Non-explosive mining and waste utilization for achieving green mining in underground hard rock mine in China

Innovations of mining technologies were proposed by beneficial utilizations of unfavorable factors such as high geostress,high geotemperature and high mining depth to achieve green mining as mining depth increases inevitably.Cuttability of deep hard rock was investigated by experimental and regressed analyses to find the reasonable stress adjustment method to improve non-explosive mechanized fragmentation for hard ore-rock.A non-explosive mechanized and intellectualized mining method was proposed to continuously and precisely exploit phosphate underground,which promoted the high-recovery,low-waste and high-efficiency exploitation of phosphate with recovery rate over 90%,dilution rate near 5%and cutting efficiency about 107.7 t/h.A circular economy model and the backfill system were proposed to conduct resource utilizations of solid waste,by which the utilization amount of waste increased year after year.In 2018,the utilization amounts of phosphogypsum,yellow phosphorus slag and waste rock increased to 1853.6×10^3 t/a,291.1×10^3 t/a and 1493.8×10^3 t/a,respectively.

Selection and Application of Landscape Plants in the Construction of Green Mines in Chengde

Role of landscape plants in mine greening has been gradually acknowledged and its application has been attached more and more importance. Through investigating and analyzing environmental conditions, soil, water quality, weather of mines in Chengde, as well as studying growth habits and rate, acid and alkali resistance, anti-pollution property of landscape plants, specific application of landscape plants in creating green mines are investigated in this study, and relevant statistics are sorted out to summarize functions of landscape plants in the greening of mines as well as selection and application of different plants in different parts of mines, which well demonstrates the progresses achieved by Chengde City in its construction of green mines. Scientific selection and application of landscape plants are emphasized to fully develop their functions and improve the utilization efficiency, the significance of applying landscape plants in the construction of green mines in Chengde is pointed out, and several suggestions are proposed in view of existing problems in the present construction, which will provide scientific support for the selection and application of landscape plants in urban areas, industrial areas, mines or other industrial cities with similar environmental conditions.

Study on Critical,Modern Technology for Mining in Gassy Deep Mines

To achieve safe and highly efficient mining in the gassy, deep mines of the Huainan collieries simultaneous coal and gas extraction, and the corresponding ventilation methods were developed. This includes a set of mining procedures and principles which help insure safe and efficient production. Furthermore, green mining, meaning the comprehensive use of emitted gas, proper treatment of the environment and appropriate mine temperature control, is now standard. The concepts of modem mining and the principles of pressure relief are described. Coal-gas simultaneous ex- traction and multi-pressure relief techniques were developed which require a combination of surface and underground gas extraction. The application of Y-ventilation systems, of roadways retained along goafs, of stress control techniques for highly fragile mine roofs and of powerful, automatic and reliable mining equipment contributes to safe operation of modem deep mines. Operating parameters for these techniques are described and the results of their use discussed.

Green coal mining technique integrating mining-dressing-gas draining-backfilling-mining

Aiming to address the following major engineering issues faced by the Pingdingshan No. 12 mine:(1) difficulty in implementing auxiliary lifting because of its depth(i.e., beyond 1000 m);(2) highly gassy main coal seam with low permeability;(3) unstable overlying coal seam without suitable conditions for implementing conventional mining techniques for protective coal seam; and(4) predominant reliance on ‘‘under three" coal resources to ensure production output. This study proposes an integrated, closed-cycle mining-dressing-gas draining-backfilling-mining(MDGBM) technique. The proposed approach involves the mining of protective coal seam, underground dressing of coal and gangue(UDCG), pressure relief and gas drainage before extraction, and backfilling and mining of the protected coal seam. A system for draining gas and mining the protective seam in the rock stratum is designed and implemented based on the geological conditions. This system helps in realizing pressure relief and gas drainage from the protective seam before extraction. Accordingly, another system, which is connected to the existing production system, is established for the UDCG based on the dense medium-shallow trough process. The mixed mining workface is designed to accommodate both solid backfill and conventional fully mechanized coal mining, thereby facilitating coal mining, USCG, and backfilling. The results show that: The mixed mining workface length for the Ji15-31010 protected seam was 220 m with coal production capacity 1.2 million tons per year, while the backfill capacity of gangue was 0.5 million tons per year. The gas pressure decreased from 1.78 to 0.35 MPa, and the total amount of safely mined coal was 1.34 million tons. The process of simultaneously exploiting coal and draining gas was found to be safe, efficient, and green.This process also yielded significant economic benefits.

Green Mining:the Basic Policy of China

As early as the 19th century, newly industrialized counties such as Britain and America raised the concept of ＇Green Mining＇, specifically for plant protection. After World War II, people started to realize that resources, especially energy and mineral resources, are limited; therefore, improving the utilization rate of resources has become the key content of Green Mining. Today, with the focus on the world＇s current situation of exploration in mineral resources, the Chinese government has proposed new concept： mining in accordance with law, standardized management, comprehensive utilization, innovation, energy-saving and emission reduction, environmental protection, land reclamation, and community harmony, which have been listed in the following government report. In 2010, The Ministry of Land and Resources of the People＇s Republic of China issued Work Guideline for Implementing the Development of Green Mining Industry and Building of Green Mines in the National Planning of Mineral Resources and stipulated corresponding technical specification. Specific requirements for ＇Green Mining＇ are： 1, running mining companies in accordance with the law, practicing the regulations of Land Reclamation Scheme to ensure this, and no administrative penalty within three years; 2, standardizing management, following the Green Mining Convention, and working out construction plans and production protection measures; 3, comprehensive utilization of resources, technological and economic levels stepping into an advanced rank of domestic mining with the same field, and utilization rate of resources up to an advanced level in the same field; 4, in respect of innovation, gross investment in scientific and technical innovation by mining enterprises should be no less than one percent of the enterprise＇s gross output value; 5, in terms of energy saving and emission reduction, the utilization rate of dressing wastewater should exceed 90 percent or a realized zero discharge. Comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste has reached the advanced level of mining enterprises of the same type; 6 environmental protection should focus on prevention of geohazards in mining areas. If there are no serious geohazards occurring within the recent three years, then coverage of forestation in mining areas should reach 80 percent of the whole area; 7, in terms of land reclamation, mined areas must be converted, during mining operations, into arable or agricultural lands as soon as possible; 8, in terms of construction of harmonious communities, mining companies should fulfill social responsibility and maintain a sound image for their enterprise. Negotiation and cooperation mechanisms should be built to form harmonious relations with local communities by promptly solving any conflict.

The influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on the green development of the mining industry: empirical analysis based on the system GMM and dynamic panel data model

The intensity of environmental regulation (ERI) affects the short-term effect of the level of green mining (GML),and which structure determines the long-term mechanism.Based on the panel data from 2001 to 2015,with the dynamic panel model and system GMM estimation method were employed to test the influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on green mining and its transmission mechanism.The results show that,there is a 'U' type nonlinear relationship between the ERI and GML.The direct effect of command-control-based (CAC) and the market incentive-based (MBI) environmental regulation on green development of mining shows the characteristics of inhibition and promotion.There is a 'U' type of indirectly moderating effect between technological innovation and the energy consumption structure on the GML.The technological innovation promotes the green development of the mining industry only after pass the inflection point of MBI,while the CAC plays a significant guiding role in upgrading of the energy consumption structure.There is an inhibition and promotion effect of MBI on the GML in the southeast coastal area,and the CAC is not significantly.Meanwhile,both of the ERI shows no positive effects in the central and western inland region.

Mining the Green Gold

Ethiopian and Chinese bamboo craftsmen work to develop the untapped potential of Africa＇s largest bamboo forests.

膏体充填:金属矿绿色开采的变革性技术

膏体充填具有安全、环保、经济、高效的显著优势,是近年来金属矿绿色开采的重要变革性技术。本文对近40年来中国膏体充填的发展历程、主要科技成就、基础理论与关键技术装备进行了分析与总结,并重点阐述了膏体充填对采矿工艺变革的推动作用。最后,提出了无人化膏体充填、基于膏体充填的全废综合利用这两大重要发展趋势。

王洼煤矿水库坝体下工作面安全开采高度研究

为解决水库坝体下开采安全性,提高煤炭资源回收率,以王洼煤矿水库坝体下110505工作面为研究背景,通过物理仿真模拟、数值模拟及理论分析等方法对覆岩裂隙发育规律及导水裂隙带高度展开研究。为避免矿井开采对地表水坝与水体破坏,针对导水裂隙带高度分析结果,提出了110505工作面限高开采方案。结果表明:工作面开采后地表形成“凹”型盆地,并产生拉伸裂隙,致使地表水位下降78%;现场实测导水裂隙高度为170.76 m,物理仿真模拟试验、数值计算、传统经验公式得出三者的导水裂隙带高度分别为162,164 m和120.57 m;方差修正系数对经验公式做出修正后,反推出限高开采的安全开采高度为2.6 m。研究揭示了工作面覆岩导水裂隙带高度发育规律及水库水体受采动影响的规律,为王洼煤矿后续此类条件下安全措施的制定提供了依据。

露天煤矿安全-绿色-高效-低碳协同开采技术体系

露天煤矿安全绿色高效低碳开采是全球露天煤矿发展的共识性目标。我国露天煤矿资源开发强度与生态承载力呈现逆向发展特征,我国西北部生态环境脆弱区已成为露天煤炭的主产区,使得露天煤矿开采与生态环境保护成为亟需解决的重要科学问题、生态问题和发展问题。基于我国露天煤矿发展概况、自然条件及主要影响因素,阐释了实现露天煤矿安全-绿色-高效-低碳开采内涵特征与总体架构,针对露天煤矿采前-采中-采后全生命开采周期特点,从安全开采技术、绿色开采技术、高效开采技术、低碳开采技术4个层次,归纳总结了时效边坡控制技术、智能预警决策技术、运输环节新模式、矿区生态建设、相邻矿山协调开采、智能采矿设计、电动矿卡应用以及采矿源头生态减损8项关键技术,明确了露天煤矿安全-绿色-高效-低碳协同开采研究重点工作和方向。在安全-绿色-高效-低碳协同发展措施方面,从强化顶层设计、加快分布实施、深化科研攻关、提升人才培养以及完善标准规范5个方面,提出2025年、2030年、2035年不同阶段需要完成的目标任务。新时期露天煤矿要坚定不移走安全-绿色-高效-低碳发展路径,实现露天煤矿在新时期、新格局下的高质量发展目标。

“双碳”目标下煤炭绿色低碳发展新思路

在“双碳”目标背景与当前技术条件下,“煤”“废”“碳”构成了煤炭的“不可能三角”,严重制约着煤炭行业的绿色低碳可持续发展。秉持“以废治废”“从哪里来到哪里去”的原则,着眼“煤”的减损化开采、“废”的功能化利用、“碳”的低碳化处置三维视角,探索“煤”“废”“碳”协同发展路径,为破解煤炭“不可能三角”和推动煤炭绿色低碳发展提供全方位解决方案。具体包括:①阐明了“煤”的减损化开采科学内涵,明确了生态脆弱区含(隔)水层空间组合特征、采煤减损技术应用下的覆岩移动规律和覆岩采动损伤下的地表变形规律等减损化开采科学问题,提出了面间煤柱“掘-充-留”一体化、窄条带式充填开采和综采架后充填开采等减损化开采技术;②阐明了“废”的功能化利用科学内涵,明确了固废功能化利用的科学问题,包括镁-煤基固废原材料改性方法与机理、多元固废协同作用机制、全固废充填材料性能调控理论3个方面,形成了以固废原材料改性、固废基胶凝材料研发、全固废充填材料制备为核心的固废功能化利用关键技术体系;③阐明了“碳”的低碳化处置科学内涵,提出了“碳”的低碳化处置科学实践框架和实施路径,厘清了在“碳”的低碳化处置过程中关于矿化材料制备、封存空间构筑、CO_(2)封存机理与调控、CO_(2)封存长期环境效应和储库稳定性等方面的科学问题,明确了碎胀空间CO_(2)封存、煤矿CO_(2)固碳充填等关键技术,形成了利用煤矿采空区实现CO_(2)低碳封存的新模式。立足煤炭绿色低碳可持续发展,协同推进“煤”的减损化开采、“废”的功能化利用与“碳”的低碳化处置,对推动煤炭行业“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。

矿床学野外综合实践教学探索——以金堆城钼矿床为例

矿床学野外综合实践是传统课堂理论授课和室内实习的重要拓展,对提高学生的矿床分析研究能力、野外实践综合能力、理论联系实际的能力和创新能力具有极大帮助。金堆城钼矿床野外综合实践是在传统矿床学课程学习的基础上,开展的课间野外综合实践教学,着眼于深化学生对矿床学基础知识及其相关成矿理论和工作方法等的理解,同时加强学生矿床学综合分析能力和创新思维能力的培养;此外,该实践教学还涉及矿山生产流程、矿产经济和绿色矿山建设等拓展性知识介绍的学习和认知,有助于学生理解矿床的经济属性和树立现代矿业生态文明观。

绿色矿山建设碳源/汇与减排增汇研究进展

为应对长期以来矿业开采导致的环境问题,绿色矿山理念及配套政策逐步发展。碳达峰碳中和目标导向下,绿色矿山倡导低碳化生产、生态开采等新的发展要求。为探究新时期绿色矿山建设在节能减排目标下的重要方向和关键问题,助力碳中和目标与绿色矿山建设的协同发展,该研究以绿色矿山、碳源/汇与减排增汇为关键词开展文献计量分析,总结“双碳”目标下绿色矿山建设内涵与要求,分析绿色矿山建设背景下碳源/汇与减排增汇研究进展,梳理矿区碳源与碳汇核算方法,探究绿色矿山减排增汇策略。得出:绿色矿山在理论与应用方面均具有较为丰富的研究及实践成果,具有良好基础以面对新的发展挑战;绿色矿山现存管理方案与考评体系成果完整,整体偏定性和基础推荐性要求;矿山碳足迹核算中,基于生命周期理念、采用排放因子法的核算模式已较为成熟,但在生命周期划分与核算因子选取过程中仍需慎重,注意加强因子的本地化选取;针对减排增汇目标,绿色矿山在策略上需重视能源与技术视角。在“双碳”目标下,当前绿色矿山相关验收标准在减排方面的关注度有待增强,指标体系的定量化程度与执行力有待提高;煤炭矿山的碳足迹核算与减排潜力分析是未来绿色矿山研究的重点之一;矿山减排研究中,由复垦产生的碳源与碳汇核算及矿山全生命周期的减排方案设计需得到更多关注。

采动含水层生态功能修复:概念内涵、理论与技术框架

针对我国保水采煤研究现状及煤矿区采损生态修复的技术需求,提出应开展采动含水层生态功能修复研究,并将其纳入绿色开采技术体系中。在充分阐述采动含水层生态功能修复概念与内涵的基础上,构建了以采动含水层失水流动规律及水径流阻隔关键技术为主的理论与技术框架,分析了当前相关研究进展与未来攻关方向。含水层的损伤失水与生态功能退化本质源于采煤引起的岩层运动与裂隙发育,应在充分掌握含水层失水机制与规律的基础上对其开展生态功能修复理论与技术研究。深入揭示含水层失水路径分布与水流动力耗散规律,将失水流量集中分布的采动影响区作为重点修复的靶区,合理运用“边采边修”、“采后再修”等方式实施水流通道封堵与修复。同时,应充分利用采动岩体裂隙自修复机制及其引起的含水层自恢复效应,开展采动含水层生态功能引导修复研究与实践;基于水-气-岩相互作用产生化学沉淀促进导水裂隙自修复的降渗机理,提出了向含水层下方裂隙岩体中灌注可与地下水产生化学沉淀的修复试剂,以诱导沉淀物在裂隙中吸附-固结并封堵通道的含水层生态功能修复技术路径。在此基础上,阐述了利用铁/钙质化学沉淀进行导水裂隙修复降渗的研究现状,提出未来应重点研究形成利于不同类型导水通道高效封堵的化学沉淀诱导生成对策。研究可望为西北部生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采地下水保护与生态修复提供参考。

基于PMC指数模型的铁路绿色施工政策研究

研究目的:铁路绿色施工政策是落地铁路可持续发展,打造生态铁路的方向引领与实施保障。铁路绿色施工政策的量化研究可以为政策的制定、修订、完善与优化提供重要的数据决策依据。本文借助ROSTCM6.0文本挖掘工具及PMC指数模型,旨在科学合理地评价我国当前铁路绿色施工相关政策的效果与优劣,为铁路绿色施工政策的高质量制定提供决策支持。研究结论:(1)选取7项铁路绿色施工政策作为研究样本,验证了PMC指数模型在评价铁路绿色施工政策的实用性与可靠性,结果与实际情况符合度较高,表明该模型可为铁路绿色施工政策评价提供借鉴价值;(2)各项政策的PMC指数等级可以有效判断该项政策的优劣,明确政策现状及优化方向;(3)本研究结果可为相关部委及公司制定、优化铁路绿色施工政策提供参考和借鉴。

内蒙古乌努格吐山铜钼矿区地下水化学特征及其成因机制

内蒙古乌努格吐山铜钼矿地处呼伦贝尔草原腹地。本文对研究区内地下水及地表水进行了系统采样测试,应用数理统计、Piper三线图解、相关性分析、Gibbs模型以及离子比例关系等方法对研究区水样进行综合分析。研究结果表明,区内水体阳离子以Ca^(2+)和Na^(+)为主,Ca^(2+)基本来源于钙镁硅酸盐岩的风化溶解,Na^(+)主要来源于岩盐溶解;阴离子以HCO^(-)_(3)和SO_(4)^(2-)为主,主要受碳酸盐的溶解影响,局部受含硫矿物的氧化和尾矿液渗透影响较大。水化学类型以HCO^(-)_(3)Ca·Mg和HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg·Na型为主,总体呈中性,大部分属微硬淡水。区内水化学成分主要受溶滤作用影响,阳离子交替吸附作用和浓缩作用也有一定影响。基本查明了矿区及其周边地下水化学特征及其成因机制,为矿山地质环境影响评价、绿色和谐矿山建设以及草原生态环境保护等提供科学依据。

变权理论-梯形云模型融合的金属矿绿色开采评价研究

如何有效评价金属矿山绿色开采水平对于发展绿色矿业非常重要。针对目前金属矿绿色开采评价方法存在评价结果单一、忽略金属矿绿色开采指标数据的随机性和模糊性的问题,研究提出变权理论-梯形云模型融合的金属矿绿色开采评价方法。首先,构建金属矿绿色开采评价指标体系,综合使用组合赋权法和变权理论得到各项指标的变权权重;其次,利用梯形云模型计算每个指标在对应等级下的隶属度,并得出隶属度评价向量;最后,结合变权理论与梯形云模型并按最大隶属度原则实现对金属矿绿色开采情况的评价。此外,以某金属矿山为实例,计算并分析其评价结果。该实例表明此方法对金属矿绿色开采情况进行评价可行,可为金属矿绿色开采评价的问题提供参考。

智慧绿色矿山建设技术探讨

以老虎洞山为例,在绿色矿山建设基础上探索建设智慧矿山关键技术,通过精细化管理,有效利用矿产资源、矿石产量动态控制、安全生产监控和管理,实现矿山生产的可视化、合理化、精细化,监测监控系统的实时化、远程化,数据的高度集成化和智能化。

煤矿矿区普适性拓展型固体改性充填采煤技术与装备

从我国煤炭行业绿色发展趋势和要求出发,分析了煤炭企业对不同充填开采方式选择的考量因素,以及影响充填开采技术推广的制约因素,针对不同矿区地域分布特征和充填需求差异性,划分了煤矿充填开采“保护生态环境优先、保护地面建筑优先、处理煤矸固废优先、提高经济效益优先”4类优先原则,提出了“以充填开采作为煤矿保护生态环境的调节工具,建设全过程全息立体生态矿山”的生态开采目标。依据充填开采顶板限定变形力学模型,阐述了影响充填开采目标岩层下沉量的构成因素,构建了生态环境保护、地面建筑保护、矸石固废处置3种充填工程模式下的工作面支护强度计算及覆岩变形控制方程。介绍了我国煤矿普适性充填采煤技术发展现状及发展方向,涵盖散状原矸固体充填、类贫混凝改性充填、矸石混凝土充填、薄煤层充填、区域性保护充填、巷道充填、选充留协同等适应各类煤矿需求的充填采煤技术,详细描述了不同充填技术的材料制备、运输、充填工艺特点及适应性充填装备。为实现煤矿充填智能化,建立了全面的数据感知系统,通过空间规划及充填效果判定来实现从单元到整体充填工作面的智能化过程,结合传感器网络和人工智能算法,实时监测和控制煤矿固体充填过程,提高充填质量和充填效率。煤矿充填开采在我国绿色矿山建设的远景规划中将扮演更加重要的角色,加强基于主动充填的煤矿生产全过程生态矿山建设、普适性充填技术工艺体系构建、新型固体充填材料研制、智能化充填开采研发等4个方向的科技攻关,我国煤矿充填开采会有极为广阔的发展前景。

高强度采动覆岩——地表偏态下沉规律研究

科学认识和掌握覆岩破断特征和地表下沉规律是煤炭绿色开采的重要基础,有利于减小煤炭开采扰动对地表构筑物和生态环境的损伤程度。基于离散元模拟软件建立数值模型,探究了不同推进距离下覆岩破断运移特征,得到了地表偏态下沉规律,采用理论分析和物理模拟手段验证了研究结果的可靠性。结果表明:开切眼侧岩层破断角大于工作面侧岩层破断角,覆岩的偏态垮落传导至地表,造成地表的偏态下沉。该研究成果为研发煤炭减损开采技术提供创新性理论支撑。