Influence of Civil Authority on Rural Grass-roots Democracy and Social Autonomy in Northwest Minority Regions

System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.

Resource Dependence Relationship between Grass-roots Government and Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

Based on theories of resource dependence and government functions,this paper analyzed benefit interaction between grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives in Hubei Province. It was intended to make clear the path dependence relationship between grassroots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives and find out problems in between. Besides,from the perspective of grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives,it came up with corresponding recommendations,to promote constant improvement of farmers' specialized cooperatives,and help them to become key forces of leading farmers to get rich,pull agricultural economic development,and promote new socialist countryside construction.

Construction of Rural Grass-roots Water Conservancy Service System in the Context of Institutional Changes

At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

"Emperor's Power Far Away from the Countryside"and"Town in Charge of Village Affairs":The Extreme Grass-roots Management System is Not Conducive to the Healthy Development of the Countryside

This paper compares the two different rural management methods of"emperor’s power far away from the countryside"and"town in charge of village affairs",which shows that the extreme grass-roots management system is not conducive to rural development.This paper also points out that rural development needs to find a road of sustainable development in line with its own characteristics,which is the fundamental shortcut to change poverty and become rich for a long time.

Critical Success Factors Influencing the Implementation of Sustainable Energy System in Uganda: A Case of Inter-University Council of East Africa Energy Project at the Head Quarters in Kampala, Uganda

The widespread usage of clean and sustainable energy sources is leading to a significant transformation of the world’s energy systems. Over-reliance on only the national grid energy system has made institutions fail to sustain energy systems. The council is only connected to the national grid electricity supply system, with diesel generators as the only alternative, which is unhealthy and unsafe. Surprisingly, even with such alternatives, power shortages have persisted despite government efforts to provide a solution to the shortages by installing numerous off-grid systems. Due to such a situation, the council would construct a sustainable energy system as a remedy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish critical success factors influencing the implementation of a sustainable energy system at the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) Head Quarters, Kampala-Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design was used;a sample size of 84 participants was selected. Questionnaire survey and interview methods were utilized. The study found that the most significant (p < 0.05) critical factors in the implementation of sustainable energy in institutions are;the use of innovative technologies and infrastructure, the use of efficient zero emissions for heating and cooling, integration of renewable energy use in the existing buildings, building and renovating in an energy-efficient way, integrating regional energy systems, improving energy efficiency in the buildings, enhanced zero emission power technologies, energy efficient equipment in place and stakeholder empowerment in energy management. This study concludes that institutions like;the Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA) need to clearly state policies and actions of energy management. The roles and responsibilities of each member have to be clearly stated while capturing the activities involved in energy conservation, energy security and energy efficiency.

肌肉超声回声联合血浆炎性因子对ICUAW诊断及预后评估的价值研究

目的:探讨重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)获得性肌无力(ICU acquired weakness,ICUAW)患者肌肉超声回声与血浆炎性因子的相关性,以及其对ICUAW的诊断价值和预后的预测价值。方法:选择重庆市急救医疗中心ICU住院患者,分别在第1、3、7天使用床旁超声检测患者肌肉回声,获得的总体肌肉回声评分(global muscle echogenicity score,GEM),测定血清白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)浓度,采用医学研究理事会肌力评分法(medical research council scales,MRC-ss)评估肌肉力量。根据患者入ICU第7天MRC-ss评分将患者分为ICUAW组和非ICUAW组,分析比较2组患者GEM、IL-6、PCT的差异及各指标的相关性。利用受试者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线分析以上参数对ICUAW诊断效能,分析GEM、IL-6、PCT对ICUAW患者的预测预后价值。结果:ICUAW组第3天GEM、第7天IL-6浓度、GEM高于非ICUAW组(P<0.05)。GEM与第7天IL-6水平呈正相关(r=0.221),第7天GEM与MRC-ss评分呈负相关(r=-0.581)。ROC曲线分析显示,第7天GEM对ICUAW有诊断预测价值,ROC曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.838,使用GEM、IL-6、PCT联合诊断,AUC=0.885(P<0.05)。ICUAW组Barthel指数评分(Barthel index,BI)低于非ICUAW组,ICUAW组中总体肌肉超声回声评分(global muscle echogenicity score,GEM)高的患者BI低于GEM低的患者(P<0.05)。结论:ICU住院患者GEM与IL-6、PCT浓度相关,其对ICUAW具有一定的诊断价值,并能够预测ICUAW患者的预后。

1948年首届中央研究院工程学科院士遴选述略

李协、淩鸿勋、唐炳源、茅以升、王宠佑先后当选中央研究院1935年首届和1940年第二届工程学科聘任评议员,与当然评议员周仁组成评议会工程组“指导联络奖励”工程学科的发展。院士选举过程中,无论是茅以升、淩鸿勋提名候选人还是中央研究院最终确定的参考名单,与正式提名名单相比差距甚大,缺漏甚多,显现出个人提名与机构提名的不同。工程学科正式提名55人名列所有学科中第一,经两次淘汰,王宠佑等11人成为正式候选人,最终周仁、侯德榜、茅以升、淩鸿勋、萨本栋5人当选。当选比例低于总体当选率,也低于数理组其他学科,在一定意义上表明工程学科总体水平未能获得学界共同认可。从聘任评议员到院士选举,相对工程事业而言,更注重学术成就,在一定意义上也说明科学院之外设立工程院的合理性,将纯粹的学术与实践的事业予以区分。

公共图书馆理事会的多元构成及其履职情况分析——以京津冀地区16家公共图书馆为例

理事会的构成和运行情况是公共图书馆法人治理结构改革的重要指标,可以直接反映改革的具体成效。本文对京津冀地区43家公共图书馆进行调研,遴选16家公共图书馆作为数据样本,对图书馆理事会成员结构、理事长任职、理事会履职情况等进行分析,对京津冀公共图书馆法人治理结构改革提出完善“多元共治”新治理格局、深化“管办分离”、完善制度体系建设等优化建议。

文化线路遗产活化利用:欧洲经验及启示

欧洲作为文化线路理念的发源地,其文化线路遗产保护利用实践居于世界前列,其中文化线路的活化利用尤为突出。通过提供旅游和教育活动,欧洲文化线路实现了经济、教育、文化和政治等多重价值,对欧洲的发展具有深远影响。欧洲文化线路活化利用的成功经验可概括为以下6点:协调统一的多层管理体制、文化导向的活化利用理念、灵活多元的旅游开发模式、面向未来的遗产教育活动、民间力量的实质性参与、数字化平台为主的宣传展示。文章在此基础上提出了推进我国文化线路遗产活化利用的相关建议。

丧钟敲响:皇族内阁的社会反响与抗议风潮

1911年皇族内阁成立后,遭到各方反对。有的官员公开表达不满,本为阁员的官员的表态则暴露出清廷最高层的矛盾;各报刊给予持续的批评和讥讽;以各省咨议局联合会为中心的立宪派人士多次上书抗议,又联络各团体抗争,成为反对皇族内阁的核心,并引发持续的抗议风潮。立宪派人士反对皇族内阁的根本原因,在于他们完全不信任清廷权贵,不相信他们能领导国家走出危机。在国会请愿后出台的皇族内阁,使本已十分尖锐的清政府与立宪派及社会各方的矛盾更为激化,等于敲响了清王朝的丧钟。

欧洲研究理事会培养科研人才的政策工具

欧洲研究理事会(European Research Council,ERC)针对不同年资的科研人员设置了起步类、巩固类、高级科研人员类、协同类等4类主要基金,不同类型基金的资助对象、要求、力度和实施期限等方面均不同。该理事会的基金项目具有一定的开放性,有助于吸引国际优秀人才到欧盟工作。当前中国整体科技创新实力明显提高,基础研究能力不断加强,鉴此,可逐步加大基础研究领域自由探索的支持力度,催生更多颠覆性创新成果;适度支持概念验证类项目,做好研究与创新的衔接;营造更宽松的政策环境,吸引外籍人才来华从事研究工作。

自治与他治:乡村振兴背景下农村移风易俗工作的实践与反思——以农村婚丧嫁娶的移风易俗为例

通过对8省(区)32村调研,分析总结以红白理事为基层自治组织主体推进红白事改革的运行逻辑与实践效果,为乡村振兴中进一步推进移风易俗工作提供实践经验。调研发现,婚丧嫁娶的移风易俗减轻了村民负担,巩固了脱贫攻坚成果,促进了乡村发展,其中红白理事会发挥着关键作用,成为国家制度与乡村文化秩序的链接形式,但也面临行政管理与村民自治如何兼容、外在规范与内生力量如何有效融合等挑战。

离散批评、“第三空间”理论与吧国公堂华人婚丧档案的解读

华人离散群体是中华文化在海外传播的重要载体。国内外学术界对海外华人婚丧文化史的研究多从离散批评的角度探析华人对中国传统婚丧文化的继承与发展,忽略了其日益呈现出来的在地化趋势。吧国公堂华人婚丧档案是现存稀见多语种未刊华人民间文献,集中反映了荷治时期印尼华人的族群认同与信俗迁移,展现出华族母体文化、西方异域文化、印尼土著文化在华人婚丧文化中杂糅共生、包容互渗的奇特现象。在离散批评的基础上,利用“第三空间”理论对吧国公堂华人婚丧档案进行全面解读,无疑具有重要的史学价值。它是利用民间文献对华人婚丧文化史展开的深入研究,为华人社会的真实存在提供有力证据并对族群多元文化主义给予直接例证。

弗吉尼亚大学学生自我管理制度及对我国的启示

学生自我管理是自中世纪大学建立起,就已形成的一种传统模式。当前,在我国创建一流大学和治理现代化改革的时代背景下,学生参与管理的重要性越发凸显。弗吉尼亚大学拥有悠久的学生自我管理历史。其下设的荣誉委员会、学生理事会与学生司法委员会是实现学生自我管理的3个学生组织体系。分析弗吉尼亚大学学生自我管理模式,为我国推进学生自主管理提供启示:我国建立和发展学生自我管理制度需以我国大学最基本的管理体制为前提;我国大学学生自我管理制度的建设应以“学术自由”为突破口;在我国大学已有学生组织的基础上建立学生自我管理组织;将学生自我管理制度的建设纳入学校治理现代化建设中,分阶段完成学生自我管理制度的建设。

儿童议事会的参与机制:一项多案例的跨国比较

儿童友好城市建设进程中,儿童议事会是儿童表达诉求和参与决策的关键途径。在内涵价值上,儿童议事会具有促进代际公平与儿童正义的伦理厚度,发扬公民权利与民主治理的政治高度,超越象征性参与并推动深层赋权的参与深度。我国儿童议事会建设亟须开展国际视野下的比较借鉴,为构建有效、包容的儿童参与机制提供理论依据与实践指导。通过对国内外典型案例的比较分析,发现各国儿童议事会参与机制在参与者年龄范围、实施尺度、参与领域、主要流程、突出特点等方面存在差异,不仅体现了各自的独特优势,也伴随着相应的制度性风险。

民国县政权力的结构变化与内部权斗——以1946年湖北省应山县陈汉雄案为中心

1946年位于鄂北地区的应山县发生了一起县长陈汉雄捕杀县参议员黄克的恶性案件。通过对案件所留原始档案的梳理可以看出,彼时县长权力呈现集中与加强的趋势,县参议会与党团力量本应与县府权力相互监督,而实际则是县长集行政、立法、司法、监督权于一身,使得参议会等难以对县长权力进行有效监督与制约,二者甚至在县域内进行权力的角逐,陈汉雄案鱼死网破式的结局,正是这一矛盾激化的表现。管窥此案可知,国民政府的制度设计与地方执政现实相距甚远,其在内战压力下的制度异化,也使其“地方自治”离民主之路愈走愈远。

香港职业训练局如何推动产教深度融合——涂尔干法人团体社会整合观的视角

香港职业训练局实行法人团体治理结构,通过以职业训练局作为政府和学校的中介组织、施行理事会制度以及构建成熟的业界联络机制等措施实现了香港职业教育主体力量的高度整合,从而推动了香港职业教育资金、人才、技术和政策的有机融合。我国内地可批判性地吸收和借鉴香港职业训练局整合职业教育主体力量以推动产教深度融合的经验,通过建立健全适宜产教深度融合的工作协调机制、构建并完善适宜产教深度融合的多元治理体系以及营造适宜职业教育各主体深入参与产教融合的制度环境等措施,推动职业教育产教融合的深入持续发展。

组织化再造:乡村治理转型中的宗族重构与治理效应——基于赣南农村社区理事会的分析

随着乡村治理转型,宗族力量的发掘和组织成为乡村有效治理的重要方式,并构成了乡村治理制度创新的重要方向。赣南农村的社区理事会案例表明,转型期的宗族重塑机制以及宗族在乡村治理中发挥积极作用。社区理事会是国家权力进入乡村社会的重要载体,通过明确理事会定位、重塑长老权威和强化党建引领等机制,基层政府以社区理事会的组织形式重构了宗族力量的表达方式和实践形态,将宗族认同转化为集体认同和国家认同。社区理事会在乡村治理中发挥了积极作用,其治理机制主要包括:通过社会精英的多元治理机制、面向日常生活的柔性治理机制和基于国家资源的能动治理机制。社区理事会重塑了乡村社会的宗族形态,将宗族力量以组织化的方式纳入乡村治理结构,从而形成了多元共治的乡村治理格局。

联合国经济制裁人道主义豁免的美国“制造”与“续造”

联合国安理会第2664号决议就资产冻结制裁规定了统一的人道主义豁免规则,增强了人道主义豁免的标准化和常设性。联合国人道主义豁免规则极有可能影响美国设计本国人道主义豁免机制,因此美国积极提出安理会第2664号决议草案,主导该决议的“制造”,并将本国政策实践渗入该决议内容,推动本国人道主义豁免规则国际化。而安理会第2664号决议用语的模糊性为各国在执行层面的自由裁量留下空间,美国通过对该决议的解释、执行和内化,持续对联合国人道主义豁免规则进行“续造”,这将塑造国际社会关于人道主义豁免的互动。对此,中国应继续坚持真正的多边主义,积极参与联合国安理会关于人道主义豁免的造法进程,完善本国执行联合国安理会制裁决议的机制,推动从根源上减少经济制裁对人道民生的负面影响。