Evaluation on Coordination between Grassland Ecological Environment and Economic Development

Taking grassland resources in Nagqu District of Tibet as example,the evaluation index system of environment and economy coordination degree was set up according to coordination degree evaluation model,and environment economic system coordination degree of 11 counties in Nagqu District was analyzed by using coordination functions.

Study on Evaluation of Grassland Eco-system Coordination Based on Environment-Economy Coordination Degree Model

Based on the current studies,a reasonable evaluation index system was established by the development coordination of analysis systems.Furthermore,taking grassland resources in Nagchu Tibet as an example and according to the coordination degree evaluation model of the environmental economy system,a coordination degree evaluation index system of environmental economy was set up,and the coordination conditions of 11 counties in Nagchu district were analyzed by coordination function.

The Space Dissimilation of Stakeholders' Environment Cognitive and Behavior Preference Response in the Area from Returning Fazing Land to Grasslands

The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.

锡林河流域草原生态系统地上生物量时空分布特征及其影响因子

为系统地量化环境因子之间的协同关系及其对生物量时空格局的调控,以锡林河流域为研究区域,测量了2020年5月—9月典型草原生态系统地上生物量以及气象因子(包括降水量和气温)、地形因子(包括高程)、土壤因子(包括土壤含水量、干密度、有机碳质量分数、全氮质量分数和pH)等三大类共8个环境因子,并通过地理探测器方法定量分析了地上生物量与各环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:1)时间维度上,研究区地上生物量在生长季初期稳定增长,在水热条件最好的7月,植被地上生物量增长最为迅速,在9月3日地上生物量达到峰值,此时流域上、下游地上生物量分别为209.12、147.19 g/m^(2);空间维度上,上游地上生物量显著高于下游(显著性水平p<0.05),地上生物量空间分布格局呈现从东南向西北整体减小的趋势。2)整个生长季中,气象因子(降水量和气温)是地上生物量空间格局的关键驱动因子,其对地上生物量分布格局的解释率在60.0%以上;生长季末期,除气象因子外,土壤pH也成为影响研究区地上生物量分布格局的主要驱动因子。3)生长季各阶段,各环境因子对地上生物量的交互作用均呈现出非线性增强和双因子增强关系。生长季初期,降水量和土壤干密度之间交互作用的影响力最大;生长旺期及末期,随着土壤含水量达到较高水平,土壤干密度与其他环境因子(降水量、气温、pH)的交互作用对流域植被地上生物量影响显著。

内蒙古中部地区草地昆虫多样性及其影响因素

为探究影响内蒙古中部地区草地昆虫多样性的关键因素,本研究采用扫网法于2019年7~8月在内蒙古自治区中部四子王旗、苏尼特右旗、锡林浩特市及西乌珠穆沁旗的温性荒漠、温性荒漠化草原、温性典型草原、温性草甸草原、低地草甸5个不同草地类型进行昆虫多样性调查,结果如下:累计采集昆虫8目60科151种3232头,其中膜翅目昆虫物种数最多,为48种,占总物种数的31.79%;低地草甸的昆虫α多样性最高,温性荒漠草原ShannonWiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数最低,温性典型草原Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数最低;影响昆虫α多样性的最显著环境因素为最暖季降水量,不同草地类型间昆虫β多样性主要受归一化植被指数(NDVI)和年均温的影响。因此,合理的保护草地结构是保护草原昆虫多样性的关键。

宁夏天然草地土壤有机碳分布格局及驱动因素

【目的】草地作为重要的土壤碳库,探究其有机碳的分布格局及影响因素对缓解温室效应、草地生态系统评价以及退化草地生态恢复具有重要意义。【方法】以宁夏3种类型天然草地(草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原)为研究对象,在195个样地测定0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量,利用分段结构方程模型(Segmented structural equation model)揭示土壤SOC含量与地理、气候、植被、和土壤因子的关系。【结果】在水平方向上0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层SOC平均含量分别为9.46和8.25 g/kg,草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原;在垂直剖面上SOC平均含量随土层深度增加而减少;由南到北呈递减的变化趋势。分段结构方程表明:在0~20和20~40 cm土层中SOC含量与TN、TP和丰富度指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH值和年均温(MAT)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与年降水量(MAP)没有显著关系。0~20 cm土层中,总效应由大到小依次为:气候因子(0.38)>土壤因子(0.21)>丰富度指数(0.12)。20-40 cm土层中,总效应由大到小依次为土壤因子(0.39)>气候因子(0.23)>丰富度指数(0.13)。【结论】分段结构方程结果显示雨热条件是影响表层土壤SOC含量的主要因子,TN和TP是影响深层土壤SOC含量的主要因子。

高寒草地四种植物叶片化学计量学特征及其对坡度的响应

本研究以高寒草甸和高寒灌丛共有物种黑褐苔草(Carex atrofusca Schkuhr Riedgr.)、黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge.)、冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila Keng.)、乳白香青(Anaphalis lactea Maxim.)为研究对象,比较分析四种植物叶片碳(Carbon, C)、氮(Nitrogen, N)、磷(Phosphorus, P)含量差异及其随坡度变化的变化趋势。结果表明:高寒草甸植物叶片C,N含量、C/N比值种间差异显著,高寒灌丛植物叶片N,P含量,C/N,C/P,N/P比值种间差异显著;高寒灌丛乳白香青叶片C/N,C/P比值和黄花棘豆叶片C/P,N/P比值显著高于高寒草甸;随着坡度增大,两种草地类型所有植物叶片C含量和N/P比值均无显著变化趋势;高寒草甸黑褐苔草和黄花棘豆叶片N含量显著减少,C/N比值显著增大;高寒灌丛乳白香青叶片P含量显著减少,C/P比值显著增大。两种草地类型植物叶片化学计量特征对坡度的响应差异说明了植物适应环境策略的多样化。

半干旱草原露天矿区生态累积效应:评估模型与应用

为揭示半干旱草原露天矿区生态环境质量状况,分离矿区人类活动生态累积效应并识别其演变态势,在厘清矿区生态累积效应概念的基础上,构建适用于半干旱草原的露天矿区生态环境质量评估指数(Surface Mining Areas Eco-environmental Evaluation Index,SMAEEI)以及矿区生态累积效应定量评估模型。选取内蒙古胜利矿区为研究区,量化分析1986—2020年区域生态环境质量和生态累积效应的时空分布规律,以及主要人类活动的生态累积效应差异。结果表明:①SMAEEI适用于半干旱草原露天矿区,能客观呈现各地类生态环境质量高低顺序。35 a间研究区生态环境质量呈极显著下降趋势,且其空间差异显著减弱。露天矿场、城镇扩张区、锡林河湿地及北侧草地生态环境质量出现极显著、显著的退化趋势。②半干旱草原露天矿区生态累积效应定量评估模型能剔除气候因素对生态系统的耦合影响,分离并量化人类活动对矿区生态系统的累积效应,揭示累积的方向、程度和空间范围。35 a间研究区生态服务价值累积量(Change of Ecosystem Service Value Cumulant,COESVC)共减少1186157.03万元,出现负向生态累积效应,生态系统服务功能下降。高度、中度负向累积区集中在湿地和草地退化区、城镇区、露天矿场。③露天开采、城镇建设造成的单位面积负向生态累积效应最明显,前者在单位时间内带来的负向累积变化最剧烈,后者负向累积效应的局部影响程度和偏离度最大;放牧活动引起的负向生态累积效应影响范围最广、总量最大,但局部影响程度最小,生态系统服务功能较其余人类活动更稳定。研究成果可将矿区人类活动引起的生态环境实物量变动转化为价值量描述,为采用货币形式测算矿区生产生活行为的环境损害成本提供可行方法。

草地植物生殖分配研究进展

植物生殖分配调控着植物营养生长与生殖生长的平衡,从而影响种群的更新速度,最终改变群落结构及演替方向。因此,研究植物生殖分配对草地生态系统稳定和可持续发展至关重要。本文通过文献综述方法,系统地梳理了草地生态系统植物生殖分配的相关研究理论及影响因素,学者们先后基于最优控制理论、生活史理论和生物量分配理论提出光合补偿机制、养分循环假说、时间限制假说、r/k策略、资源可用性假说等,以解释自然环境因素、植物自身因素和人为干扰因素等调控植物生殖分配的机制。然而,草地植物对诸多因素(植株形态性状、自然灾害、放牧、刈割、外源养分添加等)的生殖分配响应仍存在争议,且复杂因素(气候变化、生境条件、植物间竞争等)及多因素协作的过程和驱动机制不清晰。基于此,建议从多维度解析草地植物生殖分配策略及驱动机制,以期为促进草地生态系统更新及正向演替、提高草地资源利用率的研究提供理论依据。

2000—2021年锡林郭勒草原生态环境质量变化及其驱动因素

[目的]对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟草原生境质量动态变化及其影响因素进行研究,为该地区生态环境保护政策的制定和高质量发展提供科学理论依据。[方法]利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台和MODIS数据构建生态遥感指数(RSEI)评价研究区的生境质量,并运用Moran指数和地理探测器分析遥感生态指数(RSEI)的空间异质性和影响因素。[结果]①2000—2021年研究区的生境质量经历了先恶化后改善的过程。生态环境得到了较大程度的改善,中部的典型草原和东部的草甸草原生境质量较好,而西部的荒漠草原区生境质量较差。②5个年份的全局莫兰指数(global Moran’s I)均大于0.935,表明研究区内RSEI的空间分布呈高度正相关,主要呈现高高和低低聚类分布。③地理探测器结果显示,绿度是影响RSEI的主要因素,模型因子与自然因子之间的交互作用最为显著,其次是模型因子与社会经济因子的耦合。[结论]锡林郭勒盟东部的生境质量高值区应继续加强对生态环境的保护力度,西部的生境质量低值区要注重对荒漠草原的修复与治理,遏制沙漠向东扩张。

雅江中游河谷典型山水林田湖草沙生态修复工程技术实践

通过对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷典型山水林田湖草沙生态修复工程实施效果调查,针对露天采矿、灌草地退化、土壤沙化等突出生态环境问题,基于自然的解决方案,系统梳理并形成了地形地貌重塑、土壤基质重构、防沙治沙、植被恢复四大工程技术措施,对西藏山水林田湖草沙生态修复相关工程的实施具有一定借鉴和指导意义。

Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late 1980s.Revealing the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response model.The results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably decreased.Land cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land types.Unstable trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units enhanced.Eco-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic units.The expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.The conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental quality.The findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Intensive Radiosonde Measurements of Summertime Convection over the Inner Mongolia Grassland in 2014:Difference between Shallow Cumulus and Other Conditions

Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus （SCu） clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km. Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion （-2.9~C）. Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio （high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux）, which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus.

草原区露天煤矿开发对草地植被NPP的影响研究

为了定量化评价草原区露天矿开发对草地生态系统影响,以伊敏露天煤矿为例,选择植被净初级生产力(NPP)指标,采用1985—2018年间21期卫星遥感数据进行长时间系列的NPP计算,分析露天矿开采对周边草地生态系统的影响程度及排土场生态恢复效果。结果表明,伊敏露天矿开发影响导致影响区草地NPP损失约10%~30%。随着恢复时间的增加,排土场植被不断向自然植被演替,NPP也不断增加并趋于稳定,稳定后的外排土场NPP已达到未受影响区历年NPP均值的90%左右,植被生产力接近自然植被生产力水平。但恢复时间较短的内排土场、北外排土场NPP均值仅达到未受影响区历年NPP均值的50%左右。露天矿生态重建与恢复是一个长期过程,外排土场的植被演替达到稳定状态需要20年以上,必须与露天开采活动同步推进,并长期坚持。

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community（typical natural steppe） were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that（1） species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;（2） environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and（3） however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.

草原康养功能环境影响因子研究——以内蒙古辉河自然保护区草原为例

本文以内蒙古辉河保护区的草甸草原、温性草原、低地草甸3种草地类型为例,连续3个月测量气温、相对湿度、风速、光照强度、空气颗粒物、空气负氧离子浓度等指标,同时计算气候舒适度,来研究影响草原康养功能的关键环境因子。结果表明:气温、相对湿度、风速和光照强度等草原环境小气候适宜人类活动。各草地类型气候舒适度指数均在4.55以下,达到“很舒适”等级。空气负氧离子高低顺序为:低地草甸(1770个·cm^(-3))>温性草原(1731个·cm^(-3))>温性草甸草原(1283个·cm^(-3))>樟子松森林(1108个·cm^(-3))>城市道路(560个·cm^(-3)),草原环境的PM 2.5日均值为10.6μm·m-3,PM 10的日均值为14.8μm·m-3,均达到国家I级标准水平,适宜进行草原康养活动。综上,本研究认为草原不仅具有康养功能,而且效果显著,其中低地草甸的康养效果最好,其次为温性草原和草甸草原。

黄土高原草地植物多样性与群落稳定性的关系及其驱动因素

植物多样性对维持生态功能的稳定发挥具有重要作用。以黄土高原不同植被带草地为研究对象,基于野外调查和实验分析,探究黄土高原不同植被带草地植物多样性与群落稳定性特征和二者之间的关系以及影响因素。结果表明:黄土高原草地群落结构特征(地上生物量、地下生物量)与植物多样性具有明显的纬度分布格局,草地植物多样性和生物量均表现出自东南向西北沿森林草原带—森林带—草原带—草原荒漠带逐渐递减趋势。森林草原带草地植物多样性和群落稳定性显著高于森林带、草原带和草原荒漠带;植物多样性与群落稳定性之间存在显著正相关关系,可以作为衡量群落稳定性的指标,其稳定性大小表现为森林草原带>森林带>草原带>草原荒漠带。降雨量是影响植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,并通过改变土壤含水量影响群落稳定性。研究结果揭示了草地植物多样性与群落稳定性之间的关系及驱动机制,为维持黄土高原草地生态系统的群落稳定性提供了科学依据。

新疆克州草原昆虫群落多样性研究

采用样线法、网捕法、搜索法于2022年6─7月对新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州6种类型、3个海拔段草原的昆虫群落的多样性进行了调查研究,共采集昆虫3034头,隶属于8目23科49种。结果表明:温性荒漠草原昆虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,达2.0881;温性草原化荒漠草原昆虫群落的Pielou均匀度指数显著低于其他5类草原的(P<0.05);高寒草原与温性荒漠草原间昆虫群落的Jaccard相似性系数最高,为0.263;在低(1500~2000 m)、中(2000~2500 m)、高(3000~3500 m)海拔段间昆虫群落的多样性指数均无显著性差异;草原昆虫群落的多样性与植物群落的多样性存在不同的相关性,其中昆虫的多样性指数与植物的丰富度指数呈显著正相关;昆虫的优势度指数与植物的均匀度指数呈显著正相关,与植物的丰富度指数呈显著负相关。

高寒草地植物多样性与Godron群落稳定性关系及其环境驱动因素

植物群落多样性及稳定性对草地生态系统功能的稳定发挥至关重要。本研究以青藏高原高寒湿地草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原为研究对象,基于480个野外样方调查及实验分析,运用显著性分析、回归分析和结构方程模型等方法,探究不同草地类型植物多样性与稳定性之间关系及其影响因素。结果表明:高寒草原植物多样性显著高于其他3种草地类型;高寒草甸群落稳定性最高。高寒草地中,不同的物种多样性指标与群落稳定性的关系不同,4种草地类型均匀度与群落稳定性显著负相关;高寒草甸和高寒荒漠草原中Shannon-Wiener多样性与群落稳定性显著负相关,在高寒湿地草甸和高寒草原中丰富度与稳定性显著正相关。降水量是影响高寒草地植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,土壤有机碳、pH以及铵态氮含量也能通过影响植物多样性进而影响群落稳定性。综上,在高寒草地生态系统的管理过程中,需充分考虑气候和土壤因子的变化,根据草地类型制定不同的管理措施。

呼伦贝尔沙化草地不同生态修复阶段植物群落特征研究

人工植被修复是减缓草地沙化与生态重建的重要措施,理解不同修复阶段的沙地植物群落演替特征及其影响因素有利于沙地植被的持续修复。以呼伦贝尔市甘珠尔沙地植被修复为例,分别调查了修复9、11、13、15 a共4个不同修复阶段植物群落结构特征及土壤理化性质,探索甘珠尔沙地人工修复植物群落演替变化及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:研究区共发现植物42种,隶属于17科35属。草本39种,以菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科和豆科为主;灌木3种,为豆科和菊科。不同修复年限物种数变化依次表现为28种(15 a)、25种(13 a)、19种(9 a)和16种(11 a)。各年限内多年生草本物种数均明显高于一年生和一/二年生植物。草本与灌木在不同修复阶段其优势种、地上生物量及物种多样性均存在波动变化,具体表现为草本植物中地梢瓜(Cynanchum thesioides)、虫实(Corispermum hyssopifolium)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)与狗尾草(Setaria viridis)的优势度较高,灌木以小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)为主要优势种。草本植物地上生物量和总盖度整体呈现波动增加的趋势但差异不显著。灌木总盖度15 a显著高于9 a,地上生物量整体呈现逐渐增加的趋势,表现为11、13、15 a均显著高于9 a。不同修复阶段的物种多样性指数在草本中无显著差异,但在灌木层表现为15 a显著高于9 a。随机森林模型表明,沙化草地的修复过程中气候及土壤因子对植物群落结构特征贡献度存在差异。土壤总氮含量、总钾含量、有机质含量、年降水量和年均风速是影响甘珠尔沙地草本植物多样性的主导因子,其中除年均风速外均为正相关。因此,建议在沙地植被修复中适当增加含氮、钾、有机质等营养物质的肥料,促进沙化生态系统的植物群落结构重建与多样性的恢复。