Effects of Different Grinding Methods on the Quality of Soybean Bean Milk

[Objectives] This study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of soybean milk, enrich the variety and taste of soybean milk, and find healthy food that is more conducive to people s nutritional needs. [Methods] Whole soybean milk was prepared by grinding with a grinding wheel at a low concentration (low-concentration grinding) and a stainless steel mill at a high concentration (high-concentration grinding). The sensory, physical and chemical characteristics and anti-nutritional factors of whole soybean milk produced by different grinding methods were studied. [Results] Compared with low-concentration grinding, the protein content in soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding increased by 24%, and the dietary fiber content increased by 74.7%. Before and after high-pressure homogenization, the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding was 212.1 and 93.59 μm, respectively, and the particle size D(4, 3) of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding was 134.0 and 64.64 μm, respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content of soybean milk prepared by high-concentration grinding were significantly lower than those of soybean milk prepared by low-concentration grinding. [Conclusions] This study improves the diet structure of the broad masses of people, strengthens people s physique, and provides a new idea for the implementation and development of China s "Soybean Action Programme".

Study of corn kernel breakage susceptibility as a function of its moisture content by using a laboratory grinding method

The rate of corn kernel breakage in the grain combine harvesters is a crucial factor affecting the quality of the grain shelled in the field. The objective of the present study was to determine the susceptibility of corn kernels to breakage based on the kernel moisture content in order to determine the moisture content that corresponds to the lowest rate of breakage.In addition, we evaluated the resistance to breakage of various corn cultivars. A total of 17 different corn cultivars were planted at two different sowing dates at the Beibuchang Experiment Station, Beijing and the Xinxiang Experiment Station(Henan Province) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The corn kernel moisture content was systematically monitored and recorded over time, and the breakage rate was measured by using the grinding method. The results for all grain samples from the two experimental stations revealed that the breakage rate y is quadratic in moisture content x,y=0.0796 x^(2)-3.3929 x+78.779;R^(2)0=0.2646, n=512. By fitting to the regression equation, a minimum corn kernel breakage rate of 42.62% was obtained, corresponding to a corn kernel moisture content of 21.31%. Furthermore, in the 90% confidence interval, the corn kernel moisture ranging from 19.7 to 22.3% led to the lowest kernel breakage rate, which was consistent with the corn kernel moisture content allowing the lowest breakage rate of corn kernels shelled in the field with combine grain harvesters. Using the lowest breakage rate as the critical point, the correlation between breakage rate and moisture content was significantly negative for low moisture content but positive for high moisture content. The slope and correlation coefficient of the linear regression equation indicated that high moisture content led to greater sensitivity and correlation between grain breakage and moisture content. At the Beibuchang Experiment Station, the corn cultivars resistant to breakage were Zhengdan 958(ZD958) and Fengken 139(FK139), and the corn cultivars non-resistant to breakage were Lianchuang 825(LC825), Jidan 66(JD66), Lidan 295(LD295), and Jingnongke 728(JNK728). At the Xinxiang Experiment Station, the corn cultivars resistant to breakage were HT1, ZD958 and FK139, and the corn cultivars non-resistant to breakage were ZY8911, DK653 and JNK728. Thus, the breakage classifications of the six corn cultivars were consistent between the two experimental stations. In conclusion, the results suggested that the high stability of the grinding method allowed it to be used to determine the corn kernel breakage rates of different corn cultivars as a function of moisture content, thus facilitating the breeding and screening of breakage-resistant corn.

Effect of grinding methods and packaging materials on fenugreek and black pepper powder quality and quantity under normal storage conditions

The effects of different grinding methods and packaging materials on qualities of fenugreek and black pepper powders were evaluated.Various parameters and their evaluation methods are as follows:change in colour determined using Chroma meter calorimeter,aroma and odour measured by sensory evaluation,and change in moisture measured using oven drying method.Packaging materials such as glass jar,steel jar,plastic jar,aluminum bag and poly bags were used for keeping ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek and black pepper powders.Packed powders were stored in dry and cool places under ambient condition.Sensory evaluation revealed quality reduction in terms of colour,odour,flavour,aroma and acceptability for fenugreek and black pepper powder stored for a long term(6 months).However,glass jar and steel jar were found to be better containers for storing powders for longer storage period than other options.For practical applications,the present investigation on the deterioration behaviour of fenugreek and black pepper powder contributes to the design of a suitable grinder out of ball,hammer,rotor,and pin mill for spice grinding.The study also helps select a suitable packaging material or container to store spice powders.A method to assess the quality of stored powder and its deterioration with the storage time is provided.

Effectuate Application of Optimum Methods in Grinding Process

Random error of grinding process is central factor th at give an effect on grinding quality all through. Optimum methods are usually a pplied on grinding process for higher productivity and preferable grinding quali ty. But the grinding quality can’t be reliably controlled now and then while opt imal solution of grinding processing parameters have been applied in production, because of two involved aspects which are availability of established empirical formulas and reliability of setting up optimum mathematical model. That is to s ay, there is particular application of optimum methods in grinding process. This paper discussed that how to confirm conditions of grinding test which be po int to grinding peculiarity when test design and regression analysis are used to setting up some empirical formulas. In order to reduce effect of random errors on precision of the empirical formulas and enable them to be applied widely, a m ethod that a lot of random error can be sufficiently contained in grinding test was suggested. And then, A means to ameliorate restriction formulas of grinding quality is expounded based on marked level of the empirical formulas and improve d reliability of optimum mathematical model is given, which offer an effectual w ay for solving grinding quality out of control as a result of random error and w orkable optimal solution of grinding processing parameters can be applied in the production really. Finally, an example is presented.

Influence of Mechanical Grinding on the Interface Characteristics of Rice/Wheat Straws

The mechanical grinding method was used to make rice and wheat straw flakes and the properties of the interface of straws before and after grinding were evaluated. The particle boards were prepared using two kinds of straw flakes, respectively and their physical and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the rice straw was easier to be broken when compared with wheat straw and the inner surface of cells in grinded straws was exposed remarkably. The characteristic peaks of lignin and cellulose on the surface of wheat straw were more significant than rice straw. The free-radical concentrations of straws were increased dramatically after being grinded with heating in the range from I00 ~C to 200 ~C. The surface free energy of straws was also improved after being grinded and the value in wheat straw was higher than that of rice straw, which implies that wheat straw was easier to be bonded than rice straw. The physical and mechanical properties of two kinds of straw particle boards could achieve the requirements of Chinese National Standards of GB 4897.3-2003, while wheat straw particle boards had better properties than those made from rice straws.

Preparation of Ag3PO4/AgBr Hybrids Using a Facile Grinding Method and Their Applications as Photocatalysts

Highly efficient visible-light-induced Ag3PO4/AgBr hybrids were prepared via a facile and effective grinding method. The synthetic route was simply achieved through the grinding of Ag3PO4 with NaBr in an agate mortar at room temperature. During the grinding process, the mechanochemical effect induced the solid-state reaction of Ag3PO4 and NaBr to form AgBr nanoparticles on the surface of the Ag3PO4 particles. After calcination and washing, Ag3POdAgBr hybrids were obtained. The AgBr shells prevented photocorrosion and improved the structural stability in water. Interestingly, the compositions, morphologies and optical absorption properties of the Ag3PO4/AgBr hybrids could be fmely controlled by adjusting the NaBr content and grinding time. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were investigated in terms of the degradation of rhodamine B（RhB） under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activities of the Ag3POn/AgBr hybrids were much improved compared to those of of Ag3PO4 or AgBr individually. Under visible light irradiation for 1 h, the Ag3PO4/AgBr hybrids exhibited a 66.8%-76.8% increase in photocatalytic efficiency compared to pure Ag3PO4.

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two Cyano-bridged Bimetallic Complexes [Ln(DMSO)_2(H_2O)(μ-CN)_4Fe(CN)_2] (Ln = Ce and Eu, DMSO = Dimethylsulfoxide) with Layered Structure

Two new bimetallic cyano-bridged complexes [Ln（DMSO）2（H2O）（μ-CN）4Fe（CN）2] （Ln = Ce 1, Eu 2） have been prepared by the grinding reaction method and structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. Crystallographic data for 1： C10H14CeFeN6O3S2, Mr = 526.36, monoclinic, P2/n, a = 7.852（4）, b = 10.729（5）, c = 11.181（5）A,β = 96.992（8）°, V = 935.0（7） A^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.870 g/cm^3,/1 = 3.421 mm^-1, F（000） = 512, R = 0.0363 and wR = 0.0971; and those for 2： C10H14EuFeN6O3S2, Mr = 538.20, monoclinic, P21n, a = 7.739（5）, b = 10.668（7）, c = 11.008（7） A,β = 96.943（3）°, V = 902.1（11） A^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.981 g/cm^3,/1 = 4.499 mm^-1, F（000） = 522, R = 0.0345 and wR = 0.0855. In each complex the lanthanide ion is seven-coordinated in a pentagonal bipyramidal arrangement, and the Fe（Ⅲ） ion is in a nearly regular octahedral environment. The title complexes can be described as two- dimensional （2-D） stair-like structures, which are further connected by hydrogen bonds to form three-dimensional （3-D） frameworks.

Evolution of copper species during heat treatment and its effect on CO oxidation reaction on CuCeZrO_(y) catalyst synthesized by a facile solvent-free route

Several ternary oxides CuCeZrO_(y)(CCZ)were synthesized by a facile grinding method followed by calcination at high temperatures,and used as catalysts for CO oxidation at low temperatures.The influences of calcination temperature(400-600℃)on the physicochemical properties of the assynthesized ternary oxides were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry(TGA/DSC),X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Raman,inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),N_(2) adsorption,H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(H_(2)-TPR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)characterizations.The results show that the increase in calcination temperature from 400 to 500℃is conducive to the high dispersion of CuOx on catalyst surface and the incorporation of Cu species into the support to form the Cu-Ce-Zr-O solid solution.Further raising of calcination temperature from 500 to 600℃,however,leads to the segregation of Cu species from the solid solution to aggregate on support surface and growth of highly dispersed CuOx nanoparticles.The highest catalytic activity is acquired over the CCZ calcined at 500℃,which can be ascribed to the largest contents of Cu+species and oxygen vacancies owing to the formation of the maximum amount of Cu-Ce-Zr-O solid solution.