Characterization of Resistance to the Green Rice Leafhopper (<i>Nephotettix cincticeps</i>Uhler) in a Core Collection of Landraces in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress resistance is the most effective and environmentally-friendly way to control the insect pests in the paddy. Sixty accessions from a core set of worldwide collection of rice were characterized for resistance to the GRH by antibiosis test both at the seedling and at the booting stages. The positive correlations of average nymph mortality (ANM) were observed between at the seedling stage and at the booting stage on 3 days after infestation (DAI) (r = 0.684**), 5DAI (r = 0.680**), and 7DAI (r = 0.652**), respectively. This result will give us the opportunity to screen resistance to the GRH with the cost-efficient way using rice seedlings in a growth chamber. To classify the 60 accessions evaluated, the ANM of the GRH of each accession was compared to the respective ANM of resistant and susceptible controls with the least significant difference (LSD) value. Based on the statistical difference or similarity of the ANMs to the resistant and the susceptible controls, we proposed the four groups of resistance to the GRH, (I) high level of resistance, (II) considerable level of resistance, (III) moderate level of resistance, and (IV) susceptibility. At the seedling stage, a total of 26 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 6 for considerable level of resistance and other 10 for moderate level of resistance. At the booting stage, on the other hand, a total of 18 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 3 for considerable level of resistance and other 5 for moderate level of resistance. A total of 42 accessions with high to moderate level of resistance were distributed across 16 countries in Asia in addition to each one for Madagascar and USA. The classification of landraces based on the present protocol for screening resistance to the insect provided fundamental information for genetics and breeding on resistance to the GRH in rice.

Developing green super rice varieties with high nutrient use efficiency by phenotypic selection under varied nutrient conditions

The development of green super rice varieties with improved nutrient use efficiency(NuUE)is a vital target area to increase yield and make it more stable under rainfed conditions.In the present study, we followed an early backcross(BC) breeding approach by using a highyielding and widely adapted Xian variety, Weed Tolerant Rice 1(WTR-1), as a recipient and a Geng variety, Hao-An-Nong(HAN), as a donor.Starting from the BC1F2 generation, the BC population went through one generation of selection under irrigated, low-input, and rainfed conditions, followed by four consecutive generations of screening and selection for high grain yield(GY) under six different nutrient conditions(NPK, 75 N,-N,-P,-NP, and-NPK), leading to the development of 230 BC1F6 introgression lines(ILs).These 230 ILs were evaluated under the same six nutrient conditions for 13 agro-morphological and grain yield component traits in comparison to four checks and parents.Significant trait variations were observed between the treatments and ILs.Positive correlations were identified for GY with biomass, panicle length, flag-leaf area, flag-leaf width, filled grain number per panicle,1000-grain weight, and tiller number under-N,-P,-NP, and-NPK conditions.Out of 230 ILs,12 were identified as promising under two or more nutrient deficiency conditions.The results demonstrated an efficient inter-subspecific BC breeding procedure with a first round of selection under rainfed-drought conditions, followed by four generations of progeny testing for yield performance under six nutrient conditions.The promising ILs can be useful resources for molecular genetic dissection and understanding the physiological mechanisms of NuUE.

Long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation changing the microbial communities in typical red paddy soil in South China

On the basis of a long-term（30 years） field experiment that involved four rotation systems, rice-rice-winter fallow（RRF）, rice-rice-ryegrass（RRG）, rice-rice-rape（RRP）, and rice-rice-milk vetch（RRV）, this study described the effects of green manure on the microbial communities in the red paddy soils using 454 pyrosequencing for the 16 S r RNA gene. The Chao1 richness and non-parametric Shannon＇s index increased in all soil samples that received green manure treatments. The communities＇ structures with the green manure applications were significantly dissimilar from that under the winter fallow. Using Metastats tests, many genera in the RRG, RRP and RRV soils were significantly different from those in the RRF soil, including a number of genera that functioned in the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Analyses of the genera with these functions revealed the shifts in microbial ecosystem functions after long-term green manuring. Changes in the microbial communities increased the ammonium supply and decreased the soil acidification in green-manure-amended soils. Together, these data suggested powerful effects of green manure on both the microbial communities and the biogeochemical cycle driven by the shifts in bacterial functional groups.

Inheritance of the Pale—Green Leaf Marker and Sterility Trait in Photo—Thermo Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice

P/TGMS (photo-thermo sensitive genie male sterility) lines with pale-green leaf color have been developed in japonica rice. The marker trait is used as an assistant selection in the production of the two-lines system hybrid rice for the improvement of F, seed purity. A joint inheritance study of both leaf color and male sterility is presented for P/TGMS line with pale-green leaf color. The segregation ratios for leaf color in the F2 populations of the three crosses showed 13 : 3 and 15 : 1 at early and late sowing stages (April 26 and June 23) respectively, implying that the leaf color is controlled by two genes with fertility gene as dominant. Sterility level is higher in the early sowing stage than that in the late sowing. The inducement of male sterility is closely related to longer day-length and higher temperature at the developmental stages of young panicle. The genes to govern the leaf color and male fertility are inherited independently.

Adsorption of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husks: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies

A study was done to evaluate the removal of a cationic dye from simulated waste water onto rice husks (RH). Spectroscopic methods such as FTIR and SEM/EDX were used for adsorbent characterization. Experimental dependency on solution pH, initial dye concentration, agitation speed, adsorbentparticle size, temperature of the solution and contact time was evaluated. The adsorption data was tested using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data fitted well into Langmuir isotherm model with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 6.5 mg/g. Further, the separation factor (RL) value was less than unity indicating a favorable adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics was determined using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The results showed that the adsorption of malachite green onto rice husks followed pseudo-second-order model with a determination coefficient of 0.986. This work has revealed that rice husks have a great potential to sequester cationic dyes from aqueous solutions and therefore it can be utilized to clean contaminated effluents.

Identification and Fine Mapping of a Gene Related to Pale Green Leaf Phenotype near the Centromere Region in Rice(Oryza sativa)

A thermo-insensitive pale green leaf mutant （pgl2） was isolated from T-DNA inserted transgenic lines of rice （Oryza sativa L. subsp, japonica cv. Nipponbare）. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype was caused by a recessive mutation in a single nuclear-encoded gene. To map the PGL2gene, an F2 population was constructed by crossing the mutant with Longtefu （Oryza sativa L. subsp, indica）. The PGL2 locus was roughly linked to SSR marker RM331 on chromosome 8. To finely map the gene, 14 new InDel markers were developed around the marker, and PGL2 was further mapped to a 2.37 Mb centromeric region. Analysis on chlorophyll contents of leaves showed that there was no obvious difference between the mutant and the wild type in total chlorophyll （Chl） content, while the ratio of Chl a / Chl b in the mutant was only about 1, which was distinctly lower than that in the wild type, suggesting that the PGL2 gene was related to the conversion between Chl a and Chl b. Moreover, the method of primer design around the centromeric region was discussed, which would provide insight into fine mapping of the functional genes in plant centromeres.

Sawah Rice Eco-technology and Actualization of Green Revolution in West Africa: Experience from Nigeria and Ghana

The development and dissemination of sawah rice eco-technology in Nigeria and Ghana as prerequisites for the actualization of green revolution in West Africa were described. It showed that the neglect of the eco-technology and the overemphasis of the biotechnology have rendered the ineffective transferability of the green revolution process from Asia to Africa. The sawah eco-technology increases yield up to 5 t/hm2 through bunding and the use of inlet and outlet connecting irrigation and drainage, which enhances effective water control and management, improves the efficiency of fertilizer, improves nitrogen fixation by soil microbes and algae, increases the use of wetlands, improves soil organic matter accumulation, suppresses weed growth, and enhances immune mechanism of rice through nutrient supply. The current experience has therefore established that the technology overcomes the constraints that have limited the realization of green revolution in West Africa.

Oxidative Stability of Green Tea Extract-Enriched Rice Bran Oil During Storage

Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage at 60℃ for 15 days compared to rice bran oil(RBO),olive(OL),canola(CN),and grape-seed oil(GS).Acid values did not increase during storage,and the highest value was found for OL.The peroxide values of RBOG,RBO,CN,OL,and GS increased for up to 15 days.The highest average rate constant for the change in peroxide value was found for RBO(0.282).TBARS increased continually during storage of RBOG,RBO,CN,and OL;however,the value increased for up to 9 days and then decreased for GS.The highest average rate constant of change in TBARS was found for CN.Overall,the results suggest that green tea extract improves oxidative stability of rice bran oil.

Effect of agar concentration in media on green plantlet regeneration frequency in rice anther culture

We studied the effect of agar concentration inmedia on callus induction rate and green plant-let regeneration frequency in rice.Materialswere Fgeneration of indica/indica or indica/japonica,which were 96E76(Hei’e/Zhaiye- qing 8),96E80[(IR 24/Guanglu＇ai 4//Zhongnan’ai)/Yifengzao],96E86(Zhong- munong 9/Zhaiyeqing 8).The induction mediaused was M8+2mg/L 2,4-D,and agar con-centrations were 0.6％,0.8％,and 1.0％,respectively.Regeneration media was MS+2mg/L KT+0.5mg/L IAA+0.5mg/LNAA,and agar concentrations were 0.6％ and1.0％.Results indicated that the calli induc-

西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

Effect of desiccation on regeneration frequency of green plantlets and some biochemical properties of calli of wild rice

Wild rice is an important resource of usefulgenes to rice breeders. However, low regener-ation frequency is an obstacle to use the valu-able genes. We used desiccation to improve theregeneration frequency and studied the bio-chemical changes of calli of wild rice after des-iccation.Materials used in this experiment werewild species O. rufipogon, O. meyeriana, O.alta, and O. brachyantha. Young panicles(0.1-0. 5 cm in length of the inflorescence)

油菜—富硒水稻—富硒甘薯轮作对土壤养分及甘薯的影响

为掌握油菜—富硒水稻—富硒甘薯轮作种植模式(T)与传统冬闲—水稻—甘薯种植模式(CK)的差异,特开展种植试验,分析甘薯收获后土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙、有效锌和有效硼的含量,甘薯可溶性糖、维生素C含量,以及大米和甘薯的硒元素含量。结果表明,与CK相比,T处理的土壤肥力和甘薯品质明显提升,其中0~20 cm土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙、有效锌和有效硼分别提升21.8%、3.2%、5.4%、28.4%、34.6%、42.5%、300.0%,20~40 cm土壤则分别提高22.8%、5.6%、14.0%、32.6%、38.0%、104.4%、325.0%;甘薯总糖、维生素C含量分别提高125.09%、16.34%。另外,通过施用富硒肥,T处理的大米和甘薯硒元素含量分别达到0.14、0.15 mg/kg。因此,油菜—富硒水稻—富硒甘薯轮作种植模式(T)可实现油菜绿肥还田及水稻、甘薯秸秆还田,达到改良土壤、提升甘薯品质的目标。

米糠绿茶低热量曲奇饼干的配方优化

为开发营养低热量的曲奇饼干,拓展米糠的应用领域,研究在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分为响应值,以米糠粉添加量、绿茶粉添加量、赤藓糖醇添加量和黄油添加量为考察因素,通过Box-Behnken试验设计进行响应面优化分析,确定最佳制作配方。结果表明,当米糠粉添加量为11%、绿茶粉添加量为3%、赤藓糖醇添加量为38%、黄油添加量为89%时,感官评分最高,为92.9分。在此条件下制得的曲奇饼干色泽自然、香味浓郁、花纹清晰且口感酥脆。

配施硅肥对稻飞虱取食量、田间种群数量及水稻产量的影响

为探明增施硅肥在水稻田稻飞虱绿色防控中的作用,本文采用室内蜜露测定、田间盆拍调查等方法研究了在广西代表性土壤条件下增施硅肥对稻飞虱蜜露量、田间种群数量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St l和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth在施硅量为15 kg/hm^(2)和45 kg/hm^(2)水稻上的平均蜜露量均显著低于不施硅对照。在水稻分蘖期,与不施硅对照相比,15 kg/hm^(2)施硅处理下两个试验点稻飞虱发生量均显著减少;45 kg/hm^(2)施硅处理下宾阳试验点的稻飞虱发生量显著减少,而合浦试验点在水稻分蘖盛期稻飞虱发生量虽未显著减少,但水稻分蘖后期稻飞虱发生量极显著低于不施硅对照,减少了51.03%。在水稻灌浆期,与不施硅对照相比,宾阳试验点15 kg/hm^(2)和45 kg/hm^(2)施硅处理稻飞虱的发生量均极显著减少,而合浦试验点稻飞虱发生量没有显著变化。15 kg/hm^(2)和45 kg/hm^(2)施硅处理的稻谷千粒重均显著高于不施硅对照,产量比不施硅对照提高1.88%~9.05%。增施硅肥可明显降低水稻田稻飞虱的取食量和田间种群发生量,同时在一定程度上提高了稻谷产量,因此,水稻增施硅肥有助于广西稻飞虱的绿色防控。

绿茶米糕研制及其品质分析

本研究以粳米粉和糯米粉以及绿茶粉为主要原料,研制绿茶米糕并进行配方优化。通过采用单因素实验和正交试验优化配方并对其品质进行检测分析。利用正交试验优化,获得绿茶米糕最佳配方为:绿茶粉添加量3%,白砂糖添加量7.5%,粳糯米粉比例为1:2。该配方条件下,绿茶米糕的综合评分为85.60分。电子鼻检测结果显示,绿茶米糕与未添加绿茶的对照组相比,其挥发性物质差异种类主要为硫化合物和氮氧化合物。抗氧化结果表明,相较于对照米糕,绿茶米糕在总酚含量以及DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率均得到提高。体外消化实验结果显示,通过外源添加绿茶能有效降低米糕的体外消化率,而其抗性淀粉含量有所增加,且其快速消化淀粉含量降低。

施肥方式对水稻产量品质和病虫害发生情况的影响

为筛选合适的施肥方案,以甬优1540品种为例,分析在绿色食品标准之下,不同的施肥方案对水稻产量、品质以及病虫害发生的影响.结果表明,未经过施肥处理的稻田产量最低,在每亩施用纯N7.5kg、P_(2)O_(5)2.8kg、K_(2)O8.0kg的基础上加施20kg海藻肥处理的水稻产量最高,且品质好、病虫害发生少,可作为江浙地区绿色食品水稻生产的推荐用肥.

种植绿肥对我国水稻产量和土壤肥力影响的整合分析

为探究种植绿肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响以及为水稻增产稳产和土壤改良提供科学依据。对已发表的相关文献数据进行了收集,建立了362组包含种植绿肥(GM)和冬闲田(FFP)处理下水稻产量和土壤肥力的数据库。采用整合分析的方法,定量绿肥在不同地区、水稻种植模式、土壤性质、氮肥用量、绿肥种类下对水稻产量及土壤肥力的提升幅度,采用随机森林模型探究影响绿肥效应的主控因素。研究结果发现,在不同地区下,GM处理对土壤有机质含量的提升在南方稻区最大(21.17%)。在不同水稻种植模式下,GM处理对水稻产量和土壤肥力的提升幅度均表现为双季稻>单季稻;土壤全氮含量≤1.5 g/kg、有机质含量≤20 g/kg时对产量的提升幅度较高;当GM处理的施氮量≤150 kg/hm^(2)时对产量和土壤有机质含量的提升幅度均较高,分别为12.47%和22.36%,但是随着施氮量的逐渐增加,GM处理的增产幅度下降。不同绿肥种类下,GM处理对产量和土壤有机质含量的提升幅度有所差异,在产量提升方面,豆科绿肥(12.47%)>非豆科绿肥(7.22%)>混合绿肥(6.32%);对土壤有机质含量提升方面混合绿肥(12.69%)>非豆科绿肥(10.93%)>豆科绿肥(9.37%)。随机森林分析结果表明,在主控因素方面GM处理对水稻增产主要受土壤有机质含量、施氮量和有效磷含量(贡献率分别为18%、16%和15%)的影响,而GM提高有机质的影响因素主要有地区、速效钾和速效氮含量(贡献率分别为14%、12%和11%)。因此,GM能显著提高水稻产量和土壤肥力,尤其是在低肥力的土壤状况下GM处理对产量的提升幅度较好,GM与化肥配合使用能促进水稻增产和稻田土壤有机质含量的提升,但GM的施氮量不宜超过150kg/hm^(2),水稻和绿肥轮作长江流域稻区推荐豆科绿肥,而在南方稻区进行混合绿肥。

3种不同绿肥翻压对水稻产量、养分累积及土壤性质的影响

本研究旨在探究不同绿肥品种之间的生长差异及其翻压后对水稻产量、养分累积及土壤性质的影响。以冬闲田(CK)为对照,选取紫云英、光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆3种常见的绿肥品种,进行大田试验,分析绿肥生长期间的性状差异及其翻压后对后茬水稻的产量、品质、养分累积和土壤性质等。结果表明,3种绿肥中株高和生物量的表现均为光叶苕子>箭筈豌豆>紫云英,以光叶苕子最优,适合作为该地区种植的品种;绿肥翻压后水稻产量较CK有了明显的提高,其中光叶苕子翻压后水稻产量达到10.47 t/hm2,比CK高出58.88%;绿肥翻压能够提升水稻的食味值及养分累积,与CK相比,紫云英、光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆处理的水稻食味值分别提高5.58%、9.46%、11.16%,水稻秸秆全钾累积量分别提高50.88%、42.87%、67.70%,水稻籽粒全氮累积量分别提高17.25%、45.62%、47.74%,水稻籽粒全钾累积量分别提高17.96%、54.28%、48.88%,水稻地上部全磷总累积分别提高11.32%、62.16%、27.41%,全钾总累积量分别提高45.53%、44.73%、64.64%,其中以光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的综合效果最佳;绿肥翻压能够提升土壤的性质,具有改良土壤肥力的潜力,其中箭筈豌豆处理与CK相比pH提高2.96%、有机质增加10.05%、全氮含量增加4.41%等,紫云英处理与CK相比有机质增加1.43%、全氮含量增加24.25%、全磷含量增加9.20%、速效磷含量增加10.95%。综上,光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量和养分累积量均较高,其翻压后能够提高水稻的产量、食味值、养分累积,推荐作为该地区种植的绿肥品种;紫云英、箭筈豌豆翻压具有增加土壤肥力的潜力,箭筈豌豆的效果较好。该研究可为苏北地区绿肥的利用与农业可持续生产提供理论依据。

水稻绿色智能肥的增产效应与增产机理研究

绿色智能肥料(GIF)是为响应工业绿色制造与农业绿色可持续生产提出的肥料新理念,以GIF的理念为指导生产了水稻GIF,并评价了该肥料在水稻上的农学应用效果。在氮磷养分等量投入的前提下,在大田设置常规氮磷钾肥料(T1)、复合肥1(T2)、复合肥2(T3)、GIF1(T4)和GIF2(T5)5种肥料施用处理,研究不同肥料品种对水稻产量、产量构成因素、干物质积累、根系生长发育、叶片光合特性、籽粒品质、土壤pH、氮磷养分积累量及肥料经济效益的影响。与常规肥料(T1、T2、T3)相比,T4主要通过增加水稻有效穗数实现了增产作用,较T1、T2和T3分别增产26.2%、28.4%和38.1%。T5主要通过增加有效穗数、稻穗二次支梗穗粒数和粒重实现增产,较T1、T2和T3分别增产38.3%,39.0%和51.4%。相比常规肥料(T1、T2、T3),T4和T5处理显著提高水稻地上部干物质积累量、功能叶SPAD值、土壤pH、氮磷养分含量及积累量,同时促进了水稻根系生长发育且获得较高的产投比。与T1相比,两款常规复合肥(T2、T3)并未对水稻产量及其他农艺性状表现出增效作用。水稻GIF肥对水稻生长、产量和品质提高有显著增效作用,相比常规肥料具有更高的经济效益。

汉中地区4种冬绿肥还田腐解和养分释放特征

研究汉中地区水稻(Oryza sativa)-绿肥轮作制下翻压还田绿肥的腐解动态变化及养分释放特征,可为水稻-绿肥轮作生产中的水稻科学施肥提供理论依据。以紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa)、山黧豆(Lathyrus cicera)和箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)为供试材料,进行145 d的田间原位埋袋腐解试验,并定期观测4种豆科绿肥腐解变化及养分释放特征。结果表明,绿肥腐解及养分释放均表现为前期(0~14 d)快、后期(41~145 d)慢。经过145 d,紫云英、毛叶苕子、山黧豆和箭筈豌豆的累计腐解率分别为74.58%、74.17%、72.14%和72.57%,而氮、磷、钾平均累计释放率分别为85.64%、75.23%和96.22%。翻压量为22500 kg·hm^(-2)的紫云英、毛叶苕子、山黧豆和箭筈豌豆腐解145 d后,氮素累计释放量分别为82.27、134.73、144.73和94.17 kg·hm^(-2),磷素累计释放量分别为14.68、21.39、21.21和17.25 kg·hm^(-2),钾素累计释放量分别为70.90、93.72、85.23和82.13 kg·hm^(-2)。4种绿肥的氮、磷、钾平均累计释放量分别为113.99、18.63和83.02 kg·hm^(-2),可为后茬水稻提供63.33%N、20.70%P2O5和79.07%K2O。综上,紫云英、毛叶苕子、山黧豆和箭筈豌豆均适于汉中地区冬闲稻田种植,且理论化肥减量顺序为毛叶苕子≈山黧豆>箭筈豌豆>紫云英,此外,水稻生育前期氮和钾减施潜力较大,建议水稻季氮肥和钾肥后移施用。