Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

Rural Financial Development and Rural Economic Efficiency Improvement Based on Granger Causality Test

Based on the co-integration test theory,Financial Interrelation Ratio(FIR),level of financial efficiency(LFE),level of financial development(LFD) and other indices evaluating the rural financial development are selected by Granger Causality Test.The rural loan balance(RLB),rural deposit balance(RDB),total rural output(TRO),fixed assets investment(FAI),Financial Interrelation Ratio(FIR),economic efficiency(EE),level of financial efficiency(LFE),and level of financial development(LFD) in the years 1979-2007 are collected.Graphical method intuitively reflects the development trend and historical track of relevant indices;and Granger Causality Test verifies the relationship between rural financial development level and rural economic efficiency in the years 1979-2007.Result shows that rural financial development level has significant impact on rural economic growth,but rural economic growth has no significant impact on rural financial development;and rural financial development also has insignificant promotion impact on rural economic efficiency.Thus,conclusions are obtained.Although rural financial development has made certain contribution to the development of rural economy,this kind of contribution is only reflected in total quantity,but not efficiency.Therefore,government should further strengthen the promotion function of financial development for economic efficiency,and gradually establish a virtuous circle system for rural finance and economic development.

基于时变传染网络和分位数Granger因果检验的系统性风险传染研究

基于18个经济体760家金融机构SRISK系统性风险数据,采用时变参数向量自回归模型和广义方差分解法测度全球系统性风险的时变传染网络,进而采用分位数Granger因果检验考察各经济体对中国高分位段系统性风险的影响。研究结果表明,结合SRISK数据和时变传染网络能有效识别重大风险事件的发生;发达和新兴经济体均会产生风险净输出效应,且会通过直接输出或香港地区间接输出风险至中国内地;在全样本与2008年金融危机、欧债危机、中美贸易战和新冠疫情重大风险事件期间,中国皆为风险净溢入国且新冠疫情期间溢入效应达历史最高;美英两国在重大风险事件期间均对中国高分位段系统性风险产生显著影响,新冠疫情期间中国高分位段系统性风险遭受外部冲击的形势最为严峻。

Correlation analysis and causality test between Ludong-Huanghai block and South Japan

In this paper, we make a comparative analysis and correlation test for the seismic activities in the South Japan and the Ludong-Huanghai block （a secondary tectonic unit in the North China） and approach the relationship between the energy release processes of these two areas by using co-integration analysis and Granger causality test for the time series of random variables. The results show that the seismic activities in these two areas are correlative and synchronous to a certain extent, and their release series of cumulative strain energy are contemporaneously correlative. Both energy series are first-order difference stationary processes and there is secular and steady co-integration between them. We make a positive analysis on the first-order difference energy series through Granger causality test based on vector error correction （VEC） model and find there is unilateral Granger causality and prominent co-integration between the two energy release processes.

CEEMD双层分解和Granger因果变量选择风电功率预测

针对风电功率时间序列具有高度随机波动性而无法精准预测的问题,提出一种基于完备集成经验模态分解(CEEMD)、Granger因果关系检验和长短时记忆网络的新型混合预测方法用于预测风电功率。首先,为研究风电功率和风速的隐性相关性,通过CEEMD算法对风电功率和风速时间序列分别进行序列分解,实现双层分解。其次,通过Granger因果关系方法对各风速分量与各风电功率分量进行因果关系检验,分析风电功率分量与各风速分量间的相关性,以此实现各风电功率分量的输入变量选择。最后,采用长短时记忆网络对各风电功率分量进行预测,并集成得到最终的风电功率预测结果。通过风电厂的实际数据进行了试验,并与多个应用广泛的经典模型进行对比,结果表明该方法的预测精度取得了大幅度提高,能够对风电功率实现精准预测。

Analysis of services trade and employment in China by co-integration and causality

This article describes a study by co-integration test and Granger causality test on the relationships between China's services trades and employment using the data of services trade from the WTO website and the employment data from China Statistic Yearbook for the years from 1982 to 2003. Co-integration test showed that 1% increase in export value and import value of services created respectively 0.205% and 0.068 7% more job opportunities in the service sector. Both export and import of services impacted positively on employment in service industry, and export did more than import. However, in the short run, the impacts of services export and import on employment in service industry were both very small, though positive; and the impacts of employment in service industry on both export and import of services were very big, but not stable. Granger causality test indicated that employment in service industry was a Granger cause of services export. The findings highlight the importance of facilitating services import and reducing import barriers, and suggest that the competitiveness of China's labor- intensive services trade can be exploited to boost services export and help employment in service sector, and that the structure of services trade should be optimized by shifting from labor-intensive to knowledge-and technology-intensive services thus to enhance China's competitiveness of services export.

Abnormal behavior detection by causality analysis and sparse reconstruction

A new approach for abnormal behavior detection was proposed using causality analysis and sparse reconstruction. To effectively represent multiple-object behavior, low level visual features and causality features were adopted. The low level visual features, which included trajectory shape descriptor, speeded up robust features and histograms of optical flow, were used to describe properties of individual behavior, and causality features obtained by causality analysis were introduced to depict the interaction information among a set of objects. In order to cope with feature noisy and uncertainty, a method for multiple-object anomaly detection was presented via a sparse reconstruction. The abnormality of the testing sample was decided by the sparse reconstruction cost from an atomically learned dictionary. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods on the public databases for abnormal behavior detection.

我国牛肉价格波动影响因素研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

为保证牛肉价格合理稳定、推动牛肉市场持续健康发展,文章基于2011年12月—2022年12月中国畜牧业月度数据,以内部传导和外部冲击为视角,选取玉米价格、生产者预期、犊牛价格、国家政策构建VAR模型,实证检验我国牛肉价格波动影响因素及程度。结果显示,玉米价格、生产者预期、犊牛价格、国家政策均可对牛肉价格造成影响。其中,玉米价格可通过内部传导机制对我国牛肉价格波动产生显著影响,且稳定贡献率在8%左右;国家政策可通过外部冲击机制对我国牛肉价格波动形成显著影响,贡献率为15%;前期牛肉价格可显著影响后期牛肉市场价格。因此,文章提出降低肉牛产业饲料成本、加大肉牛产业政府财政支持力度、完善牛肉价格波动市场监管体系的建议,以期为稳定牛肉价格、促进畜牧产业可持续发展提供参考。

农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体耦合协调关系的实证研究--以吉林省为例

在乡村振兴和农村产业融合大背景下,正确认识和处理农业生产性服务业和新型农业经营主体之间的协调发展关系具有重要意义。为明确农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体两系统的耦合协调关系,基于吉林省2010-2022年农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体的时间序列数据,运用协整分析、Granger因果检验和耦合协调模型分析农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体间的互动关系和动态耦合发展趋势。结果表明:吉林省农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体发展水平持续攀升,分别由0.284 9提升至0.837 9、0.100 1提升至0.994 1;农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体两系统存在着显著正相关的长期均衡关系,且互为格兰杰原因,即农业生产性服务业是有效促进新型农业主体发展的重要原因,新型农业经营主体是推动推动农业生产性服务业提升的重要动力;2010-2022年,吉林省农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体之间的耦合协调关系上升趋势明显,先后经历拮抗阶段(0.410 9)、勉强协调(0.517 9~0.572 0)、初级协调(0.637 4)、中级协调(0.735 8~0.773 8)、高度协调(0.843 1~0.870 9~0.916 6~0.914 7~0.914 8~0.915 3~0.915 7)的变化过程,目前两系统处于关系稳定的高水平耦合阶段。未来应通过促进农业生产性服务业与新型农业经营主体协调发展推进现代农业进程。

TESTING LINEAR AND NONLINEAR GRANGER CAUSALITY IN CSI300 FUTURES AND SPOT MARKETS BASED ON NEW CONCEPTS OF NONLINEAR POSITIVE/NEGATIVE SPILLOVER

Hiemstra and Jones(1994) argued that a significant negative value of their nonlinear Granger causality test(H-J test) means there is a confounding effect in the prediction.However,from the theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations,the authors find that H-J test is significantly negative under the circumstance of negative volatility spillover.Furthermore,the authors put forward the conceptions of positive/negative nonlinear spillover,and apply H-J test to examine positive/negative nonlinear spillover effect.The empirical study on China stock futures and spot markets shows that:1) There is significant positive nonlinear spillover from futures to spot market;2) There is significant negative nonlinear spillover from spot to futures market.The authors argue that there is "risk absorption" mechanism in information spillover from the spot market to the futures market,which is due to the temporal transfer of speculative trading from the analysis.

黑龙江省耕地非农化与经济发展的Granger因果关系研究

研究目的:分析黑龙江省耕地非农化过程的内在原因,以助于协调黑龙江省耕地非农化进程与经济发展的关系,使耕地保护工作与未来经济运行相一致。研究方法:运用Granger因果关系检验法,利用Eviews4.1软件分析。研究结果:城市化进程对耕地非农化进程的影响与经济增长对耕地非农化的影响并不一致,城市化进程对耕地非农化的影响更加显著。因此,要从根本上解决耕地非农化与经济发展之间的矛盾须将城市化作为切入点。

Granger因果关系检验在攻击检测中的应用研究

在时态数据挖掘框架下,对基于Granger因果关系检验的攻击检测方法进行了研究。通过计算多个前兆输入时间序列与给定异常输出时间序列之间的因果关联程度,可从描述网络系统安全状态的多元时间序列数据集中检测出网络攻击行为的前兆,进而形成可供实际检测和预警使用的高置信度前兆规则和因果规则。对所提方法的正确性和精度进行了验证,并在设计的攻击检测与预警原型系统中对其进行了应用分析。

基于Granger原因的因果关系检验方法评析

基于协整理论的因果关系研究,是现代计量经济学具有划时代意义的发展。文章对几种主要的因果关系检验方法进行了评析,并针对这些检验方法存在的问题作了深入分析。其主要目的是为进行因果关系实证研究,提供理论依据和方法优化选择。

基于Granger检验的地价与房价关系研究

研究目的:探讨地价与房价的因果关系。研究方法:实证研究法与计量经济学分析方法。研究结果:在短期,武汉市房价与地价互为因果,其中地价是房价的Granger原因的程度更大;在长期,房价与地价之间没有显著的因果关系。研究结论:在利用土地政策进行宏观调控时,宜多采用内生的政策工具;继续强化对土地投机的抑制政策,可相应减少政府用来“熨平市场”所需的土地储备量,以缓解土地储备资金不足之困。

我国房价与租金Granger因果关系的实证研究

本文利用1998年第一季度到2006年第三季度的全国房屋销售价格指数和房屋租赁价格指数的时间序列数据,运用单位根检验、协整关系检验和格兰杰因果关系检验等方法,对我国房价与租金之间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明,在全国范围内,房价和租金短期相互独立,而房价是租金变动的长期原因。此外,本文还分析了北京、上海、杭州和深圳四个城市房价与租金的关系,结果显示不同城市的房价租金关系也各异。最后,本文分别从模型和经济学的角度对以上结论进行了解释。

通货膨胀传导机制识别与通胀分型治理

采用时变Granger因果检验明确中国历次典型通胀时期下的通货膨胀传导机制与通胀成本负担状况,并基于反事实模拟给出结构性通货膨胀的治理方略。研究结果显示:(1)2012年前中国的通货膨胀基本都是全局性通胀,而在2012年后,通货膨胀则具有典型的结构性特征;(2)治理全局性通胀只需盯住通胀源头和成本终端,而治理结构性通胀则应关注疏通通胀传导链条;(3)当下的通货紧缩是一轮由最终消费端发起的全局性通缩,但由于此轮通缩中只存在价格逆向传导链条,导致其仍有演化为结构性通缩的可能;(4)面对结构性通货紧缩,中央银行应采取适度盯住生产端价格指数的方式予以治理,这不仅有利于事前化解可能出现的产业链断裂风险,而且也能为后疫情时期的经济复苏营造良好的宏观环境和增长空间。

价格国际传递链中的“中国因素”研究——基于非线性Granger因果检验

传统的Granger因果检验方法在现代经济学研究领域中得到了广泛的应用,然而,近年来的研究却发现,传统的Granger因果检验方法可能因忽略变量间的非线性关系而导致结论出现显著偏差。有鉴于此,本文首次采用最新发展的非线性Granger因果检验方法——Diks和Panchenko(2006)提出的非参检验方法,对中国在价格国际传递链中的地位与作用展开非线性研究。研究结果表明,通货膨胀在国际传递过程中呈现出显著的非线性动态变化趋势,而进一步的分析则发现在价格水平非线性传递中,作为世界第一大经济实体的美国发挥着主导作用,而中国对贸易伙伴国物价水平的冲击则十分微小,中国既无输出通货紧缩,也无输出通货膨胀。与此同时,本文还发现,现阶段中国物价水平呈现明显的外部"输入性"特征,因此,为了实现物价的长期稳定,我们必须在较好地应对国际冲击的同时,防范"输入型通货紧缩"与"输入型通货膨胀"的引发风险。

吉林省冰雪旅游与区域经济增长协整分析及Granger因果检验

利用吉林省1985—2010年人均冰雪旅游收入和人均GDP时间序列分别作为衡量冰雪旅游和区域经济增长的指标,对吉林省冰雪旅游与经济增长的关系进行协整分析,并用Granger因果检验,确定两者之间作用方向,在此基础上建立误差修正模型,讨论两者间作用力度。结果表明:吉林省冰雪旅游与区域经济增长存在着协整关系,区域经济增长是冰雪旅游的Granger原因。长期内,冰雪旅游收入每变动1%,经济增长将同向变动0.509 7%。从误差修正模型可以得出,短期内冰雪旅游与经济增长之间互相作用力度不大,其中经济增长对冰雪旅游调整作用强于后者对前者的作用力度。

非线性Granger因果检验方法的检验功效及有限样本性质的模拟分析

为了避免传统Granger因果检验方法因忽略经济变量的非线性特征而导致结论出现显著偏差的局限性,非线性Granger因果检验方法正逐步成为经济学研究领域的重要分析工具。然而,迄今为止,学术界仍较少对非线性Granger因果检验方法在不同非线性模型中的有限样本性质展开系统性的比较与分析。因此,本文通过数据生成过程(DGP),结合Monte Carlo模拟对Diks和Panchenko(2006)等主流的非线性Granger因果检验方法的检验功效、过度拒绝等问题展开比较研究,并对共同滞后阶数、带宽参数的不同设置可能引发的结论敏感性变化进行深入分析。在此基础上,我们从动态非线性滚动分析的角度对其有限样本性质展开进一步的讨论,并提出对未来非线性应用研究具有实际指导意义的若干建议。