Spectral purification improves monitoring accuracy of the comprehensive growth evaluation index for film-mulched winter wheat

In order to further improve the utility of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote-sensing for quickly and accurately monitoring the growth of winter wheat under film mulching, this study examined the treatments of ridge mulching,ridge–furrow full mulching, and flat cropping full mulching in winter wheat.Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method, four agronomic parameters (leaf area index, above-ground biomass, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content) were used to calculate the comprehensive growth evaluation index (CGEI) of the winter wheat, and 14 visible and near-infrared spectral indices were calculated using spectral purification technology to process the remote-sensing image data of winter wheat obtained by multispectral UAV.Four machine learning algorithms, partial least squares, support vector machines, random forests, and artificial neural network networks(ANN), were used to build the winter wheat growth monitoring model under film mulching, and accuracy evaluation and mapping of the spatial and temporal distribution of winter wheat growth status were carried out.The results showed that the CGEI of winter wheat under film mulching constructed using the FCE method could objectively and comprehensively evaluate the crop growth status.The accuracy of remote-sensing inversion of the CGEI based on the ANN model was higher than for the individual agronomic parameters, with a coefficient of determination of 0.75,a root mean square error of 8.40, and a mean absolute value error of 6.53.Spectral purification could eliminate the interference of background effects caused by mulching and soil, effectively improving the accuracy of the remotesensing inversion of winter wheat under film mulching, with the best inversion effect achieved on the ridge–furrow full mulching area after spectral purification.The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the use of UAV remote-sensing to monitor the growth status of winter wheat with film mulching.

Microstructure evolution and grain growth behavior of Ti14 alloy during semi-solid isothermal process

Microstructure evolution of Ti14 （α＋Ti2Cu） alloy during semi-solid isothermal process at different temperatures was investigated. The results reveal that both the temperature and holding time have effect on the grain growth behavior. The grains grow obviously and the degree of globularity increases with the increase of holding time. According to the statistic analysis of experimental data, the grain growth indices are 0.88 and 0.97 at 1 000 ℃ and 1 050 ℃, respectively, which indicates that increasing isothermal temperature would accelerate microstructural evolution.

Low Root Zone Temperature Limits Nutrient Effects on Cucumber Seedling Growth and Induces Adversity Physiological Response

Effects of root-zone temperatures （RZT） （12℃-RZT and 20℃-RZT） and different N, P, and K nutrient regimes on the growth, reactive oxygen species （ROS）, and antioxidant enzyme in cucumber seedlings were investigated in hydroponics. Strong interactions were observed between RZT and nutrient on the dry weight （P=0.001）, root length （P=0.001） and leaf area （P=0.05）. Plant dry weights were suppressed at low RZT of 12℃, while higher biomass and growth of cucumber seedlings were produced at elevated RZT of 20℃ under each nutrient treatment. Growth indexes （plant height, internode length, root length, and leaf area） at 12℃-RZT had less difference among nutrient treatments, but greater response was obtained for different nutrients at high RZT. RZT had larger effects （P=0.001） on cucumber seedling growth than nutrients. In addition, N was more effective nutrients to plant growth than P and K under low root temperature to plant growth. Higher hydrogen peroxide （H202）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, soluble sugar （SS） contents in leaves were observed at 12℃-RZT in all nutrient treatments than those at 20℃-RZT, indicating the chilling adversity damaged to plant growth. In general, antioxidant enzyme had larger response under low root-zone temperature. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities were higher in both leaves and roots while peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） showed large different action in leaves and roots at both the two root-zone temperature.

FINITE RANGE SET WITH TRUNCATED MULTIPLICITY FOR MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS ON SOME COMPLEX DISC

In this paper,we consider the truncated multiplicity finite range set problem of meromorphic functions on some complex disc.By using the value distribution theory of meromorphic functions,we establish a second main theorem for meromorphic functions with finite growth index which share meromorphic functions(may not be small functions).As its application,we also extend the result of a finite range set with truncated multiplicity.

Effect of Saline-alkali Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Oat

Neutral black soil was mixed with strong saline-alkali soil in different weight ratios, then physiological indexes during seed germination and seedling growth in soil of different ratios and the corresponding leaching liquor treatments were observed to explore effect of saline-alkali stress on oat seed germination and seedling growth, and analyze tolerance of oat to saline-alkali soil. The results showed that germination ability of oat seeds reduced with the increasing saline-alkali stress, salt injury index increased and seedling growth was inhibited. Effect of different saline-alkali stresses on germination ability of oat seeds showed difference, and effect of leaching liquor treatment on oat seed germination was stronger than that of soil treatment.

Wheat growth, photosynthesis and physiological characteristics under different soil Zn levels

In recent years,heavy metal hazards in the soil have seriously affected agricultural production.This study aims to examine the effects of different levels of heavy metal Zn on the growth,photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of wheat,and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and control of heavy metal pollution in agricultural production.The field test method was used to explore the changes of wheat agronomic traits,photosynthetic capacity,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,spectral characteristic curve,active oxygen metabolism system,cell ultrastructure,and yield,under different Zn levels(0,250,500,750,and 1000 mg kg^(-1)).The results show that,low-level Zn treatments can effectively promote the synthesis of wheat chlorophyll,improve photosynthetic capacity,and increase yield.The yield of ZnL1(250 mg kg^(-1))was the highest in the two-year test,which increased by 20.4%in 2018 and 13.9%in 2019 compared with CK(0 mg kg^(-1)).However,a high Zn level had a significant stress effect on the photosystem of wheat.PIabs(reaction center performance index)and Fv/Fm(maximum photochemical efficiency)were significantly reduced,the active oxygen metabolism system was damaged,and the photosynthetic capacity was reduced,which in turn led to reduced yield.Among them,the yield of ZnL4(1000 mg kg^(-1))was the lowest in the two-year test,which was 28.1 and 16.4%lower than CK in 2018 and 2019,respectively.The green peak position of ZnL3 and ZnL4 had"red shift"to the long wave direction,while the red valley position of ZnL4 had"blue shift"to the short wave direction.Under ZnL4,some wheat leaf organelles began to decompose,vacuoles increased,cytoplasm decreased,cell walls thickened,chloroplast basal lamellae were disordered,and mitochondrial membranes disintegrated.Stepwise regression and Path analysis showed that Pn(net photosynthetic rate)played a leading role in the formation of yield.Redundancy(RDA)analysis showed that the optimal Zn level for wheat growth was about 250 mg kg^(-1),and wheat would be stressed when the soil Zn level exceeded 500 mg kg^(-1) in the test condition of this study.Findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of heavy metal(Zn)pollution in the soil.

Effects of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Protective Enzyme Activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5 kinds of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi( Acaulospora mellea,Glomus mosseae,Glomus versiforme,Glomus aggregatum,Glomus etunicatum) on the growth and protective enzyme activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. [Method] The growth indicators and protective enzymes activity of glycyrrhiza plants inoculated and uninoculated with fungi were compared. [Result] The plant height,basal diameter,main root length,aboveground fresh weight,underground fresh weight,aboveground dry weight and underground dry weight of the inoculated glycyrrhiza plants were increased significantly compared with those in the control( non-inoculation) group. In the inoculated glycyrrhiza plants,the growth index was significantly increased compared with that in the control group( P <0. 05); the activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD) and peroxidase( POD) increased first and then decreased; and the activity of catalase( CAT) showed a continuous rising trend. The effects of different inoculants on the growth of G. uralensis were significantly different.[Conclusion]G. etunicatum,G. mosseae and G. aggregatum had a significant effect on the growth of G. uralensis,and were superior to other fungi in resisting the adverse environment.

Growth Index Measurement and Family Type Classification of Acacia mearnsii Plantation

Growth indexes of 47 7-year-old progeny forests of Acacia mearnsii in Huangmian forest farm were measured. A. mearnsii plantation was managed for producing both tannin and timber, and considering the tannin yield and timber volume growth index, the family types fall into superior family type(the superior type), to-be superior type(the medium type), and preliminarily eliminated type(the elimination type). Eight superior families can be used for production, namely No.169, No.114, No.177, No.32, No.3, No.145, No.158 and No.134.

Effect of Fermented Plant Products on Alkaline-Saline Soil and the Growth of Alfalfa Seedlings

A pot experiment was conducted by putting ameliorants,the products of plants fermented by lactobacillus,and sandy soil into alkaline-saline soil. After such blending,the soil physicochemical properties and the growth index of Alfalfa seedlings were measured in order to explore the influence of the blending on alkaline-saline soil and the growth of alfalfa seedlings. The results showed that soil p H decreased significantly after adding ameliorant; mixing ameliorant and sandy soil into alkaline-saline soil reduced soil evaporation and increased the germination rate of alfalfa seeds and their chlorophyll content as well as the seedling height,root length of alfalfa seedlings,but it had no significant effect on alfalfa seedlings' biomass and leaf number; besides,excessive ameliorant would inhibit the growth of alfalfa seedlings.

Solid Culture of Lactarius deliciosus

The research explored the effects of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salt nutritional factors on Lactarius deliciosus hyphae as per solid culture. The optimal recipe of culture medium was selected by observing hypha density and computing the growth index, which is the most suitable for hypha growth. The results indicated that glucose and peptone were optimal carbon and nitrogen for Lactarius deliciosus;MgSO4, CuSO4 and VB2 promoted hypha growth; FeSO4 and CoCl2 had inhibition effects. The orthogonal test concluded the optimal recipe contained glucose of 20 g/L, peptone of 1 g/L, KH2PO4 of 0.3 g/L, MgSO4 of 0.3 g/L, VB2 of 2 mg/L, and agar of 20 g/L, with original pH value adopted. After optimization, growth index of hyphae cultured at 28 ℃ was 4 055.9.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grape Yinhong Seedlings to Short-term Weaklight Stress

The plant growth and physiological and biochemical responses of root and leaves of grape Yinhong seedlings to the weak lights of 20 000,16 000,12 000,8 000 lx and the normal illumination of 25 000 lx（CK） respectively,were investigated.There was no significant dfference in growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings between the light of 20 000 lx and CK,and the light of 16 000 lx and CK for 30 d.The chlorophyll contents,soluble protein contents,net photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency and protective enzyme（CAT,POD,SOD） activities in the leaves under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 30 d were all higher than those under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 1 d.Under the light of 8 000 lx for 30 d,the growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings were significantly lower than those of CK,and except for MDA content,most physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves were significantly lower than those under the light of 8 000 lx for 1 d.Under12 000 lx,the values of most growth indexes in root and leaves and physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves were between the 16 000 lx and 8 000 lx.In conclusion,Yinhong could grow under the lights above 16 000 lx,and would be stunted by the weak light below 8 000 lx.

Effects of temperature fluctuations on cuttlebone formation of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta

The morphological characteristics and the cuttlebone formation of Sepia esculenta exposed to different water temperature fluctuations were investigated under laboratory conditions. Temperature fluctuation cycles （15 cycles, 60 d in total） consisted of the following three regimes of 4 d duration： keeping water temperature in 26℃ for 3 d （Group A）, 2 d （Group B）, 0 d （Group C, control）; then keeping water temperature in 16℃ for the next 1, 2, 4 d. No significant difference in the survival rate was observed between the control and temperature fluctuation groups （P〉0.05）. Lamellar depositions in a temperature fluctuation cycle were 2.45±0.02 for Group A, 2.00±0.02 for Group B, and 1.78±0.02 for Group C （P〈0.05）. The relationship between age and number of lamellas in the cuttlebone of S. esculenta under each water temperature fluctuation could be described as the linear model and the number of lamellas in the cuttlebone did not correspond to actual age. Group A had the highest cuttlebone growth index （CGI）, the lowest locular index （LI）, and inter-streak distances comparing with those of control group. However, the number of lamellas and LI or CGI showed a quadratic relationship for each temperature fluctuation group. In addition, temperature fluctuations caused the breakage of cuttlebone dark rings, which was considered a thermal mark. The position of the breakage in the dark rings was random. This thermal mark can be used as supplementary information for marking and releasing techniques.

Effect of Copper Toxicity on Lymphoid Organs in Broilers

The experiment was conducted to examine the effect of copper toxicity on lymphoid organs by experimental pathology andflow cytometry (FCM). 180 one-day-old Avian broilers were divided into three groups, and fed diets as follows: 1) Control(Cu 11.97 mg kg-1 diet), 2) Cu- toxic groupⅠ(Cu 650 mg kg-1) and 3) Cu- toxic groupⅡ(Cu 850 mg kg-1) for six weeks.Compared with the control, the growth index of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were markedly reduced (P<0.05or P<0.01), the G0/G1 phase of cell cycles of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius was higher (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whilethe S phase and proliferating index were lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in both Cu-toxic group Ⅰ and Cu-toxic group Ⅱ. Theresults demonstrated that Cu toxicity seriously impaired the progression of lymphocytes from the G0/G1 phase to the Sphase, inhibited the growth and development of lymphoid organs.

Influence of form and quantity of chromium on the development and survival of two silkworm(Bombyx mori L.)races

Growth inhibitory activity has proven important in Qiufeng×Baiyu and Qingsong×Haoyue silkworm larvae. The consumption of mulberry leaves was reduced in both silkworm races while Qiufeng×Baiyu larvae showed the higher reduction in leaf consumption. From the results obtained, it was revealed that even at low concentrations of 400 mg/L of either Cr(Ⅲ) or Cr(Ⅵ) ions, growth of Qiufeng × Baiyu and Qingsong × Haoyue was significantly depressed. Depression in relative growth index(RGI) and high death rate in both silkworm races indicated that the different concentrations of the two ions used caused their growth inhibitions. Through linear regression analysis, the EC 50 (concentration of the compound that caused 50% reduction) was interpolated for both tested compounds. EC 50 (mg/L) of Cr (Ⅲ) ions in Qiufeng × Baiyu and Qingsong × Haoyue were 800 and 600 respectively. EC 50 (mg/L) of Cr(Ⅵ) ions in Qiufeng × Baiyu and Qingsong × Haoyue was 600 and 316 respectively. According to the analysis of relative growth index, and an analysis of linear regression technique for measuring the growth of the silkworm races, it was indicated that the form of Cr affected growth rates, growth inhibition responses of the larvae, and toxicological effects. Thus, form and quantity of Cr accumulating in silkworms reared with contaminated leaves are likely to influence their population dynamics.

The remote sensing composite information entropy and types of Nansha coral reef atolls

In the viempint that the coral reef atolls' growth index of the Nansha Islands is influenced by many factors, the measured remote sensing comopite information including some mutually related factors is divided into 10 geographic events as N1, N2 ..., N10, and the analysis of the atolls' information entropy is made. From the value of theentropy, the closed related factors with the index of the emerged atolls are shown. In proper order, the factors are reeftop's area(0. 319), lagoon's area(0. 324), open-degree of atoll(0. 336), trend of atoll(0. 551 ). On the basis of thiswork, a new description function of the emerged atoll growth index is proposed. This function can be used to identifythe open my of Nansha atoll growth.

The Analysis of Relationship between MSTN/Smad Signal Path and Turpan Black Sheep Meat Production

The research analyzed the expression and difference of MSTN/Smad signal path genes(MSTN, Smad2, Smad3,Smad4, TGFBR1, TGFBR2) in Turpan black sheep muscle tissue, as well as the correlation with some growth indices. Besides,the research used the fluorescence quantitative PCR technique to detect the expression level of MSTN, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4,TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 genes in m RNA of Turpan black sheep muscle. The research also used conventional and histological methods to determine the muscle growth and meat producibility indices, discussed the relationship between MSTN/Smad signal path and muscle growth and meat production. The result shows that these genes are expressed in Turpan black sheep muscle tissues, and have some relationship with body weight, height, length, chest circumference, hoof circumference, carcass and dressing percentage. The MSTN gene is negatively correlated with body weight(r = 0.993, P < 0.05), and hoof circumference(r= 0.957, p < 0.01), but has no significant correlation with body height, length, carcass weight, dressing percentages(P > 0.05);Smad2 gene shows significantly negative correlation the with dressing percentage(r = 0.918, p < 0.05), but no significant correlation with body weight, height, length, chest circumference, hoof circumference and carcass(P > 0.05); Smad3 gene shows no significant correlation with any of them(P > 0.05); Smad4, TGFBR1, TGFBR2 did not show any significant relationship with body height, length, chest circumference, weight and dressing percentage(P > 0.05).

Driving Mechanism of Urban Space Expansion in Luoyang, China

Urban space expansion is the result of the interaction between internal and external forces of the urban. Based on the remote sensing image data of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, and the social and economic development data, this paper analyzes the driving mechanism of the Luoyang space expansion characteristics and its correlation characteristics. By using urban land use efficiency index, urban expansion elastic index;urban allometric growth index, and grey correlation analysis in 4 times sections and 3 periods. The research results show that the urban space expansion of Luoyang mainly comes from the needs and support of economic development, the coordination between urban space expansion and population development is poor, and urban space expansion effectively attracts the inflow of external funds, and the settlement of migrants, drives the development of the tertiary industry, and increases the local revenue.

Regional growth model for summer maize based on a logistic model:Case study in China

The growing degree days(GDD)is an important factor for crop growth because it affects dry matter formation and crop yield.In this study,the universal logistic models were established employing GDD and the relative GDD(RGDD)as the main parameters to characterize summer maize growth indices such as plant height(H),leaf area index(LAI),and dry matter accumulation(DMA).The relationships were analyzed between the growth indices,harvest index(HI),water consumption,and yield in maize.By considering China as an example,the results showed that the logistic model performed well at simulating the changes in the summer maize growth indices in different regions and the universal model parameters were within specific ranges.Furthermore,the logistic model with RGDD as the independent variable was more suitable for modeling summer maize growth in large areas than GDD.The relationship between the maximum LAI and HI was described by a quadratic polynomial function.HI was optimal(0.53)when the maximum LAI was about 5.13.The maximum LAI,maximum H,and maximum DMA could be described by a quadratic polynomial function of water consumption during the growing season.The summer maize yield could be predicted with a binary quadratic equation using the maximum GDD and water consumption.This study confirmed that a logistic model can be used to establish a universal growth model for summer maize in large areas.Reasonable ranges of parameters were recommended for the logistic model,as well as the reasonable water consumption and each growth index value for summer maize.These results will be helpful for predicting the growth and yield of summer maize.