and alterations of LPS may correlate with virulence.Although it is generally believed that the biological costs associated with drug resistance may enable benign susceptible bacteria to overcome resistant bacteria when antibiotic pressure is reduced,some studies have shown that polymyxin-resistant bacteria are associated with higher virulence and greater fitness compared with their susceptible counterparts.To predict the development of polymyxin resis-tance and evaluate interventions for its mitigation,it is important to understand the relative biological cost of polymyxin resistance compared with susceptibility.The impact of polymyxin resistance mecha-nisms on the virulence and fitness of these three Gram-negative bacteria are summarized in this review.

An Improved Approach for Rapidly Identifying Different Types of Gram-Negative Bacterial Secreted Proteins

Protein secretion plays an important role in bacterial lifestyles. In Gram-negative bacteria, a wide range of proteins are secreted to modulate the interactions of bacteria with their environments and other bacteria via various secretion systems. These proteins are essential for the virulence of bacteria, so it is crucial to study them for the pathogenesis of diseases and the development of drugs. Using amino acid composition (AAC), position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) and N-terminal signal peptides, two different substitution models are firstly constructed to transform protein sequences into numerical vectors. Then, based on support vector machine (SVM) and the “one to one”?algorithm, a hybrid multi-classifier named SecretP v.2.2 is proposed to rapidly and accurately?distinguish different types of Gram-negative?bacterial secreted proteins. When performed on the same test set for a comparison with other methods, SecretP v.2.2 gets the highest total sensitivity of 93.60%. A public independent dataset is used to further test the power of SecretP v.2.2 for predicting NCSPs, it also yields satisfactory results.

Metallo-β-lactamase producing nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria:An increasing clinical threat among hospitalized patients

Objective:To detect and evaluate the various methods for metallo-β-lactamases(MBL) production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Acinetobacter species.Methods:A total of 109 P.aeruginosa and 85 Acinetobacter species were screened for imipenem resistance by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion methods.Detection of MBL production was(lone by imipenem-EDTA combined disc test,double disc synerygy test(DDST) and imipenem-EDTA MBL E test.Results: A total of 63(57.8%) strains of P.aeruginosa and 46(54.1%) strains of Acinetobacter spp.were found to be resistant to imipenem.Of the 63 imipenem resistant P.aeruginosa tested for MBL production.44(69.89;) were found to be positive and among 46 imipenem resistant Acinetobacter. 19(41.3%) were shown to be the MBL producers.Conclusions:Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test and MBL E test are equally effective for MBL detection in both P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.,but given the cost-constraints,combined disc can be used as a convenient screening method in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Immunogenomics for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs: a review focusing on Gram-negative bacilli

Over the past years, infectious disease has caused enormous economic loss in pig industry. Among the pathogens, gram negative bacteria not only cause inflammation, but also cause different diseases and make the pigs more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccination, medication and elimination of sick pigs are major strategies of controlling disease. Genetic methods, such as selection of disease resistance in the pig, have not been widely used. Recently, the completion of the porcine whole genome sequencing has provided powerful tools to identify the genome regions that harboring genes controlling disease or immunity. Immunogenornics, which combines DNA variations, transcriptorne, immune response, and QTL mapping data to illustrate the interactions between pathogen and host immune system, will be an effective genomics tool for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs. These genes will be potential targets for disease resistance in breeding programs. This paper reviewed the progress of disease resistance study in the pig focusing on Gram-negative bacilli. Major porcine Gram-negative bacilli and diseases, suggested candidate genes/pathways against porcine Gram-negative bacilli, and distributions of QTLs for immune capacity on pig chromosomes were summarized. Some tools for immunogenomics research were described. We conclude that integration of sequencing, whole genome associations, functional genomics studies, and immune response information is necessary to illustrate molecular mechanisms and key genes in disease resistance.

Epidemiological Characteristics, Resistance Patterns and Spread of Gram-Negative Bacteria Related to Colonization of Patients in Intensive Care Units

Our aim was to determine the epidemiological characteristics, the resistance patterns and the spread of Gram negative bacteria related to colonization of patients in adult Intensive Care Units. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients colonized and/or infected with Gram negative bacteria was conducted at two adult ICUs from hospitals in Brazil (April 2012 to February 2013). Nasal, groin and perineum swabs were performed. Samples were incubated on MacConkey and cetrimide agar (48 h at 37℃) and identification tests (Vitek-BioMérieux), antibiogram (Bauer-Kirby method), Carba NP test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were performed. The patterns of resistant microorganisms were compared by rep-PCR (Diversilab). Results: There were 53 cases of colonization. In these cases, we identified imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (51%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32%), Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL (38%) or imipenem resistant (5.6%). The use of antimicrobials and medical devices were related to colonization (p The resistance patterns expressed by Klebsiella pneumoniae were ESBL (CTX-M, SHV e TEM) and KPC2. A verified profile of Acinetobacter baumannii was related to OXA-23 and OXA-253 (OXA-143 variant). The profiles ESBL and KPC2 expressed by Klebsiella pneumoniae were distributed between the both ICUs. The distribution of OXA-23 and OXA-253 was verified only in one ICU. The similarity of strains ranged from 80% to 95%, highlighting the horizontal transference of these microorganisms.

Detection of 16S rRNA Methylase Genes in Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Hospitals in Changchun, China

Methylation of 16S rRNA is an important mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance among gram-negative pathogens. In this report, 16S rRNA methylase genes were amplified using PCR among gram-negative bacillus isolates from hospitals in the Changchun area of China and 16S rRNA methylase genotypes (armA, rmtB, rmtA, rmtC, rmtD, and npmA) were identified by direct sequencing. Fifty of the isolates (43.1%) harbored 16S rRNA methylase genes. The common 16S rRNA methylase genes were armA and rmtB (12.1% and 31.0%, respectively), whereas the rmtA, rmtC, rmtD, and npmA genes were absent from the sample. It suggests that the predominant 16S rRNA methylase genes among gramnegative bacilli in the Changchun area are armA and rmtB.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolates in Shellfish Samples from Two River Estuaries in South-South Nigeria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pathogens remain the leading cause of shellfish borne diseases and a major health threat to humans worldwide. The objectives of this study were to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacteria from shellfish. We analyzed a total of 540 shellfish (117 clams, 88 oysters, and 136 periwinkles) samples collected from different vendors at Iko and Douglas Creeks in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. Conventional cultural techniques, morphological, biochemical characteristics, and PCR amplification were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests (Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method) and ESBL phenotype (disk) of the isolates were performed. One hundred and thirty-five (135) Gram-negative bacteria comprising 5 genera and 14 species were detected at a prevalence of: Alcaligenes faecalis TRB-7 38 (28.2%), Pseudomonas oryzihabitans strain KCB005 16 (11.9%), Paenalcaligenes retgerii strain B5 12 (8.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa JB2 10 (7.4%), Providencia stuartii DMC-28b 9 (6.7%), Alcaligenes species TLT151 8 (5.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIFRI DTSB1 7 (5.2%), Paenalcaligenes species UN24 7 (5.2%), Alcaligenes faecalis BT10 7 (5.2%), Vibrio species strain PrVy108 6 (4.4%), Pseudomonas xiamenensis C10-2 5 (3.7%), Providencia vemicola Bu15_38 4 (2.9%), Pseudomonas anguillisceptica 4029 3 (2.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa N15-01092 3 (2.2%). All tested isolates showed various degrees of resistance to the thirteen antimicrobials evaluated. High levels of resistance (100%) to cefepime and imipenem were expressed by all isolates except the Providencia species. For the EBSL indicators, all isolates apart from Alcaligenes species were resistant (100%) to ceftriaxone. All Vibrio species were susceptible to norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ceftazidime. The identification of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNARB) from shellfish in this study highlights the risk of disseminated multi-drug resistance—a serious public health concern.

Detection of the Production of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase, New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase and Oxacillinase-48-Type Carbapenemases by Gram-Negative Bacilli in Resource-Limited Setting

Background: The increasing resistance of bacteria to various antibiotics is a worldwide public health issue. Carbapenems that have elicited great hope in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant germs have seen their efficacy narrowed over time with the emergence of other novel resistance mechanisms, notably the production of Carbapenemases. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2017 to May 2018 in Douala (Cameroon) to detect carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. Isolated strains were identified using the Vitek2TM system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on agar plates with 20 selected commercially available antibiotic discs. The bacterial strains were tested for the production of three Carbapenemases (OXA-48, NDM, KPC), using an immuno-chromatographic technique, with the “RESIST-3 O.K.N. K-SeT” rapid detection kit. Results: During the study period, 1687 strains of Gram-negative bacilli were isolated in selected laboratories with a total of 200 multi-resistant strains identified (11.9%). Among the multi-resistant strains, E. coli was the species most represented in Enterobacteriaceae (27.5%) followed by K. pneumoniae (15.5%) and the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli were predominantly P. aeruginosa (20.5%). These strains mainly came from urine and pus, i.e. 41% and 32% respectively. Thirty-two (16%) strains produced one of the Carbapenemases with a higher frequency at the General Hospital (84%). NDM-type carbapenemase was the most frequently identified (8.5%), OXA-48 type 7.5%, and no KPC production was observed. Among the Enterobacteriaceae 22.9% produced Carbapenemases and only 5.1% of the non-fermenting bacilli produced these enzymes. The isolates strains were completely resistant to all antibiotics except Amikacin and Fosfomycin. The strains producing the NDM-type carbapenemase showed higher rates of resistance to almost all of the antibiotics tested. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant strains are experiencing an increase in evolution. The apparition of strains producing Carbapenemases prominently, the NDM and OXA-48 favor this increase. The activities of antibiotics with high efficacies on these strains are low.

Bio-inhibitive effect of an algal symbiotic bacterium on corrosion of magnesium in marine environment

It is a longstanding and challenging task to develop sustainable environment-friendly and cost-effective corrosion-protection technologies for Mg alloys, especially under marine conditions in which corrosion can normally be significantly accelerated by bacterial activity. However,this paper reports on the corrosion of highly active Mg interestingly inhibited by an algal-symbiotic bacterium Bacillus altitudinis. The corrosion of Mg in the presence of the bacterium drastically reduced by one order of magnitude after 14 days of immersion. This means that the algal-symbiotic bacterium widely available in natural ocean environments may be employed as a green and sustainable inhibitor in the marine industry. Based on electrochemical measurements, surface analyses and microbe experiments, a combined inhibition mechanism is proposed in the paper to interpret the interesting corrosion behavior of Mg.

Comparison of the serum contents of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress mediators between patients with gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria infection

Objective: To compare the serum contents of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress mediators between patients with gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria infection. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with bloodstream bacterial infection in Zigong Third People's Hospital between March 2015 and April 2017 were selected as the research subjects and divided into gram-positive group and gram-negative group according to the results of blood culture and strain identification, and serum levels of inflammatory mediators PCT, IL-1β, IL-6, sTREM-1, TNF-α, NGAL, SAA, HPT and hs-CRP as well as oxidative stress mediators MDA, AOPP, TAC, CAT and SOD were determined. Results: Serum PCT, IL-1β, IL-6, sTREM-1, TNF-α, NGAL, SAA, HPT, hs-CRP, MDA and AOPP levels of gram-negative group were greatly higher than those of gram-positive group while TAC, CAT and SOD levels were greatly lower than those of gram-positive group. Conclusion: The changes of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress mediators in the serum of patients with gram-negative bacteria infection are more significant than those of patients with gram-positive bacteria infection.

2014~2019年北京某三甲医院腹腔感染革兰阴性菌的耐药情况与合理用药的探讨

目的:通过对北京某三甲医院2014~2019年期间采集的腹腔感染革兰阴性菌的鉴定和对常用抗菌药物的药敏测试,为近年院内腹腔感染革兰阴性菌的流行病学和耐药情况提供参考依据。方法:使用定制药敏板通过Trek系统进行抗菌药物敏感性测试并依据CLSI2021标准进行药敏判读。结果:2014~2019年期间共收集革兰阴性菌464株,其中肠杆菌目细菌355株,社区获得性感染菌株123株、医院获得性感染菌株341株,ICU收集的菌株187株。药敏试验显示:该院碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药菌中,大肠埃希菌对目前国内常用的12种抗菌药物几乎都呈现不敏感状态,仅阿米卡星的敏感率为81.8%;除黏菌素外,肺炎克雷伯菌几乎无抗菌药物可选择;铜绿假单胞菌目前对环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星的敏感率均为75.0%。该院喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药菌中,对大肠埃希菌治疗有效率达到82.5%及以上的抗菌药物有厄他培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星和黏菌素;亚胺培南、美罗培南和阿米卡星对肺炎克雷伯菌的敏感率仅在65.0%左右;对于铜绿假单胞菌,可选的抗菌药物有头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和阿米卡星(敏感率均为66.7%)。该院第三代头孢菌素耐药菌中,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星和黏菌素的敏感率均在93.0%以上;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和阿米卡星的敏感率在71.4%~79.2%;铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星、美罗培南、阿米卡星和黏菌素的敏感率在83.3%以上。无论是碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,还是喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,或者是第三代头孢菌素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,除黏菌素的敏感率为97.6%~100.0%外,几乎无常规抗菌药物可供选择。结论:腹腔感染革兰阴性菌总体耐药形势比较严峻,持续监测本地区医院病原菌检出率和合理选择对耐药菌株有效的抗菌药物治疗非常重要。

2015-2021年CHINET尿液分离菌分布和耐药性变迁

目的了解2015-2021年CHINET细菌耐药监测网中尿液分离菌的分布和耐药性。方法收集CHINET细菌耐药监测网51家医疗机构2015-2021年所有尿液标本临床分离菌的耐药监测数据资料,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果2012-2021年尿液标本共分离细菌261893株,其中革兰阳性菌62219株,占23.8%,革兰阴性菌199674株占76.2%。常见的分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌(46.7%)、屎肠球菌(10.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.8%)、粪肠球菌(8.7%)、奇异变形杆菌(3.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(3.4%)、无乳链球菌(2.6%)和阴沟肠杆菌(2.1%)。上述细菌主要分离自住院患者,女性多见于男性,成人多见于儿童。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株分别占53.2%、52.8%和37.0%。耐碳青霉烯类的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中检出率分别为1.7%、18.5%、16.4%和40.3%。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁和磷霉素的耐药率<10%,屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、红霉素的耐药率>90%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁的耐药率<2%。ICU住院患者分离的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于门诊患者和非ICU住院患者。结论尿液标本临床分离菌主要以大肠埃希菌、肠球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,不同人群尿液标本中分离的细菌种类和耐药性不尽相同,应重视细菌耐药监测,减少抗菌药物的不合理使用。

不同感染指标在细菌性血流感染早期诊断和预后评估中的价值

目的探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和CD64指数对细菌性血流感染早期诊断和预后评估的价值。方法选取2019年1月—2023年6月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院细菌性血流感染患者380例,以血培养阴性的住院患者100例作为对照组。检测所有研究对象NLR、CRP、PCT、SAA、IL-6和CD64指数。根据病原菌的类型分为革兰阳性(G^(+))菌组(105例)和革兰阴性(G^(-))菌组(275例)。380例患者中有210例并发脓毒症,依据其生存情况分为死亡组(40例)和生存组(170例)。结果G^(+)菌血流感染患者主要来自急诊科、普外科和普外重症监护病房,以金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主;G^(-)菌血流感染患者主要来自普外重症监护病房、普外科和血液内科,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主。G^(+)菌组和G^(-)菌组NLR、CRP、PCT、SAA、IL-6和CD64指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。G^(-)菌组PCT、IL-6和CD64指数均高于G^(+)菌组(P<0.05),2个组之间NLR、CRP、SAA差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。死亡组NLR、PCT、CRP、SAA、IL-6、CD64指数均显著高于生存组(P<0.05)。结论NLR、CRP、PCT、SAA、IL-6和CD64指数在细菌性血流感染的诊断和预后评估中均有较高的价值。PCT、IL-6和CD64指数有助于区分血流感染的细菌类型。

乳山长牡蛎共附生可培养细菌的多样性和副溶血性弧菌拮抗菌的筛选

采用稀释涂布法分离培养2020年6—9月采自山东省威海市乳山牡蛎养殖区的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)胃和鳃部位共附生可培养细菌,通过形态观察和16S rRNA基因测序进行多样性分析,同时筛选副溶血性弧菌的拮抗菌。结果表明:共分离获得细菌422株,删除重复后共获得不同批次细菌258株,主要包括变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门4个类群,分别占比72.2%、12.6%、11.8%和3.4%,共囊括了6个纲,63个属和119个种,并分离到1个潜在新种。分离的不同种类弧菌可能与牡蛎夏季高死亡率有关,并筛选出一株杀鱼假交替单胞菌ML-231对副溶血性弧菌有较强的抑制作用。本研究首次报道了乳山长牡蛎共附生可培养细菌多样性,发现多种致病性弧菌,并获得1株副溶血性弧菌拮抗菌,对今后乳山长牡蛎的生产管理及弧菌防治具有一定参考价值。

黄瓜霜霉病生防菌ZF515分离鉴定及防效试验

霜霉病是黄瓜栽培中最常见的一种具有毁灭性的病害,常造成巨大的经济损失。生物防治是一种能够有效防治作物病害且环境友好的重要措施。为筛选出有效防治黄瓜霜霉病的生防菌株,从黄瓜根际土样中分离获得121株芽胞杆菌。采用盆栽试验方法筛选获得8株对黄瓜霜霉病具有良好防效的生防菌。使用这8株生防菌在不同地区大棚内进行田间试验,确定生防菌株ZF515对黄瓜霜霉病具有稳定防效,防效高达71.47%。根据形态特征、生理生化特性以及多基因系统发育树分析确定ZF515菌株为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。采用平板对峙法明确ZF515菌株对8种不同病原真菌均具有抑制作用。综上所述,菌株ZF515对黄瓜霜霉病具有很好的生防潜力,是一株具有开发利用价值的生防菌株。