New Fragile Watermarking Technique to Identify Inserted Video Objects Using H.264 and Color Features

The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

RTP payload format for H.264/SVC scalable video coding

The scalable extension of H.264/AVC, known as scalable video coding or SVC, is currently the main focus of the Joint Video Team’s work. In its present working draft, the higher level syntax of SVC follows the design principles of H.264/AVC. Self-contained network abstraction layer units (NAL units) form natural entities for packetization. The SVC specification is by no means finalized yet, but nevertheless the work towards an optimized RTP payload format has already started. RFC 3984, the RTP payload specification for H.264/AVC has been taken as a starting point, but it became quickly clear that the scalable features of SVC require adaptation in at least the areas of capability/operation point signaling and documentation of the extended NAL unit header. This paper first gives an overview of the history of scalable video coding, and then reviews the video coding layer (VCL) and NAL of the latest SVC draft specification. Finally, it discusses different aspects of the draft SVC RTP payload format, in- cluding the design criteria, use cases, signaling and payload structure.

An adaptive joint source and channel coding scheme for H.264 video multicasting over wireless LAN

This paper proposes an adaptive joint source and channel coding scheme for H.264 video multicast over wireless LAN which takes into account the user topology changes and varying channel conditions of multiple users, and dynamically allocates available bandwidth between source coding and channel coding, with the goal to optimize the overall system performance. In particular, source resilience and error correction are considered jointly in the scheme to achieve the optimal performance. And a channel estimation algorithm based on the average packet loss rate and the variance of packet loss rate is proposed also. Two overall performance criteria for video multicast are investigated and experimental results are presented to show the improvement obtained by the scheme.

Integrated Joint Source-Channel Decoding for H.264 Video Transmission

This paper proposes an integrated joint source-channel decoder （I-JSCD） using Max-Log-MAP method for sources encoded with exp-Golomb codes and convolutional codes, and proposes a system applying this method to decoding the VLC data, e.g. motion vector differences （MVDs）, of H.264 across an AWGN channel. This method combines the source code state-space and the channel code state-space together to construct a joint state-space, develops a 3-D trellis and a maximum a-posterior （MAP） algorithm to estimate the source sequence symbol by symbol, and then uses max-log approximation to simplify the algorithm. Experiments indicate that the proposed system gives significant improvements on peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） （maximum about 15 dB） than a separate scheme. This also leads to a higher visual quality of video stream over a highly noisy channel.

Reversible Data Hiding Based on Run-Level Coding in H.264/AVC Video Streams

This paper presents a reversible data hiding(RDH)method,which is designed by combining histogram modification(HM)with run-level coding in H.264/advanced video coding(AVC).In this scheme,the run-level is changed for embedding data into H.264/AVC video sequences.In order to guarantee the reversibility of the proposed scheme,the last nonzero quantized discrete cosine transform(DCT)coefficients in embeddable 4×4 blocks are shifted by the technology of histogram modification.The proposed scheme is realized after quantization and before entropy coding of H.264/AVC compression standard.Therefore,the embedded information can be correctly extracted at the decoding side.Peak-signal-noise-to-ratio(PSNR)and Structure similarity index(SSIM),embedding payload and bit-rate variation are exploited to measure the performance of the proposed scheme.Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme leads to less SSIM variation and bit-rate increase.

Very Low Bit-Rate Video Coding by Combining H.264/AVC Standard and 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform

In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is applied on each video frame independently to extract the low frequency components for each frame and then the low frequency parts of all frames are coded using H.264/AVC codec. On the other hand, the high frequency parts of the video frames are coded by Run Length Coding algorithm, after applying a threshold to neglect the low value coefficients. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve better rate-distortion performance at very low bit-rate applications below 16 kbits/s compared to applying H.264/AVC standard directly to all frames. Applications of our proposed video coding technique include video telephony, video-conferencing, transmitting or receiving video over half-rate traffic channels of GSM networks.

Frame complexity optimized selection for H.264/AVC video coding

To improve the coding performance of H.264/AVC, this paper proposes a rate control scheme composed of a novel flame complexity optimized selection and a quantization parameter （QP） value computation approach. First, it extracts the frame coding complexity from two rate distortion models, and then introduces five statistic modes to estimate the frame coding complexity. An optimal mode is selected according to the coding efficiency. Finally the paper presents a novel QP calculation method for the H.264/AVC rate control. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithra outperforms the algorithm integrated in the 3M model in obtaining precise frame coding complexity, achieving robust buffer control and improving coding quality. And the improving visual quality is high up to 0.90dB for CIF sequences.

新一代通用视频编码标准H.266/VVC:现状与发展

相比于上一代标准,新一代通用视频编码标准(H.266/VVC)在同等质量下能够节省大约50%的码率,且适用于多种多样的视频应用场景。论文从H.266/VVC的关键技术出发,对标准的现状、实现和应用发展进行深入探讨。H.266/VVC沿用既往标准中的双层码流体系和混合编码框架,针对帧内预测、帧间预测、变换、量化、环路滤波等所有主要编码模块进行了技术革新,并为屏幕内容视频等应用提供了高效的专用编码工具。H.266/VVC标准目前已处于实用化阶段,官方参考软件VTM和开源编解码器VVenC/VVdeC是目前最具代表性的软件编解码实现。对H.266/VVC的性能分析可以看出:H.266/VVC针对高分辨率视频取得的编码增益更为突出;主要编码工具对性能的贡献通常以复杂度为代价,但也有部分编码工具在提升编码性能的同时可降低整体编码复杂度。H.266/VVC的硬件实现面临诸多挑战,发展明显滞后于软件实现,现有研究主要集中在对具体编码模块的硬件加速方面。H.266/VVC标准发布之后,下一代视频编码标准的发展目前仍围绕混合编码框架进行探索,聚焦在两大方向:超越VVC的增强压缩关注更为先进的、非神经网络的编码工具,基于神经网络的视频编码则探索采用神经网络的编码工具。除此之外,部分或完全跳出现有混合编码框架的端到端视频编码也在飞速发展,未来视频编码标准与神经网络结合成为趋势,但面临着计算资源依赖和稳定结构两方面的考验。

Analysis of Video Quality Variation with Different Bit Rates of H.264 Compression

The study applied a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to send video signals to 4 DaVinciTM development boards (TMS320DM6446) of Texas Instruments (TI) to carry out H.264 Baseline Profile video coding. One of the development boards coded in the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) mode, and the other three development boards coded in the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) mode. In addition, the constant rates are 2 Mbps, 1.5 Mbps and 1 Mbps respectively. The H.264 video compression files produced by the boards were analyzed via video analysis software (CodecVisa) in the study. This software can analyze and present the compression data characteristics of the video files under each video frame, i.e., bits/MB, QP, and PSNR. In this research, the characteristics of data of each frame under four different compression conditions were compared. Their differences were calculated and averaged, and the standard deviation was evaluated. It was further connected with the values of quality characteristics and the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of each frame to analyze the relation among the frame quality, the compression rate of CBR, as well as the quantitative granularity. The preliminary conclusion of the study is that the compression behaviors of CBRs in different coding sources are adjusted in a specific proportion in order to cope with the change in frame complexity. The frame will be severely damaged by a critical value during the process of network transmission while the source rate is less than the value of the characteristic.

A rate control scheme for H.264 video under low bandwidth channel

The dilemma of the quantization parameter (QP) being involved in both rate control and rate-distortion optimization (RDO) prevents using the traditional rate control scheme. Although some rate control schemes are proposed to circumvent the dilemma, the inaccurate prediction model and improper bit allocation deter H.264 application on low bandwidth channel. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a novel rate control scheme by considering the macroblock (MB) encoding complexity variation and buffer variation and by exploiting the spatio-temporal correlation sufficiently well. Simulations showed that this scheme improves the perceptual quality of the pictures with similar or smaller PSNR deviations when compared to that of rate control in JVT-O016.

RATE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR H.264 VIDEO ENCODER

This letter proposes a rate control algorithm for H.264 video encoder, which is based on block activity and buffer state. Experimental results indicate that it has an excellent performance by providing much accurate bit rate and better coding efficiency compared with H.264. The computational complexity of the algorithm is reduced by adopting a novel block activity description method using the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) of 16× 16 mode, and its robustness is enhanced by introducing a feedback circuit at frame layer.

RTP-based broadcast streaming of high definition H.264/AVC video: an error robustness evaluation

In this work, we present an evaluation of the performance and error robustness of RTP-based broadcast streaming of high-quality high-definition (HD) H.264/AVC video. Using a fully controlled IP test bed (Hillestad et al., 2005), we broadcast high-definition video over RTP/UDP, and use an IP network emulator to introduce a varying amount of randomly distributed packet loss. A high-performance network interface monitoring card is used to capture the video packets into a trace file. Purpose-built software parses the trace file, analyzes the RTP stream and assembles the correctly received NAL units into an H.264/AVC Annex B byte stream file, which is subsequently decoded by JVT JM 10.1 reference software. The proposed measurement setup is a novel, practical and intuitive approach to perform error resilience testing of real-world H.264/AVC broadcast applications. Through a series of experiments, we evaluate some of the error resilience features of the H.264/AVC standard, and see how they perform at packet loss rates from 0.01% to 5%. The results confirmed that an appropriate slice partitioning scheme is essential to have a graceful degradation in received quality in the case of packet loss. While flexible macroblock ordering reduces the compression efficiency about 1 dB for our test material, reconstructed video quality is improved for loss rates above 0.25%.

Introduction to the High-Efficiency Video Coding Standard

The high-efficiency video coding （HEVC） standard is the newest video coding standard currently under joint development by ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group （VCEG） and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group （MPEG）. HEVC is the next-generation video coding standard after H.264/AVC. The goals of the HEVC standardization effort are to double the video coding efficiency of existing H.264/AVC while supporting all the recognized potential applications, such as, video telephony, storage, broadcast, streaming, especially for large picture size video （4k x 2k）. The HEVC standard will be completed as an ISO/iEC and ITU-T standard in January 2013. in February 2012, the HEVC standardization process reached its committee draft （CD） stage. The ever-improving HEVC standard has demonstrated a significant gain in coding efficiency in rate-distortion efficiency relative to the existing H.264/AVC. This paper provides an overview of the technical features of HEVC close to HEVC CD stage, covering high-level structure, coding units, prediction units, transform units, spatial signal transformation and PCM representation, intra-picture prediction, inter-picture prediction, entropy coding and in-loop filtering. The HEVC coding efficiency performances comparing with H.264/AVC are also provided.

An H.264/AVC Video Watermarking Scheme in VLC Domain for Content Authentication

A semi-fragile content authentication algorithm is proposed for low bit-rate H.264/AVC video in VLC domain. Utilizing the intra prediction mode and coded block pattern in VLC domain, the proposed algorithm chooses those macro-blocks from which the signature is extracted and constructs content signature at macro-block level according to the relationship among the energies of quantized low-frequency coefficients of sub-macroblocks. The signature is embedded by modifying the trailing coefficients. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in visual quality impact and keep the bit-rate basically unchanged. In addition, the algorithm can embed signatures into I, P, B slices simultaneously and remarkably enhances the watermark capacity. By verifying the extracted signature, the algorithm can detect and locate video tampering efficiently.

Fast Inter Coding Mode Selection Algorithm for H.264

In order to reduce the encoding complexity of macroblock coding mode decision in H.264/AVC, a selective smaller block-size searching algorithm and a selective intra coding mode searching algorithm are proposed by using the high correlation among coding modes and in spatial and temporal domains of video sequence. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can provide significant improvement in computational requirement, with negligible small picture quality degradation and slight bit rate increase.

Content-adaptive robust error concealment for packet-lossy H.264 video streaming

In this paper, we present a spatio-temporal post-processing error concealment (EC) algorithm designed initially for a H.264 video-streaming scheme over packet-lossy networks. It aims at optimizing the subjective quality of the restored video under the constraints of low delay and computational complexity, which are critical to real-time applications and portable devices having limited resources. Specifically, it takes into consideration the physical property of motion field in order to achieve more meaningful perceptual video quality, in addition to the improved objective PSNR. Further, a simple bilinear spatial interpolation approach is combined with the improved boundary-match (B-M) based temporal EC approach according to texture and motion activity analysis. Finally, we propose a low complexity temporal EC method based on motion vector interpolation as a replacement of the B-M based approach in the scheme under low-computation requirement, or as a complement to further improve the scheme's performance in applications having enough computation resources. Extensive experiments demonstrated that the proposal features not only better reconstruction, objectively and subjectively, than JM benchmark, but also robustness to different video sequences.

An Introduction to High Efficiency Video Coding Range Extensions

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest international video coding standard, which can provide the similar quality with about half bandwidth compared with its predecessor, H.264/MPEG?4 AVC. To meet the requirement of higher bit depth coding and more chroma sampling formats, range extensions of HEVC were developed. This paper introduces the coding tools in HEVC range extensions and provides experimental results to compare HEVC range extensions with previous video coding standards. Ex?perimental results show that HEVC range extensions improve coding efficiency much over H.264/MPEG?4 AVC High Predictive profile, especially for 4K sequences.

Error Robust H.264 Video Transmission Schemes Based on Multi-frame

Multi-frame coding is supported by the emerging H.264. It is important for the enhancement of both coding efficiency and error robustness. In this paper, error resilient schemes for H.264 based on multi-frame were investigated. Error robust H.264 video transmission schemes were introduced for the applications with and without a feedback channel. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

H.264/AVC error resilience tools suitable for 3G mobile video services

The emergence of third generation mobile system (3G) makes video transmission in wireless environment possible, and the latest 3GPP/3GPP2 standards require 3G terminals support H.264/AVC. Due to high packet loss rate in wireless envi- ronment, error resilience for 3G terminals is necessary. Moreover, because of the hardware restrictions, 3G mobile terminals support only part of H.264/AVC error resilience tool. This paper analyzes various error resilience tools and their functions, and presents 2 error resilience strategies for 3G mobile streaming video services and mobile conversational services. Performances of the proposed error resilience strategies were tested using off-line common test conditions. Experiments showed that the proposed error resilience strategies can yield reasonably satisfactory results.

基于标准H.265的监控视频压缩编码方法

为了提升视频压缩编码效率,解决成本问题,基于标准H.265研究了一种新的监控视频压缩编码方法。通过H.265/HEVC选取色度帧内预测参数,确定参数格式,同时完成帧内和帧间预测。通过DM模式计算色度亮度参数的分量间相关性,得到五种候选模式,推导最优模式,根据推导结果得出分解结果。通过平滑处理确定像素精度,分别计算DCT2和DST7之间反复切换的参数,匹配监控视频的压缩编码速度与视频监控的播放采集速度,实现视频压缩编码。实验结果表明,标准H.265的压缩效率得到了大幅度提升,节省了大量成本,说明该方法能够提高编码性能,降低视频处理成本。