Water requirement pattern for tobacco and its response to water deficit in Guizhou Province

The water requirement pattern for tobacco（Yun 85） was identified based on analysis of data obtained from pot experiments in a canopy at the Xiuwen Irrigation Test Central Station in Guizhou Province, China. The results showed that the tobacco water requirement and the tobacco water requirement intensity throughout the growth period in pot experiments were significantly lower than those in field production. In pot experiments, the tobacco water requirement throughout the growth period ranged from 159.00 to 278.90 mm, with a reduction in the range of241e441 mm, as compared with that in field production. Also, the average water requirement intensity at the vigorous growing stage was1.97 mm/d, and the water requirement and water requirement module were 33.80e72.60 mm and 16.39%e33.09%, respectively, at the group stage, almost equal to their values at the vigorous growing stage. The patterns of the tobacco water requirement and water requirement module in pot experiments were different from those in field production. In pot experiments, the tobacco water requirement and water requirement module ranked the highest at the mature stage, followed by those at the group/vigorous growing and rejuvenation stages, while the water requirement intensity ranked the highest at the vigorous growing stage, followed by those at the mature, group, and rejuvenation stages. The pattern of the water requirement intensity in pot experiments was consistent with that in field production. In addition, the response of the tobacco water requirement to water deficit was also analyzed. Serious water deficit at the vigorous growing stage and continuous water stress at the group,vigorous growing, and mature stages can greatly influence the tobacco water requirement. Water deficit led to reductions in the water requirement and water requirement intensity at each growth stage. The vigorous growing stage exhibited the highest sensitivity to water deficit.The lower limit of moderate soil water stress at the vigorous growing stage was 65% of the field capacity. Results of this study can help to establish a reasonable irrigation schedule for tobacco production in Guizhou Province, China.

Quality Characteristics of Tobacco Leaves with Different Aromatic Styles from Guizhou Province,China

The relationships between chemical components and quality indexes were studied in the tobacco leaves with different aromatic styles. A total of 16 chemical components, 4 quality indexes, and 6 smoking quality indexes from 366 tobacco leaf samples with 4 different types of aroma from Guizhou Province, China, were subjected to principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis. The tobacco leaves with different types of aroma showed remarkable difference in the contents of chemical components, quality indexes, and smoking quality indexes. The first principal factors （carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds） of the chemical composition of the leaf were similar among different types of aroma, which showed that the quality of the leaf was mainly influenced by carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds and their ratios. The factors for the second through the seventh principal components varied largely among varioUs aromatic types, suggesting the contribution of other chemical components to the leaf quality. In addition, the smoking quality of four different aromatic leaves showed significant correlation with the different chemical components. The quality of tobacco leaves with different types of aroma was influenced by multiple factors, especially ecological conditions and culture techniques, which may provide guidance for directive cultivation of high-quality tobacco leaves.

黔西南州烤烟烟叶化学成分与外观质量、感官质量的相关性研究

为明确贵州省黔西南州烤烟产区烟叶化学质量之间的关系,指导特色优质烟叶的开发,采用描述性统计和相关性分析方法,对2021年黔西南州4个烤烟产区(兴义市、安龙县、兴仁县、普安县)不同等级(B_(2)F与C_(3)F)烟叶样品化学质量之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)烟叶的还原糖、总糖含量偏高,钾和氯含量略低,其他成分含量及其协调性适中,普安县整体化学成分含量优于其他3个产区。(2)总植物碱和总氮与总糖、还原糖、淀粉、氮碱比、糖碱比、钾氯比、烟叶的结构、香气质、杂气、刺激性和余味呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)负相关,与烟叶劲头呈显著正相关;还原糖和总糖与氮碱比、糖碱比、钾氯比、结构、香气质、刺激性和余味呈极显著或显著正相关,与劲头呈极显著负相关。(3)糖碱比和氮碱比与烟叶结构、香气质、杂气、刺激性和余味呈极显著或显著正相关,与劲头呈极显著负相关。综上所述,总植物碱、总氮和还原糖、总糖的含量及其协调性对烟叶的外观质量和感官质量有显著影响,是决定烟叶品质的关键因素。

贵州省烤烟品种工作的现状及对策展望

贵州省是我国第二大烤烟产区。品种工作是烟叶生产发展的基础,贵州省已选育出通过国家烟草专卖局审定品种21个。本文阐述了贵州烟区烤烟品种工作的三个发展阶段,分析了品种工作存在的问题。针对这些问题笔者提出了坚持生态优先选育区域特色品种、坚持创新引领选育突破性品种、坚持农机农艺融合选育宜机品种、坚持优质适产兼顾农工业共同需求、坚持良种良法实施定制生产等发展方向和对策,旨在为贵州省及全国烟叶生产提供参考依据。

贵州植烟土壤氮·磷·钾丰缺指标的研究

为建立贵州植烟土壤的氮、磷、钾养分丰缺指标,根据在贵州遵义、毕节和黔东南开展的烟草肥料试验,分析土壤有效氮、磷、钾养分含量与烟叶相对产量之间的相关性,以缺素区与全量施肥区烟叶相对产量≥95%、85%~<95%、65%~<85%、50%~<65%和<50%为标准,将对应的土壤速效养分分别划分为极高、高、中、低和极低5个等级。结果显示,贵州各试验点植烟土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾平均值分别为122.66、32.52和347.25 mg/kg,而缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理烟叶相对产量平均值分别为84.00%、91.97%和101.00%。经过关系方程推算得出,贵州植烟土壤极高、高、中、低和极低肥力等级碱解氮指标分别为≥134.9、123.8~<134.9、101.5~<123.8、84.8~<101.5和<84.8 mg/kg,有效磷指标分别为≥34.5、28.0~<34.5、14.9~<28.0、5.1~<14.9和<5.1 mg/kg,速效钾指标分别为≥324.0、285.3~<324.0、207.8~<285.3、149.6~<207.8和<149.6 mg/kg,可为贵州烟草产区合理施肥提供参考和指导。

毕节植烟土壤K、Ca、Mg元素的分布特征与评价

分析了2022年贵州毕节8个产烟县(市)具有代表性的76个烟田土壤样品和273个C3F烟叶样品,结果表明:毕节植烟土壤的pH值平均为6.29,其中,黔西和赫章相对较高而大方与金沙相对较低。大多数地区土壤速效K处于高或极高水平,交换性Mg处于适宜或较高水平,但少部分烟区存在缺K和Mg的现象,土壤交换性Ca的比例差异较大。此外,各烟区烟叶K和Ca含量变化与其在土壤中变化规律基本一致,部分烟区烟叶可能会出现生理性缺镁的现象。由此可知,毕节烟区土壤K、Mg和Ca水平总体上表现良好,部分烟区应注意土壤中K和Ca的施入,同时应注意Mg肥与其他肥料之间的拮抗而造成烟叶的生理性缺镁。

贵州烟区产业综合体发展模式研究

为了稳定烟区发展,提升烟农收入,推动烟草产业与现代农业的有机结合,探索烟区产业综合体高质量发展,文章概述了烟区产业综合体的含义及发展特征,深入分析了贵州省现有的农业内部融合型、农业延伸拓展型和新技术渗透型3种烟区产业综合体的发展模式。贵州省3种烟区产业综合体为其他地区烟草产业的发展提供了可供借鉴、可供复制的经验,各地在建设和发展烟区产业综合体时要注意把握相关要点,结合实际选择烟草产业的可持续发展之路。

贵州废弃烟叶中具有α-糖苷酶抑制活性的多酚类化合物的分离纯化与结构鉴定

为了探究贵州废弃烟叶在降低血糖方面的物质基础,以贵州废弃烟叶为原料,通过提取、浓缩、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析等技术方法从其乙醇提取物的石油醚中分离纯化获得9个多酚类单体化学成分,通过ESI-MS、^(1)H-NMR、^(13)C-NMR、DEPT等现代波谱学检测解析技术对所有得到的化合物进行了结构鉴定,被鉴定的9个多酚类单体化合物分别为Chlorogenicacid(1)、Rutin(2)、5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxyflavone(3)、5,7-dihydroxyl-6,8,4'-trimethoxylflavone(4)、Kaempferol-3-methyl ether(5)、Scosoletin(6)、Dihydroferulic acid methyl ester(7)、2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol(8)、1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene(9)。继续采用PNPG法测定多酚类单体化合物的α-糖苷酶抑制活性,结果显示化合物9具有显著的抑制α-糖苷酶的活性,且优于阳性药阿卡波糖,这表明化合物9具有成为α-糖苷酶抑制剂的潜力,也为进一步探讨贵州废弃烟叶多用途和研制天然α-糖苷酶抑制剂产品奠定了科学依据。

六盘水烟区土壤钾硫含量及烟叶增钾降硫研究

为了探明六盘水烟区的土壤钾硫含量,实现烟叶增钾降硫优质生产,于2021年对盘州、水城和钟山等植烟区0~20 cm耕层土壤进行了土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量的分析,并于2021年5月在盘州设置了硅基钾肥不同比例替代硫酸钾的田间试验。结果表明:六盘水烟区土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量分别为5.9、302.2 mg/kg、186.1 mg/kg和44.7 mg/kg;与常规施肥相比,硅基钾肥替代1/4硫酸钾的处理可提高烟叶产量19.9%,明显提高烟叶钾、镁含量,降低硫含量,烟叶内部成分更协调。

Analysis of Meteorological Condition for Infection of the Pathogen of Tobacco Brown Spot (Alternaria alternate)

[Objective] The paper was to understand the suitable meteorological indexes and key meteorological factors for infection and prevalence of tobacco brown spot. [ Method] Tobacco brown spot disease in five topical mountainous climatic areas of Guizhou Province was investigated, and the difference of biological characteristics of different strains was analyzed indoor. Different meteorological conditions （light, temperature and humidity） were simulated in artificial climate box by using the uniform design method, and the difference of infection ability of Alternaria alternate in different climate zones was analyzed in leaves in vitro by hanging drop method. [ Result] The infection rate of A. alternate in different climate zones of Guizhou Province showed certain difference. In low temperature and mid- die humidity （the humidity is 50% -60%, the temperature is 10 -20 ℃） conditions, the pathogen could infect tobacco leaves, various strains had certain difference, but the difference was small. [ Conclusion] The paper provided theoretical basis for prevalence prediction and control of tobacco brown spot.

Occurrence Regularity and Sexual Pheromone Trapping Effect of Spodoptera litura in Field in Central Guizhou

The Spodoptera litura occurrence quantity in Tianlong Town,Pingba County,Anshun City was dynamically monitored by an insect sex pheromone electronic measurement and forecast system in 2015 and 2016 and the trapped effect of S. litura was studied by the home-made S. litura sex pheromone traps in Baishiyan Town,Ziyun County and Tianlong Town,Pingba County in 2016 to accurately grasp the occurrence regularity of S. litura and apply insect sex pheromone for controlling S. litura in Central Guizhou tobacco-growing region. There are 5 generations of S. litura in a year in Central Guizhou region. The first generation of S.litura occurs from late April to middle May,the second from middle-to-late July to middle-to-late August,the third from early-to-middle August to the end of September,the fourth is in the end of October and the fifth in the end of November. S. litura emigrates or enters into the overwintering stage in December. S. litura is almost in active in the daytime during the peak occurrence period of S. litura adults. The first mating time of S. litura is at 17: 30 and its peak mating time is about 22: 00. The second mating time of S. litura is at 1: 00-5: 00 and its peak mating time is about 2: 30. The trapped S. litura quantity presents an obvious layer-belt distribution that the number in the outer ring is significantly higher than that in the middle ring,and the number in the middle ring is significantly higher than that in the inner ring. The number of trapped S. litura is higher around the outer ring of the testing field and at the draught position than in the low-lying land and inner flat ground.

Practice,Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Tobacco Planting Insurance in Qianxinan Prefecture

The cultivation of the economic crop flue-cured tobacco is greatly impacted by natural climates,making it a risk industry.In recent years,flue-cured tobacco production is influenced by extreme weather such as typhoon,low temperature,hail,frost,drought,plant diseases and insect pests.It is imperative to establish a sound insurance system for tobacco planting.In this paper,the practice and functions of tobacco planting insurance in Qianxinan Prefecture were summarized,the experience and existing problems in the practice process were analyzed,and finally the countermeasures and suggestions were proposed to further improve the tobacco planting insurance.

烟秆生物炭对贵州坝区杂交稻生长的影响

为了探明烟秆生物炭对贵州坝区杂交稻生长的影响,采用大田试验,对杂交稻晶两优534在不同烟秆生物炭浓度下的分蘖、干物重、叶片叶绿素含量以及成熟期主要农艺性状进行分析。结果表明,施入烟秆生物炭对杂交稻晶两优534生长存在影响。分蘖期和抽穗期C3浓度的分蘖数高于对照C0,且差异达到显著水平;齐穗期杂交稻叶片叶绿素含量变化表现为C0﹥C3﹥C2﹥C1,但各处理间差异未达到显著水平;施入适量的烟秆生物炭能够增加杂交稻齐穗期的干物重,且C1浓度与对照C0的叶片干重差异达到了极显著水平,茎鞘干重差异也达到了显著水平。成熟期考种数据表明,施入适量的烟秆生物炭能够增加成熟期晶两优534株高、一次枝梗数和千粒重,但有效穗数、穗长、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、实粒数以及结实率6个性状在各处理间差异未到达显著水平。研究结果将为烟秆生物炭在贵州坝区杂交稻生产中的利用提供指导。

贵州烟叶科技成果转化园建设展望

为打通科技成果转化“最后一公里”,贵州省在省内烟区建立了9个烟叶科技成果转化园,文章从功能规划、生产组织和管理运行等方面阐述了园区建设现状,分析了存在的不足,对烟叶科技成果转化园建设前景进行了展望,并从推动工业深度介入、促进多元产业融合发展和加强成果转化园高标准现代化建设等方面提出了加强烟叶科技成果转化园建设的建议。

贵州省烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配度研究

为评价贵州省烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配程度,利用2006~2017年贵州省17个气象站点逐日降雨数据、烟草产量数据和烟水工程供水数据,构建了烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配度评价模型,并提出匹配度等级标准,对贵州省烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配度进行评价。结果表明,烟水工程在一定程度上缓解了贵州省烟草干旱,但烟水工程与烟草干旱间匹配关系仍有待提升。黔西南、黔南、安顺、六盘水、贵阳匹配度分别为55.4%、52.1%、46.2%、45.9%、44.7%、34.4%,处于第四级,烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配度较差;毕节、黔东南、铜仁、遵义匹配度分别为31.7%、28.6%、26.8%,处于第五级,烟水工程与烟草干旱匹配度差。不同生育阶段中,伸根期缺水主要出现在90%、95%有效降雨频率下,旺长期、成熟期缺水在各有效降雨频率下,伸根期匹配度最好,旺长期次之,成熟期匹配度最低。建议未来烟水工程布局着重加强遵义、铜仁、黔东南地区烟水工程建设力度,提升烟水工程布局合理性,增强烟草抗旱稳产保障能力。

植烟土壤和烟叶中多环芳烃的污染特征及污染源解析

【目的】分析贵州松桃县植烟土壤和烟叶中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量及污染特征,并解析其污染来源,为烟区土壤-烤烟体系的环境评价、PAHs污染修复提供参考。【方法】2020年7月,分别采集贵州省铜仁市松桃县烤烟成熟期40个土壤样品和40个新鲜烟叶样品,测定了16种PAHs含量,分析土壤和烟叶中PAHs的组成特征,并解析其在土壤-烤烟体系中的污染来源。【结果】贵州松桃县植烟土壤中16种PAHs的总含量为166.74~989.43μg/kg,平均含量为600.77μg/kg,其中以3~5环PAHs所占比例较高(78.7%);致癌性的∑7PAHs含量为70.97~365.71μg/kg,平均含量为221.13μg/kg,占16种PAHs总含量的24.5%~62.7%,其中具有强致癌性的苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)和苯并(a)芘(BaP)的平均占比分别为5.18%,5.32%和6.03%;在松桃县烤烟烟叶中,16种PAHs的含量为502.79~2217.15μg/kg,平均值为1011.23μg/kg,其中4~5环PAHs占75.1%;致癌性的∑7PAHs含量为293.53~1730.72μg/kg,平均含量为707.03μg/kg,占16种PAHs总含量的56.0%~85.5%;其中具有强致癌性的BbF、BkF和BaP平均占比分别为10.19%,7.78%和39.96%。烟叶中的PAHs平均含量高于土壤。根据欧洲农业土壤中PAHs的控制标准,本研究有50%的土壤样品处于PAHs中度污染水平,45%的土壤样品处于PAHs轻度污染水平。诊断比例法解析表明,PAHs主要来源于当地工业生产活动、车用石油燃烧及煤炭、秸秆、木材的高温燃烧排放,最终通过大气沉降和叶面吸收进入土壤-烤烟体系;此外,烤烟种植和管理中塑料薄膜及肥料的使用也是土壤PAHs累积的重要来源。【结论】工业活动和农膜及肥料的使用,使贵州松桃县土壤-烤烟体系中PAHs出现累积,可能会对当地生态环境和居民(尤其是烟农)健康造成威胁,应当引起足够重视。

贵州植烟土壤有机质与氮素特征研究

利用 GPS 定位,3 年在全省 50 个烟叶主产县采集 9340 个植烟土壤耕层土样进行分析。结果表明,贵州植烟土壤有机质和全 N 含量变幅大,平均含量分别为 29.6 g/kg 和 1.75 g/kg,达丰富水平,两者处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本分别占 48.4 %和 64.1 %。速效 N含量平均 50.6 mg/kg,处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本占 42.4 %。不同植烟土壤类型有机质和全 N 含量差异较大,水稻土较高,紫色土较低。植烟稻田全 N明显高于旱地。

贵州烟区生态条件及烤烟质量状况分析

以贵州烟区气候、土壤等生态因素和烤烟外观、物理、化学及感官质量的数据资料为基础,分析了该区9大植烟区域生态条件及烟叶质量状况。结果表明,贵州烟区海拔高度差异悬殊,具有大田期气温适宜,降雨充沛,日照充足,空气相对湿度高等特点。植烟土壤pH值适宜,有机质含量丰富,具有较强的保肥能力;氮素、磷素含量适中,钾素则难以满足烟株需求;土壤交换性钙、镁比值适宜,有效硫含量较高;多数微量元素含量丰富,但有效硼和水溶性氯含量缺乏。烟叶外观质量较好,香型以中间香型和偏清香型为主,香味的亲和力好,燃烧性强,配伍性高,但物理特性和化学成分间的协调性与国外优质烟区相比尚有差距。

贵州烟区烤烟烟叶香气物质分析

为明确贵州烟区烤烟烟叶香气物质差异,并依据香气物质对贵州烟区烟叶进行分类,采用正己烷常温萃取法和液相-气相-质谱联用技术对贵州10个地区烤烟烟叶香气物质含量进行测定。结果表明,贵州烟区不同品种间烟叶香气物质差异较小,而不同叶位间和不同地区间差异较大,贵州烟区不同地区中部烟叶巨豆三烯酮等15种香气物质含量差异显著。主成分分析表明,巨豆三烯酮、茄酮和降茄二酮等是贵州烟区烤烟的关键香气物质;通过聚类分析将贵州烟区不同地区的烤烟烟叶划分为三类,第一类是德江、兴仁、西秀、道真和威宁;第二类为贵定、凯里、开阳和余庆;第三类为盘县。

贵州烟草生长期害虫及天敌种类调查续报

１９９２～１９９５年调查、采集、鉴定了福泉县烟草生长期害虫及天敌，鉴定出烟草害虫１５种，天敌１８种。此为贵州省分布的烟草生长期害虫及天敌新纪录。