Technique of Earthworms Restoring Soil in Greenhouse Cultivation

The production environment of greenhouse cultivation is relatively closed,the multiple cropping index is high,the management of fertilizationwatering and pesticideapplication isblindtosomeextent,andthe phenomenonofcontinuous cropping isalsocommonSoilquali-ty affects the sustainable development of greenhouse cultivation.Earthworm is a ubiquitous invertebrate organism in soil,an important part of soil system,a link between terrestrial organisms and soil organisms,an important link in the small cycle of soil material organisms,and plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of soil ecosystem.Different ecotypes of earthworms are closely related to their habi-tats(soil layers)and food resource preferences,and then affect their ecological functions.The principle of earthworm regulating soil function is essentially the close connection and interaction between earthworm and soil microorganism.Using different ecotypes of earthworms and bio-logical agents to carry out combined remediation of greenhouse cultivation soil is a technical model to realize sustainable development of green-house cultivation.

Cultivation Ages Effect on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Greenhouse Soils

The intensive management practices in greenhouse production may alter the soil physicochemical properties and contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals(HMs). To determine the HM concentrations in vegetable soil in relation to soil physicochemical properties and cultivation age, we conducted a soil survey for typical greenhouse soils in Shouguang, China. The results indicated that Cd is a major HM pollutant in the tested soils, as the only HM element exceeding the allowed limit for vegetable soil. The surveyed data was analyzed with regression analysis, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). A positive correlation is observed between HM pollution level and cultivation age. CCA results suggest that the HM pollution level and distribution in soil are significantly affected by soil physicochemical properties, which was a function of years of cultivation as revealed by regression analysis. In summary, cultivation age is an important factor to affect soil physicochemical properties(organic matter and inorganic nutrients) as well as HM contamination.

Effect of Different Cultivation Practices on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties for Greenhouse Vegetables under Long-Term Continuous Cropping

Five kinds of greenhouse vegetables( eggplant,loofah,tomato,cucumber and pepper) were selected in summer uprooting stage from greenhouse in Shouguang area,Shandong Province. Total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,organic matter content and p H,EC value of three soil layers were measured,respectively. The results showed that the total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil were mainly accumulated in the upper soil,which made the soil acidification trend,because different farmers adopted different cultivation practices for different greenhouse vegetables in Shouguang region,but there was no significant effect on soil EC value. The input of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and other related fertilizers to greenhouse cucumber was higher than that of other greenhouse vegetables,but the amount of available potassium fertilizer and organic matter input to greenhouse tomato under different cultivation practices was lower than other greenhouse vegetables. In Shouguang area,the input of organic matter into greenhouse vegetables should be increased by increasing the proportion of manure input to increase the content of soil organic carbon,so as to achieve the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio,and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of an evaluation system for the environmental benefits brought about by chemical fertilizer reduction in greenhouse vegetables in Shouguang area.

Cultivation Techniques of Beibei Type of Pumpkin in Spring Greenhouse of Beijing Region

Beibei pumpkin has the characteristics of early maturity,high yield,strong disease resistance,cold resistance,strong ability of continuous fruiting,excellent quality and easy cultivation,and its cultivation in spring greenhouse of Beijing region could effectively improve yield and commodity.In this paper,cultivation techniques of Beibei pumpkin in spring greenhouse are introduced,including cultivation of strong seedlings,planting,management after planting and storage after harvest.

Differences of Photosynthetic Characteristics of the Grape Cultivated in Greenhouse and Open Field in Turpan

[Objective] This study compared the leaf photosynthetic characteristics of Turpan grape cultivated in greenhouses and open field to provide a scientific basis for the high-quality and high-yield cultivation of grape. [Method] Two precocious grape varieties as experimental materials were cultivated in greenhouses and open field, and their net photosynthetic rates （Pn）, photo-response curves and CO2 response curves were determined using Li-400XT portable photosynthesis system. [Result] The leaf Pn of the two varieties cultivated in open field was higher than that in greenhouse. The Pn of Hongqitezao cultivated in open field was the highest, up to 19.79 μmol/（m^2·s）; in the photo-response curves, Hongqitezao cultivated in greenhouse had the largest Pnmax and apparent quantum yield （AQY）, while the Flame Seedless in greenhouse had the smallest light compensation point （LCP）. The light saturation point （LSP） value of greenhouse cultivation was higher than that of open field cultivation. In the CO2 response test, the dark respiration rate （Rd） and Pnmax of greenhouse cultivation were higher than those of open field cultivation, and the carboxylation efficiency （CE） of greenhouse cultivation was lower than that of open field cultivation; the CO2 compensation point （CCP） and CO2 saturation point （CSP） of greenhouse cultivation were lower than those of open field cultivation. [Conclusion] The utilization of elevated light in greenhouse cultivation was more efficient than in open field cultivation; however, the utilization of elevated CO2 in greenhouse cultivation was weaker than tin open field cultivation.

Biological Characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.niveum Isolated from Watermelon Cultivated in Plastic Greenhouse and Indoor Toxicity Determination of Different Fungicides in Hainan Province of China

[ Objective] The paper was to study biological characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in watermelon cultivated in plastic greenhouse in Hainan Province of China and to determine indoor toxicity of fungicides. [ Method] Effects of various factors on mycelial growth and spore germination were stud- ied, and the lethal temperature of spores and indoor toxicity of fungicides were also determined. [Result] The fungal mycelium had a better growth rate on water- melon juice medium than the others. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and spore germination were 28 ℃ and 30 ℃, and the optimum pH values were 7 - 8 and 7 - 9, respectively. Light-dark alternation was conducive for mycelial growth. The lethal temperature of spore was 60 ℃ for 5 min. The fungal mycelium grew better while taking fructose and glucose as carbon sources and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources. Toxicity determination showed that 50% pro- chloraz-manganese chloride complex WP had the greatest inhibition effect on mycelial growth, with the ECso value of 0.730 9 μg/mL; followed by 32.5% benzoic azoxystrobin SC, 30% benzoylate· propieanazol EC, 10% difenoconazole WG, 25% bromothalonil · carbendazim WP and 25% bromothalonil WP, with the ECso values from 1.884 7μg/mL to 8. 161 0μg/mL. [Conclusion] The study provided basic data for field control against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum on watermelon cultivated in plastic greenhouse in Hainan Province.

Technique for Using Spent Mushroom Substrate of Flammulina velutipes to Cultivate Volvariella volvacea in Idle Period of Greenhouse Summer Squash

Greenhouse summer squash is a major type of greenhouse vegetable in Shandong Province.In summer,there is a three-month idle period of greenhouse summer squash.Volvariella volvacea is a high temperature resistant high-quality edible fungus.In practice,it is able to use the spent mushroom substrate of Flammulina velutipes to cultivate V.volvacea.In the idle period of greenhouse summer squash,cultivating V.volvacea using the spent mushroom substrate of F.velutipes has high economic and environmental benefits.The cultivation techniques mainly include the preparation of cultivation materials,preliminary preparation for the greenhouse,planting management of V.volvacea,and returning the spent mushroom substrate to the field.By comparison with the conventional summer squash planting,this technique has higher economic benefits and its application prospects will be broad.

Effects of Warming Seedling Cultivation Technology on Growth, Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobaccos

An experiment of seedling nursing which used film mulching technology in greenhouse to increase temperature was carried out in the south of Hunan province in 2014. The results showed that the average surface temperature of seedling tray and the average water temperature of nursing pool at 10：00 and 16：00 in treatment1 which used film mulching technology in a greenhouse were higher than that of CK（no film mulching）, suggesting the warming effect of mulching film in a greenhouse is obvious. The growth potential of tobacco seedling is stronger in treatment1 than CK, and tobacco seedling quality index including the fresh and dry weight of stem, leaves and roots increased. Plant height, stem girth and leaves area of the treatment 1 were higher and more than that of CK after transplanting. Squaring,topping and maturity period were slightly earlier in the treatment 1, compared with that of CK. Average yield of treatment 1 was 2 308.8 kg/hm^2, which increased by6.03% and was significantly higher than that of CK,and the output value of the treatment 1 was 50 184.75 yuan/hm^2, which increased by 5.61%.

Fruit protected cultivation in China

Protected fruit cultivation in China has developed very quickly from the early 1990s, and now it is an important branch in fruit cultivation. A brief review including fruit species, developing history, growing area, output, and distribution in the whole country is made in the paper. Characteristics of the dominant kinds of greenhouse, environmental control methods, and standards of temperature, humidity, light and CO2 for different fruit species are presented. Information on varieties, growing benefits, special management practices and other aspects of the main fruit species used for protected cultivation are also presented.

Assessment of the Contribution of Flooded Rice Cultivation Systems to Methane Emissions in the Lower OuéméValley, in Benin Republic

Flooded rice cultivation fields appear to be the major source of methane emission. In Benin Republic, flooded rice is cultivated in the Niger River and Ouémé River Basins. The present study aims to assess the contribution of flooded rice cultivation systems to methane emissions in the lower Ouémé Valley. Methane emission calculation was based on Activity Data which is the flooded rice harvested surface area from 2008 to 2017. The Tier 2 methodology of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines’ and the complements of the “Refinement 2019” have been used to elaborate the specific emission factors for the lower valley of Ouémé and to estimate the emission of methane in this zone. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers in order to elaborate on their perceptions of gas emissions in the flooded rice fields. The EX-ACT tool was used to estimate the carbon footprint of the intensive rice cultivation system “SRI” and the conventional rice cultivation system “SRC”. It is shown that producers have a strong perception of gas emissions in rice fields but are totally unaware of the nature of the gas. Methane emitted in the lower valley of the Ouémé is around 528 tons/year between 2008 and 2017 while the carbon footprint resulting from the results of EX-ACT for the adoption of the SRI rises to the level of sequestration of approximately 0.4 tCH4/ha/year. The intensive rice cultivation system has been identified as the production system that minimizes methane emissions and maximizes rice production.

Technology issues and prevention strategies on sunlight greenhouse vegetable

Energy-saving solar greenhouse vegetables cultivating is to create and improve microclimate environment with greenhouse in those seasons impossible for open cultivation production and in order to achieve the purpose of harvest in advance or in delay. Since a greenhouse needs huge construction expenses and high production costs, only though the improvement of facility utilization can we obtain better economic benefits. Vegetable germination and seedling stage need a long time for ground, so they need smaller standing area. So we concentrated in a small area of cultivation can not only create a suitable environment easily, nurture strong age seedling, but also can avoid greenhouse waste. Make transplanting to greenhouse after Seedlings breeding can effectively reduce the fertility cycle and substantially increase greenhouse utilization.

Improved root zone temperature buffer capacity enhancing sweet pepper yield via soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation in solar greenhouse

A novel soilless cultivation method,called as soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation(SSC)was invented,and an experiment was designed to investigate root zone temperature and production efficiency of sweet pepper cultivated by two SSC patterns,i.e.,SSC-P(polyethylene groove inserted)and SSC-W(wire-mesh groove inserted),and also other two cultivation methods,i.e.,soil ridge(SR)and naked polyethylene groove(PG).Results showed that PG,SSC-P and SSC-W increased the average minimal root zone temperature by 1.01℃,0.75℃,and 1.16℃ compared to SR(16.33℃)during March 16-20,2015.During June 1-5,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased the average maximal root zone temperature by 1.28℃ and 1.29℃ compared to SR(34.99℃),while PG increased it by 1.44℃.PG,SSC-P,and SSC-W decreased the differences of average daytime and night time temperatures by 1.34℃,2.13℃,and 2.88℃ compared to SR(4.56℃)during early stage.However,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased temperature differences of average daytime and night time by 0.9℃ and 1.07℃ compared to SR(0.95℃)during later stage,but PG improved by 2.85℃.Temperature difference of daytime and night time of SSC-W was minimal,and the temperature difference between the diurnal highest and the lowest temperature of SSC-W was also minimal.The buffer capacity of SSC-W was slightly better than that of SSC-P.SSC-W significantly improved the growth of sweet pepper compared to SR.Similarly,fruit yield per square meter of sweet pepper cultivated on SSC-P and SSC-W improved by 21.24%and 50.33%,respectively compared to SR(3.06 kg/m^(2)),while PG lowered the yield by 13.72%.SSC-W was a better SSC pattern compared with SSC-P in terms of production efficiency.

SPAD Value Difference between Blueberry Cultivar ‘STAR’ by Planted Ground and Pot

In the smart farm,we can control every detail for production.Collecting every factor that affects the crop’s final yield is necessary to optimize its efficiency.The SPAD values were observed in the‘Star’cultivar blueberry(Vaccinium darrowii)three times a day and at three different plant heights.The pattern of SPAD value change was different by the planting position.Ground planted blueberry(V.darrowii)represented a stable SPAD value during the day and at the different heights.However,the SPAD value was increased by time in pot-planted blueberry(V.darrowii).Also,the SPAD value of pot-planted blueberry was lower than ground planted blueberry(V.darrowii).Even when plants were of the same cultivar and age,planting conditions affected the changing pattern of SPAD in a day.Each planting condition had merit.Therefore,proper management is needed to compensate SPAD value in pot-planted blueberry(V.darrowii).This study suggests that environmental conditions like planting factors affect the final products.Therefore,to maximize the efficiency at the smart farm,the factors that could affect the final yield should be investigated and accumulated.

Two-stage seedling cultivation method for sweet peppers combining closed plant factory and solar greenhouse

This study introduced a two-stage cultivation method for sweet pepper seedlings, integrating the strengths of a closed plant factory and solar greenhouse, to mitigate the environmental constraints in Northeast China during the early spring season. In the first stage, seedlings were cultivated in a closed plant factory, followed by a second stage in a solar greenhouse. Four treatments- T1 (9 and 36 d), T2 (12 and 33 d), T3 (15 and 30 d), and T4 (18 and 27 d) - were designed for the first and second stages, respectively, with solar greenhouse-only approach serving as the control (CK). The findings reveal that the two-stage methodology significantly outperformed the control across multiple metrics, including seedling health index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, yield, etc. Specifically, T3 emerged as optimal, boosting the health index by 38.59%, elevating chlorophyll content by 39.61%, increasing net photosynthesis by 34.61%, and augmenting yield per plant by 40.67%. Additionally, T3 expedited the time to harvest by 25 d compared to the control. Although the seedling cost for T3 was 0.12 RMB yuan higher, the benefits offset the additional investment. In conclusion, the two-stage cultivation method effectively leverages the advantages of both closed-plant factories and solar greenhouses, resulting in superior seedling quality compared to using only solar greenhouses. It offers a practical and economically viable solution for enhancing the quality and yield of sweet pepper seedlings, thus contributing to the progress in the field of facility seedling cultivation research.

我国设施生态农业主要模式及配套技术的研究与实践

设施生态农业是指在设施种植和设施养殖中采用清洁、绿色、健康生产方式,以提高资源利用效率、农产品产量与质量、环境效益为目标的生态农业模式。2002年农业部重点推广的设施生态农业模式主要有两大类:一类是种养沼三结合的“四位一体”生态模式,从最初以农户为单位的单体日光温室到以村庄为单位的种养结合生态温室群模式,拓展到在一个大区域内将大型猪场的粪污进行工业化沼气并网发电,沼液通过管道输送到农田来减少化肥施用和改良土壤的宏观生态农业模式,相关的结构配置、配套的种养殖技术和装备也在不断研发和提升中。另一类是采用综合性生态农业技术的设施生态农业模式,包括:采用各类立体/垂直栽培技术提高土地资源利用率;通过各种轮作栽培技术减少设施蔬菜土壤连作障碍和降低农药使用量;采用土壤健康栽培技术,通过有机肥的合理施用改善土壤性状;采用有机基质栽培技术,用农林废弃物发酵后的物料作为栽培基质为作物提供养分;采用覆盖防虫网、色板诱杀、灯光诱杀、高温封棚、蒸气消毒、有色膜覆盖土壤、天敌昆虫生物防治等病虫草害生态防治技术来减少有害生物发生。期望通过相关配套装备技术的进一步研发提高设施生态农业的信息化、自动化水平,实现设施农业的可持续发展。

基于农业废弃物的日光温室茄子栽培基质配方筛选研究

通过对河西地区玉米秸秆、牛粪堆肥处理复配成基质,筛选适合当地日光温室茄子种植的最佳栽培基质配方,为农业废弃物循环利用提供科学依据。以“长茄1号”为指示品种,采用盆栽试验研究了不同配方基质下栽培茄子的生长和产量效益。结果表明,腐熟玉米秸秆、河沙、蛭石、腐熟牛粪、凹凸棒石粉、珍珠岩按体积比6∶1∶1∶1∶0.5∶0.5复配成栽培基质配方,茄子产量最高,为1.29 kg/株,净收益表现良好,为1.39元/株,茄子株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、生物量、单株结果数等性状均为最优。该配方适宜在河西地区日光温室茄子基质栽培中应用推广。

温室栽培对软枣猕猴桃光合特性及果实品质的影响

【目的】探究温室栽培条件对软枣猕猴桃叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响,为软枣猕猴桃温室栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2021—2022年,以4年生软枣猕猴桃品种佳绿、魁绿为试材,在温室和露地两种栽培环境下,比较两种环境对两个品种叶片的形态建成、光合特性及果实品质的影响。【结果】温室栽培的软枣猕猴桃两品种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等指标显著低于露地条件。通过对快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线进行分析,温室栽培条件下k、j、i点的相对可变荧光值显著上升,其叶片结构具有阴生植物特性。温室环境下对魁绿的单果质量与果形指数影响较大,对佳绿影响较小。温室栽培中两品种可滴定酸含量显著上升,可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量与维生素C含量无显著变化。【结论】在温室栽培条件下,两个软枣猕猴桃品种对环境的适应性较为一致,首先体现为叶片形态建成趋向阴生叶,其次PSⅡ反应中心供体侧及受体侧活性较露地栽培降低,导致温室内叶片利用强光和低浓度CO_(2)的能力低于露地,最终果实外在品质及单果质量呈现一定程度的下降趋势,但内在品质无显著影响。

北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄与香菇生态套种技术

基于葡萄树下套种香菇试验,总结出北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄树下香菇半熟料畦床套种和香菇菌棒地表摆放套种两种生态套种模式,系统介绍了茬口安排、场地消毒、原料准备、原料处理、播种、发菌管理、转色管理、出菇管理和采收管理等不同栽培阶段的技术要点,并讨论了塑料大棚内葡萄香菇生态套种的注意事项。

猴头菇温室反季节栽培试验

为应对猴头菇传统栽培受限于季节、导致产量受限及市场供应短缺的挑战,设计并构建了一套用于猴头菇的温室栽培系统,该系统集成高效换气、智能增温、精确加湿及人工补光四大核心功能模块。通过此系统,成功开展了猴头菇的反季节栽培试验,旨在打破自然季节限制,实现猴头菇的全年稳定生产与供应。内容详尽阐述了该温室系统的结构设计、工作原理及其在反季节栽培实践中的具体应用策略。在模拟猴头菇应季生长环境的反季节条件下,系统评估了猴头菇的生长环境条件、产品品质特性及最终产量,结果显示,所设计的温室系统能准确模拟猴头菇自然生长所需的生态条件,确保其在非自然生长季节内仍可生长。最终收获的猴头菇产品综合合格率高达95.5%,充分验证了反季节栽培技术的科学性与可行性。

组培和大棚培育下肇庆地区金线莲总黄酮含量分析

基于乙醇提取法和正交试验分析组织培养和大棚培育2种种植方式下肇庆金线莲总黄酮提取工艺,比较不同生长周期下金线莲总黄酮的含量变化。采用乙醇提取法,考察乙醇浓度、液料比和提取温度对不同种植方式金线莲总黄酮得率的影响。随后通过正交试验进行分析最优的提取工艺,验证后使用此条件测定不同月龄金线莲总黄酮含量。金线莲总黄酮最优组合为料液比1∶30 g/mL、水浴温度70℃、乙醇浓度80%,验证试验总黄酮得率为1.926%(RSD=1.11%,R2=0.992)。金线莲总黄酮含量与月龄有关,随着月龄的增加,2种种植方式的金线莲总黄酮含量逐渐上升,7月龄时达到最高值。优化的乙醇提取工艺可在不同种植方式下的肇庆金线莲中稳定萃取总黄酮,并在7月龄时达到最大值,为金线莲活性成分分析和总黄酮质量评价提供参考。