Eco-taxes and Sustainable Utilization of Grassland Resources

The sustainable development of grassland resources objectively requires that the social, economic and ecological costs of grassland resources should be brought into economic activities in order to internalize the external costs of grassland resources. Eco-tax is a very effective means to internalize the externality of grassland resources. Its main advantage is to bdng the cost of ecological environment into economic life, which can amend market pdce, improve the effectiveness of government policies, perform the eco-saboteurs-pays principle, and thus perfect the ecological compensation system.

Assessing effect of grassland resources policies using AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation:A case study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China

In order to quantitatively analyze grassland resources policies of Ningxia,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to establish the evaluation index system,and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to make a comprehensive evaluation.The results indicated that the current grassland resources policies in Ningxia are in upper-middle level,and the relevant policies need to be improved.Finally,the corresponding suggestions were put forward in the hope of promoting the sustainable development of grassland resources in Ningxia.

THE GRASSLAND RESOURCES OF CHINA AND ITS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

The total area of grassland in the world is about 50 million km^2, accounting for 33.5% of the total land area (Lieth, 1975). The permanent grassland used by mankind is 33.04 million km^2, accounting for 25.3% of the total land area (FAO,1990). Grassland can provide feed for herbivore and produce high-quality food,clothing,medicines and industrial materials for man.On the other hand,it also plays an important role in the fertility of the soil,the conservation of water, the improvement of the environment and maintaining the ecological balance of the Earth’s surface.

Further development and sustainable utilization mode of grassland tourism resources: a case study of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.

Current Situation and Development Countermeasures on Grassland Resource in Farming-pasturing Ecotone in West Jilin Province

Upon the current degradation situation of grassland in west Jilin Province,I analyzed the effects of natural factors and human activities on the degradation of grassland,and further purposefully put forward countermeasures on the remediation and development of grassland.As a conclusion,scientifically utilizing and protecting the grassland resources could suppress grassland degradation,promoting the sustainable development of regional economy.

Heterogeneous responsibilities of three grassland resource governance modes in Inner Mongolia, China

Grassland resource governance is an important part of ecological civilization construction,and it directly af‐fects grassland governance performance.This study deploys principal-agent theory and uses social network analysis to compare grassland resource governance modes in China in terms of institutional settings and insti‐tutional network characteristics.This study found three types of grassland resource governance modes:self-designed,docked,and integrated.The self-designed mode forms a network structure with dual centers and multiple members,and has the second-best structural mode of the three types.The docked mode forms a net‐work structure with a single center in which the institution is the absolute core and is relatively divergent.It has the weakest structural advantage of the three types.The integrated mode forms a network structure with a single institution at the core and other institutions distributed evenly throughout the structure.This mode has the strongest structural advantage among the three types.This study offers the practical application of improv‐ing the practice of grassland governance in China and is theoretically significant because it can contribute to improving grassland governance modes and enriching the public goods resources governance.

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Grasslands and Animal Husbandry Sustainability in Central Asia

Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth.Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry.However,in the past 30 years,the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation,and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports.The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia.The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level,and great potential still remains for further development and utilization.The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit,and the net import of livestock products increased year by year.Net imports reached 9.5%in 1992-2016,and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly,which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia.In the future,the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy,management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry,strengthen grassland ecological protection,and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.