RATE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR H.264 VIDEO ENCODER

This letter proposes a rate control algorithm for H.264 video encoder, which is based on block activity and buffer state. Experimental results indicate that it has an excellent performance by providing much accurate bit rate and better coding efficiency compared with H.264. The computational complexity of the algorithm is reduced by adopting a novel block activity description method using the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) of 16× 16 mode, and its robustness is enhanced by introducing a feedback circuit at frame layer.

RTP payload format for H.264/SVC scalable video coding

The scalable extension of H.264/AVC, known as scalable video coding or SVC, is currently the main focus of the Joint Video Team’s work. In its present working draft, the higher level syntax of SVC follows the design principles of H.264/AVC. Self-contained network abstraction layer units (NAL units) form natural entities for packetization. The SVC specification is by no means finalized yet, but nevertheless the work towards an optimized RTP payload format has already started. RFC 3984, the RTP payload specification for H.264/AVC has been taken as a starting point, but it became quickly clear that the scalable features of SVC require adaptation in at least the areas of capability/operation point signaling and documentation of the extended NAL unit header. This paper first gives an overview of the history of scalable video coding, and then reviews the video coding layer (VCL) and NAL of the latest SVC draft specification. Finally, it discusses different aspects of the draft SVC RTP payload format, in- cluding the design criteria, use cases, signaling and payload structure.

A rate control scheme for H.264 video under low bandwidth channel

The dilemma of the quantization parameter (QP) being involved in both rate control and rate-distortion optimization (RDO) prevents using the traditional rate control scheme. Although some rate control schemes are proposed to circumvent the dilemma, the inaccurate prediction model and improper bit allocation deter H.264 application on low bandwidth channel. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a novel rate control scheme by considering the macroblock (MB) encoding complexity variation and buffer variation and by exploiting the spatio-temporal correlation sufficiently well. Simulations showed that this scheme improves the perceptual quality of the pictures with similar or smaller PSNR deviations when compared to that of rate control in JVT-O016.

An efficient VLSI implementation of H.264/AVC entropy decoder

This paper proposes an efficient H.264/AVC entropy decoder.It requires no ROM/RAM fabrication process that decreases fabrication cost and increases operation speed.It was achieved by optimizing lookup tables and internal buffers,which significantly improves area,speed,and power.The proposed entropy decoder does not exploit embedded processor for bitstream manipulation, which also improves area,speed,and power.Its gate counts and maximum operation frequency are 77515 gates and 175MHz in 0.18um fabrication process,respectively.The proposed entropy decoder needs 2303 cycles in average for one macroblock decoding.It can run at 28MHz to meet the real-time processing requirement for CIF format video decoding on mobile applications.

Analysis of Video Quality Variation with Different Bit Rates of H.264 Compression

The study applied a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to send video signals to 4 DaVinciTM development boards (TMS320DM6446) of Texas Instruments (TI) to carry out H.264 Baseline Profile video coding. One of the development boards coded in the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) mode, and the other three development boards coded in the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) mode. In addition, the constant rates are 2 Mbps, 1.5 Mbps and 1 Mbps respectively. The H.264 video compression files produced by the boards were analyzed via video analysis software (CodecVisa) in the study. This software can analyze and present the compression data characteristics of the video files under each video frame, i.e., bits/MB, QP, and PSNR. In this research, the characteristics of data of each frame under four different compression conditions were compared. Their differences were calculated and averaged, and the standard deviation was evaluated. It was further connected with the values of quality characteristics and the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of each frame to analyze the relation among the frame quality, the compression rate of CBR, as well as the quantitative granularity. The preliminary conclusion of the study is that the compression behaviors of CBRs in different coding sources are adjusted in a specific proportion in order to cope with the change in frame complexity. The frame will be severely damaged by a critical value during the process of network transmission while the source rate is less than the value of the characteristic.

Reversible Data Hiding Based on Run-Level Coding in H.264/AVC Video Streams

This paper presents a reversible data hiding(RDH)method,which is designed by combining histogram modification(HM)with run-level coding in H.264/advanced video coding(AVC).In this scheme,the run-level is changed for embedding data into H.264/AVC video sequences.In order to guarantee the reversibility of the proposed scheme,the last nonzero quantized discrete cosine transform(DCT)coefficients in embeddable 4×4 blocks are shifted by the technology of histogram modification.The proposed scheme is realized after quantization and before entropy coding of H.264/AVC compression standard.Therefore,the embedded information can be correctly extracted at the decoding side.Peak-signal-noise-to-ratio(PSNR)and Structure similarity index(SSIM),embedding payload and bit-rate variation are exploited to measure the performance of the proposed scheme.Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme leads to less SSIM variation and bit-rate increase.

Very Low Bit-Rate Video Coding by Combining H.264/AVC Standard and 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform

In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is applied on each video frame independently to extract the low frequency components for each frame and then the low frequency parts of all frames are coded using H.264/AVC codec. On the other hand, the high frequency parts of the video frames are coded by Run Length Coding algorithm, after applying a threshold to neglect the low value coefficients. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve better rate-distortion performance at very low bit-rate applications below 16 kbits/s compared to applying H.264/AVC standard directly to all frames. Applications of our proposed video coding technique include video telephony, video-conferencing, transmitting or receiving video over half-rate traffic channels of GSM networks.

基于H.264视频编码技术的研究

介绍和分析了H .2 6 4采用的新编码技术 ,诸如 1 /4和 1 /8像素精度运动估计 ,可变大小的图像分块 ,多参考帧 ,新的熵编码算法等 .新编码技术的采用使H .2 6 4的编码性能得到大幅提升 ;通过与H .2 6 3编码模型的实验性能对比测试 ,比较分析了H .2 6

H.264变换编码和量化算法的研究

H.264是ITU和ISO联合制定的新一代视频编码标准,在多方面做出了改进。H.264标准中采用了4×4块的整数变换编码算法,有效地降低了编解码的运算量,且不存在反变换的匹配误差,精度更高。该文详细分析了整数变换编码的构造原理和H.264标准中先后采用的两种整数变换编码算法,阐述了与变换编码相关的量化过程。实验结果证明新的整数变换编码算法能够有效地提高编解码系统的整体性能。

H.264/AVC先进视频编码研究

为了取得更高的图像压缩性能和更多的实用功能,ISO/IEC MPEG(运动图像专家组)和ITU-TVCEG(视频编码专家组)共同制订了一套新的视频编码标准H.264/AVC。介绍了H.264/AVC图像编解码系统的实现过程,对其采用的新技术进行了描述,最后将其与H.263和MPEG-4标准进行了性能对比。

H.264/AVC码率控制现状与发展

作为视频通信中非常重要的关键技术之一,码率控制用于调整视频码流以满足带宽受限的条件,能够直接影响视频编码器输出码率的稳定性和保证视频质量。首先描述码率控制问题,给出码率控制算法的分类准则;然后对众多的H.264/先进视频编码(advanced video coding,AVC)码率控制算法根据应用目的进行具体描述;最后从适用标准和应用目的两个方面,详细指出码率控制技术今后的研究方向。

H.264/AVC视频编码标准的技术特点及应用分析

H.264／AVC是ITU-T视频编码专家组和ISO／IEC运动图像专家组(MPEG)共同开发出来的最新视频编码标准,它具备许多新的技术特点,如:多模式运动预测、柔性宏块排序、整数变换、一致性变字长编码、内容自适应二进制算术编码、分层编码、错误约束机制、错误掩盖技术及高效的比特流切换技术等等。本文在阐述该标准系统层结构的基础上,分析其主要技术特点及H.264／AVC VBR码流特性,阐述该标准在IP网络及无线网络中的应用情况。

一种基于视频编码标准H.264的智能视频监控技术

提出并实现了一种基于H.264视频编码标准的智能视频监控系统。该系统引入一种新的运动检测方法,通过对监控图像的运动矢量及运动补偿后的残差能量进行综合分析,提出了对可疑场景的确认和报警方案,能够有效克服光线变化、背景局部轻微摆动及摄像头轻微抖动带来的影响,具有良好的灵敏度和鲁棒性。

针对样品视频的H.264空域SVC快速模式决策算法

在电子显微镜等大型科学仪器样品图像远程实时传输中，为了解决其网络适应性问题，采用IPPP结构的H．264空域SVC压缩样品视频。针对SVC模式决策的高计算复杂度问题，提出了一种快速模式决策算法。该算法精简了预测模式，并将其划分为不同的模式集，针对各模式集设计了自适应提前退出阈值及阈值比较策略，以尽快结束模式决策。对不同仪器样品视频的测试表明，该算法与参考算法相比，在PSNR和比特率保持相近的情况下，编码时间可减少73％-83％。

基于方向梯度的H.264帧内预测模式选择算法

率失真优化(RDO)技术的应用大幅提高了H.264的编码性能,但全搜索方式下,每一宏块所有模式都要进行R-D代价计算,复杂度非常大.文中利用参考像素与当前块之间的方向梯度检测预测方向上的纹理方向与边缘强度,预先筛除部分方向梯度较大的预测模式,形成一种基于方向梯度的快速帧内预测模式选择算法,并利用预测模式的空间相关性采用最有可能模式替换直流模式作为缺省候选模式,改进了基本算法.对10个标准序列进行测试,两个算法应用在亮度分量帧内预测模式选择中均比JM18.0全搜索方式减少了50%以上的编码时间,且编码性能损失很小,保持峰值信噪比与JM全搜索方式相同时,基本算法码率平均上升2.361%,改进算法码率平均上升1.477%.

基于双DSP的实时高清H.264视频编码器实现

针对H.264标准的高清视频编码在实现时对硬件有较高要求,提出了一种使用双DSP处理的方案。针对双DSP执行时的并行性、协调性及通信的问题进行了详细讨论,提出了相应的解决方法。DSP芯片选用TI的TMS320C6455,双DSP间的数据通信采用串行RapidIO(SRIO)接口。实验结果表明,该方案对高清720p的处理时间在40ms以内,满足了对高清视频的实时处理要求。

一种快速的H.264帧间模式选择算法

提出了一种新的快速帧间模式选择方法,该方法利用模式预截断和精确的大小模式判决等算法,快速地选出最优的模式.实验表明,该算法比全搜索算法和快速多块运动估计算法(FMBME)分别节省了80%和45%的运算量,而峰值信噪比(PSNR)和比特率性能几乎无下降.在对运动较小的序列编码时,该算法比大小模式分离算法节省了75%的运算量,同时PSNR提高了0.06 dB,比特率节省了3.7%.

H.264/AVC中基于全零块检测的运动估计快速算法

全零块检测是面向低比特率的视频编码器常用优化方法之一。特别是与运动估计相结合,可以有效的减少编码器的计算复杂性。本文根据H.264/AVC中整数变换的特点,给出了相应的全零块检测门限,提出了一种基于全零块检测的运动搜索提前中止准则。针对H.264/AVC多编码模式的特点,进一步将全零块检测用于H.264/AVC中多种编码模式的选择,有效的提高了运动估计的效率。利用这种方法,在有效减少编码器的计算复杂性,提高H.264/AVC软件编码器编码效率的同时,可以保持比特率和图像质量基本不变。

基于H.264的快速运动估计算法

运动估计在视频编码中有着举足轻重的地位,其性能的优劣在很大程度上影响着输出码流的质量。为了克服视频编码标准H.264中运动估计运算量大的困难,在深入研究H.264编码标准的基础上,利用视频图像序列的帧间统计特性,提出了一种改进的非对称十字型多层次六边形格点搜索算法来搜索最佳运动矢量。实验结果表明,该算法对于各种运动序列,在保持编码性能不受损失的同时,可以使得运动估计的运算复杂度大为降低。

一种适用于H.264/AVC的自适应空域帧内预测算法

提出了帧内预测算法中邻块间预测选项的相关性、预测选项和SAD相关性的概念,在此基础上提出了一种适用于H.264/AVC的自适应空域帧内预测算法,该算法利用上述的两种相关性预测当前块的帧内预测选项;利用“半步停”技术自适应地中止预测.实验结果表明,该算法在保证重构图像质量和压缩比的同时,计算复杂度仅相当于原有算法的7%左右.