Fast identification of mural pigments at Mogao Grottoes using a LIBS-based spectral matching algorithm

To quickly identify the mineral pigments in the Dunhuang murals,a spectral matching algorithm(SMA)based on four methods was combined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)for the first time.The optimal range of LIBS spectrum for mineral pigments was determined using the similarity value between two different types of samples of the same pigment.A mineral pigment LIBS database was established by comparing the spectral similarities of tablets and simulated samples,and this database was successfully used to identify unknown pigments on tablet,simulated,and real mural debris samples.The results show that the SMA method coupled with the LIBS technique has great potential for identifying mineral pigments.

Research on Restoration of Murals Based on Diffusion Model and Transformer

Due to the limitations of a priori knowledge and convolution operation,the existing image restoration techniques cannot be directly applied to the cultural relics mural restoration,in order to more accurately restore the original appearance of the cultural relics mural images,an image restoration based on the denoising diffusion probability model(Denoising Diffusion Probability Model(DDPM))and the Transformer method.The process involves two steps:in the first step,the damaged mural image is firstly utilized as the condition to generate the noise image,using the time,condition and noise image patch as the inputs to the noise prediction network,capturing the global dependencies in the input sequence through the multi-attentionmechanismof the input sequence and feedforward neural network processing,and designing a long skip connection between the shallow and deep layers in the Transformer blocks between the shallow and deep layers using long skip connections to fuse the feature information of global and local outputs to maintain the overall consistency of the restoration results;In the second step,taking the noisy image as a condition to direct the diffusion model to back sample to generate the restored image.Experiment results show that the PSNR and SSIM of the proposedmethod are improved by 2%to 9%and 1%to 3.3%,respectively,which are compared to the comparison methods.This study proposed synthesizes the advantages of the diffusionmodel and deep learningmodel to make themural restoration results more accurate.

Mural Anomaly Region Detection Algorithm Based on Hyperspectral Multiscale Residual Attention Network

Mural paintings hold significant historical information and possess substantial artistic and cultural value.However,murals are inevitably damaged by natural environmental factors such as wind and sunlight,as well as by human activities.For this reason,the study of damaged areas is crucial for mural restoration.These damaged regions differ significantly from undamaged areas and can be considered abnormal targets.Traditional manual visual processing lacks strong characterization capabilities and is prone to omissions and false detections.Hyperspectral imaging can reflect the material properties more effectively than visual characterization methods.Thus,this study employs hyperspectral imaging to obtain mural information and proposes a mural anomaly detection algorithm based on a hyperspectral multi-scale residual attention network(HM-MRANet).The innovations of this paper include:(1)Constructing mural painting hyperspectral datasets.(2)Proposing a multi-scale residual spectral-spatial feature extraction module based on a 3D CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks)network to better capture multiscale information and improve performance on small-sample hyperspectral datasets.(3)Proposing the Enhanced Residual Attention Module(ERAM)to address the feature redundancy problem,enhance the network’s feature discrimination ability,and further improve abnormal area detection accuracy.The experimental results show that the AUC(Area Under Curve),Specificity,and Accuracy of this paper’s algorithm reach 85.42%,88.84%,and 87.65%,respectively,on this dataset.These results represent improvements of 3.07%,1.11%and 2.68%compared to the SSRN algorithm,demonstrating the effectiveness of this method for mural anomaly detection.

The Implantation and Transmission of Plague Culture by the Five Plague Gods in Shuilu Murals

The Five Plague Gods(五瘟神) in the Shuilu(水陆) murals from the Ming and Qing dynasties exemplify a distinctive manifestation of plague gods image developed under the pedigree of Taoist gods.As a significant system for expelling disasters in Shuilu,the depiction of the Five Plague Gods prominently merges human beings and livestock.This shape form to a large extent,draws on the image of Nuo(傩),a figure reflecting an imagination of the host of plague pathogens.In terms of the numbers of gods,it aligns with the conceptual framework of Wu Xing(五行 the five elements),a foundational principle in traditional Chinese medicine.The internal cultural connection highlights the means of plague prevention and control in China,as well as the external reflection of plague culture.Through multi-dimensional interpretations with the double proof method,this article dissects the formation,core elements,and cultural characteristics of the beliefs in the Five Plague Gods reflected in the Shuilu murals,and transcends mere visual semantics,offering a deeper understanding of these complex cultural symbols.

A Study on Honeysuckle Pattern in Yungang Grottoes From the Perspective of Semiotics

Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty and took root in China,integrating with local culture.The classic pattern of honeysuckle in Buddhism,as a type of border decoration,was also introduced to China with the eastward advancement of Buddhism.This article aims to conduct a semiotic study on the patterns of honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes.Firstly,the concept of honeysuckle patterns was explained,and typical honeysuckle patterns that appeared in the Yungang Grottoes were systematically organized and classified.Then,with the help of semiotic principles,the production of symbols for honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes was analyzed from a semiotic perspective.Based on this,the semiotic characteristics of honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes and their signifier and referent systems were analyzed in depth.Finally,the shape and connotation of honeysuckle patterns in their evolution and development were summarized.The honeysuckle pattern occupies an important position in the history of traditional patterns in China,so the honeysuckle pattern in Yungang Grottoes,as a decorative theme,not only has important research significance,but its semiotic value is also worth exploring and studying.

Exploration of the Inheritance and Innovation Carrier of National Culture in the Teaching Model of Art Design Major in Higher Vocational Colleges:Integrating Lijiang Baisha Murals into Higher Vocational Art Design Curriculum System

This study aims to further promote the inheritance and innovative development of intangible cultural heritage in Yunnan Province,promote the protection,inheritance,integration,and innovation of ethnic culture in Lijiang,strengthen the protection and inheritance of Baisha murals in Lijiang,and change the teaching of art design majors in vocational colleges in Yunnan.Given the lack of traditional Chinese culture and local ethnic culture,this article focuses on the teaching of art design majors in Yunnan vocational colleges.It explores the construction model of the cultural inheritance and innovation carrier of Lijiang Baisha murals to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of the local people,and efforts will be made to promote the high-quality development of the Baisha ethnic area in Lijiang.

Application of STEEP and Interpretive Structural Modeling in the Design Imagery of Taiwan Public Ceramic Relief Murals

Ceramic relief mural is a contemporary landscape art that is carefully designed based on human nature,culture,and architectural wall space,combined with social customs,visual sensibility,and art.It may also become the main axis of ceramic art in the future.Taiwan public ceramic relief murals(PCRM)are most distinctive with the PCRM pioneered by Pan-Hsiung Chu of Meinong Kiln in 1987.In addition to breaking through the limitations of traditional public ceramic murals,Chu leveraged local culture and sensibility.The theme of art gives PCRM its unique style and innovative value throughout the Taiwan region.This study mainly analyzes and understands the design image of public ceramic murals,taking Taiwan PCRM’s design and creation as the scope,and applies STEEP analysis,that is,the social,technological,economic,ecological,and political-legal environments are analyzed as core factors;eight main important factors in the artistic design image of ceramic murals are evaluated.Then,interpretive structural modeling(ISM)is used to establish five levels,analyze the four main problems in the main core factor area and the four main target results in the affected factor area;and analyze the problem points and target points as well as their causal relationships.It is expected to sort out the relationship between these factors,obtain the hierarchical relationship of each factor,and provide a reference basis and research methods.

Improvement of in vitro Cytoplasmic Maturation of Denuded Porcine Oocytes by Coculture with Follicular Mural Granulosa Cells

[Objective] This study aimed to improve the in vitro maturation quality of denuded porcine oocytes and provide scientific basis for establishing a stable and efficient denuded oocyte culture system. [Method] The first polar body extrusion rate, oocyte glutathione （GSH） content, positive rate of brilliant cresyl blue （BCB） staining and development potential of activated oocytes or fertilized oocytes were employed as main indicators to investigate the effects of follicular mural granulosa cell （MGC） coculture on cytoplasmic maturation of cumulus cell-removal oocytes （Denuded Oocyte, DO）. [Result] According to in vitro maturation results, compared with DO group, the first polar body extrusion rate of porcine oocytes in DO＋MGC group was not significantly different, but the nuclear maturation process was improved and was more similar to that in COC （cumulus-oocyte complex） group. Detection of GSH content in mature oocytes showed that there was no significant difference between DO＋ MGC group （optical density of 1 053.67） and COC group （optical density of 1 426.00） or between DO＋MGC group and COC＋GC group （optical density of 1 541.00）, however, GSH content in mature oocytes of DO group （optical density of 724.67） was significantly lower than that of COC group and COC＋GC group （P0.05）. Detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G6PDH） activity showed that there was no significant difference in BCB positive oocyte rate between DO ＋MGC group （88.26% ） and COC group （92.75%） or between DO＋MGC group and DO group （82.86% ）, however, BCB positive oocyte rate of DO group was significantly lower than that of COC group （P0.05）. Furthermore, the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate of activated mature oocytes derived from DO ＋MGC group （94.98% and 43.67% , respectively） were significantly higher than those from DO group （52.54% and 8.97%, respectively） （P0.05）, and were not significantly different compared with those from COC group （97.11% and 38.30%, respectively）. In addition, the cleavage rate of fertilized oocytes derived from DO＋MGC group （72.65%） showed no significant difference compared with that from DO group （63.59%）, but the blastocyst rate of DO＋MGC group was significantly higher than that of DO group （9.88%） （P0.05）. [Conclusion] MGC coculture can significantly improve the in vitro cytoplasmic maturation quality of denuded porcine oocytes, thereby enhancing the subsequent developmental potential.

Overall efficiency of a V-shaped nylon net fence in preventing sand damage to the Mogao Grottoes

A V-shaped nylon net fence installed in 1990 on top of the Mogao Grottoes is shown to be effectively resisting aeolian sand damage to the grottoes. The structure guides and causes deposition of sand from westerly wind （the primary hard wind）, but to some extent hinders the inverse function of easterly wind carrying sand away from the grottoes toward Mount Mingsha. The gobi side by the fence experiences higher wind speed, so that on which are easily formed undercutting pits, and the deposited sands on it generally form double-peak structures due to abundant sand sources. If the earth surface characteristics in gobi areas by both sides of the fence are quite varied, the erosion and deposition features of the accumulating sand section are similar in different seasons; however, if the earth surface characteristics are similar, the features become irregular in different seasons. Sand depositions with long slope feet are formed along the south and north sides of V-shaped nylon net fence. Disrupted by strong westerly wind and northwesterly wind, sand accumulations by north of the fence are in form of single peaks. Although the operation duration of the V-shaped nylon net fence has exceeded its design life （10 years）, our observations indicate that it is still effective in reducing wind-driven sand damages to the Mogao Grottoes, so it should not be withdrawn.

Concentrations,sources,and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,a world heritage site in China

Atmospheric particle pollution is one of the major factors leading to degradation of ancient wall paintings,particularly heritage sites in arid and semi-arid regions.However,current systematic research on the changes,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particulate matter and its water-soluble ion concentrations is not sufficient.Thus,the major water-soluble ion concentrations,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particles PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter≤2.5 and 10.0μm,respectively,in ambient air)were collected from Cave 16 and its ambient exterior environment in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China,between April 2015 and March 2016.Results showed that the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) inside and outside the cave were the highest in March 2016 and the lowest in December 2015.The higher particle concentration from March to May was related to the frequent occurrence of sand and dust events,and the lower particle concentration from June to September was associated with good diffusion conditions,increased precipitation,and an established cave shelterbelt.The concentration of particulate matter inside the cave was affected by the concentration of particles in the air outside the cave.Ca2+,NH+4,Na+,Cl-,and SO2-4were the main components of the total ions of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) both inside and outside the cave.The total ions inside the cave were frequently affected by the disturbance of tourists'activities during the peak tourist season from May to August.Under the influence of dust,the total concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,NH+4,and Ca2+in particles of different sizes inside and outside the cave increased,and the concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,and Ca2+decreased during precipitation period.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that the pollutants were mainly from Xinjiang,China.The pollutant sources of air particulates are straw burning,secondary pollution sources,soil dust,dry spring rivers,and tourist activities.

Mural Defects Detection with Enhanced Terahertz Images

In mausoleum murals, existing bubbles are one kind of the most harmful defects for the repair and protection of relics. For this reason, it is necessary to detect bubbles, especially the ones with small size. A method to detect the small bubbles with enhanced terahertz （THz） images is proposed. To simulate the bubbles in the mausoleum murals, circular grooves have been hidden in the plaster and then measured by the THz reflected time domain spectroscopy imaging system. To observe the small bubbles in murals, a comprehensive enhancement algorithm is adopted to process the obtained THz images. With the enhanced method, the circular grooves in the murals can be observed clearly, even for the circular groove with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The results indicate that the proposed comprehensive method can be used to detect the tiny defects of murals.

Grottoes Discovered in Tibet

ChinesearchaeologistShavediscoveredZI^sinZandaCOUnty,NgedOfTibet.Scatteredover3,onsquarekilometers,theyaretheremainsOfananciotkingdom.Grottoes Discovered in Tibet...

Original State of Grotto Eaves of the Daxiang Mountain Grottoes of Gangu County

Located in the east of Gansu Province, Gangu County in Tianshui City is the only way that people went to the Central Plains from the western regions in ancient times, and it's also an important node of the Grotto Culture Corridor of the Silk Road. Daxiang Mountain Giant Buddha Grottoes is the landmark of Gangu County. The giant Buddha statue stands among cliffs 200 meters high above the ground, and it is the second largest stone-base clay-sculpture Buddha in China. After going through thousands of years, the Giant Buddha Grottoes needs effective and scientific protection. This article was originated from the actual project—The Research on the Construction Technology of Wooden-structure Grotto Eaves in the Daxiang Mountain. This article f inished the rebuilding plan for the Buddha Grotto Eaves on the basis of analyzing historical documents, hole traces, morphological evolution and image demonstration.

Research on Relationships between the Pigment of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Frescoes and Ecological Microorganism

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is one of the largest art treasures in the world.She has a large number of murals,sculptures,beautiful and vivid;There are precious Buddhist scriptures,documents,noble and elegant.Spanning more than 1,600 years,the Mogao Grottoes show the world the extensive and profound Chinese culture with a long history.But over time,the murals in the Mogao Grottoes have also changed a lot.Thousands of years of wind and rain erosion,changes in the surrounding environment,and the influence of various biological communities have caused serious color changes and fading of murals in Mogao Grottoes.To slow down the color change of Dunhuang frescoes,protection measures should be taken from the perspective of ecological microorganisms.At present,Cladosporium,Planococcus,Phoma,Chaetomium,and other strains have caused serious discoloration or discoloration of murals to a certain extent.This paper studies the main color of Dunhuang frescoes,red,and summarizes the discoloration factors and mechanism of red lead.On this level,one should try to keep the murals and control the indoor temperature.Humidity,people,and other factors slow the fading of the murals.But these are often insufficient to protect the integrity of the murals,so we have conducted a review of the literature to provide an updated overview of the available evidence on the subject.

A Research Based on Hemodynamic Model for Heart-Mural Coronary Artery-Myocardial Bridge

An experimental model for heart-mural coronary artery-myocardial bridge was established based on the theory of hemodynamics. The application of the model demonstrated that it can repeat to great extent the phenomenon of myocardial bridge compressing mural coronary artery that results in abnormal hemodynamic characteristic. The in vitro simulation experiment indicates that the anomaly of normal stress, circumferential stress and wall shear stress mainly occurs in the proximal end. As the oppression level increases, the mean proximal stress and the oscillatory value (maximum-minimum) increase obviously. The experimental model for heart-mural coronary artery-myocardial bridge provides a method to study relationship between myocardial bridge and atherosclerosis.

Ovarian mucinous tumor with mural nodules of anaplastic carcinoma:Three case reports

BACKGROUND Anaplastic carcinoma mural nodules in ovarian mucinous tumors are very rare.This study aimed to report the morphological characteristics,molecular detection results,clinical treatment and prognosis of three ovarian mucinous tumors with mural nodules of anaplastic carcinoma.CASE SUMMARY The pathomorphological features,molecular detection results,clinical treatment and prognosis of anaplastic carcinoma mural nodules were described in three cases.In case 1,sarcoma-like mural nodules(SLMNs)coexisted with anaplastic carcinoma mural nodules.No mutation was found in mucinous tumors.KRAS mutation was found in anaplastic carcinoma nodules and heterotypic cells were found in SLMNs.In case 2,KRAS mutation occurred in the mucinous epithelium and BRAF mutation occurred in mural nodules.In case 3,both mural nodules and mucinous tumors had the same KRAS mutation and a morphological transition between them was observed.All three patients died within 2 years,whether receiving chemotherapy or not.CONCLUSION Anaplastic carcinoma mural nodules may develop from dedifferentiation of mucinous tumors or are unrelated to mucinous tumors.

Motility index measured by magnetic resonance enterography is associated with sex and mural thickness

BACKGROUND Recently,a technique has been developed to use magnetic resonance enterography(MRE)for the evaluation of small bowel motility.The hypothesis was that assessment of the motility index(MI)should reflect differences in motility between clinical conditions.AIM To aim of the present observational,cross-sectional study was to evaluate the use of the MI in daily clinical practice.METHODS All consecutive patients aged 18-70 years who were referred for MRE at the Department of Radiology during a 2-year period were asked to participate.Healthy volunteers were included as controls.MRE was prepared and conducted in accordance with clinical routines.On the day of examination,all the participants had to complete the visual analog scale for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)and IBS-symptom severity scale.Maps of MI were calculated from dynamic MR images.ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in MI between groups,classified as healthy,Crohn’s disease,ulcerative colitis,IBS,other assorted disorders and dysmotility.Logistic and linear regression were applied to the MI values.All medical records were scrutinized for medical history.RESULTS In all,224 examinations were included(inclusion prevalence 76.3%),with 22 controls and 202 patients.There was a significant difference in the MI of the jejunum(P=0.021)and terminal ileum(P=0.007)between the different groups.The MI was inversely associated with the mural thickness of the terminal ileum in men(P<0.001)and women(P=0.063)after adjustments,and tended to be lower in men than in women(P=0.056).Subjectively observed reduction of motility on MRI was accomplished by reduced MI of terminal ileum in men(P<0.001)and women(P=0.030).In women,diarrhea was inversely associated with the MI of the jejunum(P=0.029),and constipation was positively associated with the MI of the terminal ileum(P=0.039).CONCLUSION Although MIs differ across diseases,a lower MI of the terminal ileum is mainly associated with male sex and an increased mural thickness.Symptoms are weakly associated with the MI.

Redrawing Frescoes of Dunhuang Grottoes and Their Application in Costume History Research

This paper explores the relationship between costume history research and the redrawing of frescoes of Dunhnang Grottoes. Redrawing frescoes could provide evidences for costume history research, and the research can correspondingly help the rodrawing. Redrawing frescoes, for the purpose of costume history study, must comply with some specific rules, which are different from those of other studies. The present study also discusses the methods to distinguish, the original fresco colors that have faded or changed after more than one thousand years.

Thousand-year-old Mural:"Return" and"Rebirth"

A mural show has been at the forefront of public attention recently. The 4tThousand-year-old Mural, CenturyVicissitudes—Ancient Mural & Mural Rarities Overseas Represented and Show" closed at The China Millennium Monument and then came to Art Museum of Nanjing University of the Arts. A total of more than 80 pieces of elaborate mural rarities lost to overseas were presented in a copy as big as they once were. These creations once belonged to Xinjiang, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan etc., they are now "coming back to China" after copied so that Chinese people can see these rarities without going overseas.

“象”与“意”:云冈石窟武术造像整理与研究

云冈石窟是我国古代佛教石窟造像的杰出代表,是中华民族的文化宝库,不仅在历史、宗教、艺术等方面具有重要的意义,在体育方面也有独特的内涵,具有极高的研究价值。文章从过往研究较少涉及的武术文史视角出发,运用文献资料法、实地调查法、图像分析法、三重证据法等研究方法对云冈石窟中的武术造像进行研究,对其数量、题材、布局、美学形态、文化意象进行全方位地梳理、归纳和探索。研究表明:云冈石窟共有163幅武术造像,涉及射箭、拳技、力士托举、持械四种项目,其宏观布局与微观动作等外在之“象”,以直观的和不可替代的方式印证了北魏时期中华武艺的历史演进,呈现出佛武合一下的东方硕武之美以及南北朝时代特有的胡汉民族融合之“意”。