Heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for juvenile growth traits of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. The estimates were calculated from shell length and shell width measurement...Heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for juvenile growth traits of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. The estimates were calculated from shell length and shell width measurements on progeny resulting from 12 half-sib families and 36 full-sib families obtained using artificial fertilization of mating three females to each male. The measurements were taken at 10, 20 and 30 d after fertilization. It was found that heritability estimates based on sire component ranged from 0.23 to 0.36 for shell length and 0.21 to 0.32 for shell width. Heritability estimates from dam component were larger than those from sire component at three ages, indicating presence of maternal effects, non-additive genetic effects and common environmental effects. Phenotypic correlations were significant at three ages （P 〈 0.05）, with values of 0.92, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Genetic correlations from the paternal half-sib correlation analysis were highly positive at three ages, with values of 0.50, 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The results suggest that selective breeding is an effective approach to improving growth traits of Pacific abalone stocks.展开更多
Conspecific foot mucus,excessive[K^+] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed different metamorphosis-inductive effect on the veliger of Haliotis discus hannai.The inductive effect of excessive [K^+]and GABA was dev...Conspecific foot mucus,excessive[K^+] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed different metamorphosis-inductive effect on the veliger of Haliotis discus hannai.The inductive effect of excessive [K^+]and GABA was developmental stage-dependent and dose-dependent,while that of conspecific foot mu-cus was only developmental stage-dependent.At 20℃ the veliger larvae became competent within 4 daysafter fertilization H.discus hannai larvae showed gregarious settlement pattern on the conspecific foot mu-ous under the conditions of either presence or absence of KCI or GABA.The present studies showed that the effect of conspecific foot mucus on abalone larvae metarnorphosis could be dose-independent.展开更多
We conducted a complete diallel cross among three geographically isolated populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino to determine the heterosis and the combining ability of growth traits at the spat sta...We conducted a complete diallel cross among three geographically isolated populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino to determine the heterosis and the combining ability of growth traits at the spat stage.The three populations were collected from Qingdao(Q) and Dalian(D) in China,and Miyagi(M) in Japan.We measured the shell length,shell width,and total weight.The magnitude of the general combining ability(GCA) variance was more pronounced than the specific combining ability(SCA) variance,which is evidenced by both the ratio of the genetic component in total variation and the GCA/SCA values.The component variances of GCA and SCA were significant for all three traits(P<0.05),indicating the importance of additive and non-additive genetic effects in determining the expression of these traits.The reciprocal maternal effects(RE) were also significant for these traits(P<0.05).Our results suggest that population D was the best general combiner in breeding programs to improve growth traits.The DM cross had the highest heterosis values for all three traits.展开更多
The microsatellite-enriched library was constructed using magnetic bead hybridization selection method, and the mi-crosatellite DNA sequences were analyzed in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Three hundred and ...The microsatellite-enriched library was constructed using magnetic bead hybridization selection method, and the mi-crosatellite DNA sequences were analyzed in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Three hundred and fifty white colonies were screened using PCR-based technique, and 84 clones were identified to potentially contain microsatellite repeat motif. The 84 clones were sequenced, and 42 microsatellites and 4 minisatellites with a minimum of five repeats were found (13.1% of white colonies screened). Besides the motif of CA contained in the oligoprobe, we also found other 16 types of microsatellite repeats including a dinucleotide repeat, two tetranucleotide repeats, twelve pentanucleotide repeats and a hexanucleotide repeat. According to Weber (1990), the microsatellite sequences obtained could be categorized structurally into perfect repeats (73.3%), imperfect repeats (13.3%), and compound repeats (13.4%). Among the microsatellite repeats, relatively short arrays (< 20 repeats) were most abundant, accounting for 75.0%. The largest length of microsatellites was 48 repeats, and the average number of repeats was 13.4. The data on the composition and length distribution of microsatellites obtained in the present study can be useful for choosing the repeat motifs for microsatellite isolation in other abalone species.展开更多
From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coa...From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coast of Qingdao and led to mass mortality of cultured abalone and sea cucumber. However, the mechanism for the mass mortality of cultured animals remains undetermined. This study examined the toxic effects of Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, the causative species of green tides in the Yellow Sea during the last three years. The acute toxicity of fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent of U. prolifera to the cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai were tested. It was found that both fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent had toxic effects to abalone, and decomposing algal effluent was more toxic than fresh culture medium. The acute toxicity of decomposing algal effluent could be attributed to the ammonia and sulfide presented in the effluent, as well as the hypoxia caused by the decomposition process.展开更多
A2 × 2 factorial cross between two populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino, collected separately from Dalian （D） in China and Miyagi （M） in Japan, was conducted to compare performances in fe...A2 × 2 factorial cross between two populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino, collected separately from Dalian （D） in China and Miyagi （M） in Japan, was conducted to compare performances in fertilization rate, hatching rate, metamorphosis rate and growth at days 20, 43, 160 and 330 between purebreds （DD and MM） and crossbreds （DM and MD） and investigate the magnitude of heterobeltiosis （better parent） and heterosis （mid-parent）. Heterobeltiosis and heterosis for all the traits analyzed were evidently different between crossbreds DM and MD. Heterobeltiosis in the crossbred DM varied among traits, with values of 2.5% for the fertilization rate, 2.2% for the hatching rate, - 1.9% for the metamorphosis rate and 7.4% for the growth at the day 330. The crossbred DM displayed positive heterotic values for fertilization rate （5.4%）, hatching rate （7.4%）, metamorphosis rate （7.6%） and growth （ 12.0% ） at the day 330. However, both heterobeltiosis and heterosis for all the traits in the crossbred MD were negative except those for the growth at days 20 and 43. The results indicate the importance of selecting superior hybrid varieties if the exploitation of hybrid vigor is considered in the Pacific abalone breeding program.展开更多
An actin encoding gene was cloned by using RT-PCR, 3’ RACE and 5’ RACE from abalone Haliotis discus hannai. The full length of the gene is 1532 base pairs, which contains a long 3’ untranslated region of 307 base p...An actin encoding gene was cloned by using RT-PCR, 3’ RACE and 5’ RACE from abalone Haliotis discus hannai. The full length of the gene is 1532 base pairs, which contains a long 3’ untranslated region of 307 base pairs and 79 base pairs of 5’ untranslated sequence. The open reading frame encodes 376 amino acid residues. Sequence comparison with those of human and other mollusks showed high conservation among species at amino acid level. The identities was 96%, 97% and 96% respectively compared with Aplysia californica, Biomphalaria glabrata and Homo sapience β-actin. It is also indicated that this actin is more similar to the human cytoplasmic actin (β-actin) than to human muscle actin.展开更多
A 240 d growth experiment was conducted in a re-circulated water system to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of j...A 240 d growth experiment was conducted in a re-circulated water system to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of juvenile abalone [ initial mass was （0.96±0. 02） g, shell length was （17.70±0.06） mm] were fed to satiation one of three send-purified diets containing 0, 1×10^3, 1×10^6 IU vitamin A per kilogram diet, respectively. Results showed that the daily increment in shell length （DISL） of abalone in the treatment with 1 × 10^3 IU vitamin A per kilogram diet was significantly higher than that with 0 or 1 × 10^6 IU vitamin A per kilogram supplementation （P 〈 0.05）. Vitamin A deficiency （0 IU/kg） significantly elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione peroxidase （GPX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the viscera of abalone （P 〈 0.05）. In muscle, the effects of vitamin A deficiency on SOD and GPX activities were the same as those in viscera, however, the activity of GR significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Vitamin A deficiency significantly decreased the ratio of CAT to SOD （eatalase/superoxide dismutase） in viscera （P 〈 0.05）. Nevertheless, it significantly decreased the ratio of GR to GPX in muscle （P 〈 0.05）. Compared with the supplement of 1 x 103 IU vitamin A per kilogram, excessive vitamin A （ 1 × 106 IU/kg） had no significant effects on the activities of CAT, SOD and glutathione-S-transferase （GST） （P 〉 0.05）, but significantly elevated GPX and GR activities in viscera （P 〈 0. 05）. In muscle, the activities of CAT, SOD, GPX, GST and GR were significantly decreased by the excessive dietary vitamin A supplement （P 〈 0.05）. Compared with the supplement of 1×10^3 IU vitamin A per kilogram, vitamin A-excessive had no significant effect on the value of ratio of CAT to SOD either in viscera or in muscle （ P 〉0.05 ）. The ratio of GR to GPX was significantly decreased in viscera, but significantly elevated in muscle in the vitamin A-excessive group （P 〈 0.05 ）. In conclusion, optimum supplement of vitamin A （ 1 × 103 IU/kg） was beneficial for abalone to maintain maximum growth and antioxidant system. Hypoor hyper-vitaminosis A would decrease growth and the efficiency of scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS） of abalone.展开更多
Heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） is one important member of heat shock protein （Hsp） family that is responsible for various stresses, especially thermal stress. Here we examined the response of Hsp70 gene to both chr...Heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） is one important member of heat shock protein （Hsp） family that is responsible for various stresses, especially thermal stress. Here we examined the response of Hsp70 gene to both chronic and acute thermal exposure in Pacific abalone （Haliotis discus hannai Ino）. For the chronic exposure, abalones were maintained at 8, 12, 20, and 30∩ for four months and their mRNA levels were measured. The highest mRNA level of Hsp70 gene relative to actin gene was detected in the 30~C-acclimated group, followed by the 8~C-acclimated group and then the 12~C- and 20~C-acclimated groups. After the long-term acclimation, gills from each of the above acclimation groups were dissected and exposed to different temperatures between 8~C and 38~C for 30 min. Hsp70 expression in gills acclimated to different temperatures responded differentially to the same temperature exposure. The incubation temperature that induced maximum Hsp70 mRNA expression was higher in the higher temperature acclimation groups than lower temperature groups. Pacific abalones could alter the expression pattern of Hsp70 gene according to environmental thermal conditions, through which they deal with the stress of thermal variations.展开更多
A 240-day growth experiment in a re-circulating water system was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary menadione on the growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate grou...A 240-day growth experiment in a re-circulating water system was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary menadione on the growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of juvenile abalone (initial weight: 1.19 ± 0.01 g; shell length: 19.23 ± 0.01 mm) were fed to satiation with 3 semi-purified diets containing 0, 10, and 1 000 mg menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB)/kg, respectively. Results show that there were no significant differences in the rate of weight gain or in the daily increment in shell length of abalone among different treatments. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in viscera were significantly decreased with dietary menadione. However, activities of these enzymes except for GPX in muscle were increased. Therefore, antioxidant responses of abalone were increased in muscle and decreased in viscera by dietary menadione.展开更多
基金The study was supported by the National High Technology Development Project of China under contract No.2006AA10A407the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30371117.
文摘Heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for juvenile growth traits of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. The estimates were calculated from shell length and shell width measurements on progeny resulting from 12 half-sib families and 36 full-sib families obtained using artificial fertilization of mating three females to each male. The measurements were taken at 10, 20 and 30 d after fertilization. It was found that heritability estimates based on sire component ranged from 0.23 to 0.36 for shell length and 0.21 to 0.32 for shell width. Heritability estimates from dam component were larger than those from sire component at three ages, indicating presence of maternal effects, non-additive genetic effects and common environmental effects. Phenotypic correlations were significant at three ages （P 〈 0.05）, with values of 0.92, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Genetic correlations from the paternal half-sib correlation analysis were highly positive at three ages, with values of 0.50, 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The results suggest that selective breeding is an effective approach to improving growth traits of Pacific abalone stocks.
文摘Conspecific foot mucus,excessive[K^+] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed different metamorphosis-inductive effect on the veliger of Haliotis discus hannai.The inductive effect of excessive [K^+]and GABA was developmental stage-dependent and dose-dependent,while that of conspecific foot mu-cus was only developmental stage-dependent.At 20℃ the veliger larvae became competent within 4 daysafter fertilization H.discus hannai larvae showed gregarious settlement pattern on the conspecific foot mu-ous under the conditions of either presence or absence of KCI or GABA.The present studies showed that the effect of conspecific foot mucus on abalone larvae metarnorphosis could be dose-independent.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No2006AA10A407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No30371117)
文摘We conducted a complete diallel cross among three geographically isolated populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino to determine the heterosis and the combining ability of growth traits at the spat stage.The three populations were collected from Qingdao(Q) and Dalian(D) in China,and Miyagi(M) in Japan.We measured the shell length,shell width,and total weight.The magnitude of the general combining ability(GCA) variance was more pronounced than the specific combining ability(SCA) variance,which is evidenced by both the ratio of the genetic component in total variation and the GCA/SCA values.The component variances of GCA and SCA were significant for all three traits(P<0.05),indicating the importance of additive and non-additive genetic effects in determining the expression of these traits.The reciprocal maternal effects(RE) were also significant for these traits(P<0.05).Our results suggest that population D was the best general combiner in breeding programs to improve growth traits.The DM cross had the highest heterosis values for all three traits.
文摘The microsatellite-enriched library was constructed using magnetic bead hybridization selection method, and the mi-crosatellite DNA sequences were analyzed in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Three hundred and fifty white colonies were screened using PCR-based technique, and 84 clones were identified to potentially contain microsatellite repeat motif. The 84 clones were sequenced, and 42 microsatellites and 4 minisatellites with a minimum of five repeats were found (13.1% of white colonies screened). Besides the motif of CA contained in the oligoprobe, we also found other 16 types of microsatellite repeats including a dinucleotide repeat, two tetranucleotide repeats, twelve pentanucleotide repeats and a hexanucleotide repeat. According to Weber (1990), the microsatellite sequences obtained could be categorized structurally into perfect repeats (73.3%), imperfect repeats (13.3%), and compound repeats (13.4%). Among the microsatellite repeats, relatively short arrays (< 20 repeats) were most abundant, accounting for 75.0%. The largest length of microsatellites was 48 repeats, and the average number of repeats was 13.4. The data on the composition and length distribution of microsatellites obtained in the present study can be useful for choosing the repeat motifs for microsatellite isolation in other abalone species.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2008BAC49B01)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2010CB428705)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821004)
文摘From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coast of Qingdao and led to mass mortality of cultured abalone and sea cucumber. However, the mechanism for the mass mortality of cultured animals remains undetermined. This study examined the toxic effects of Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, the causative species of green tides in the Yellow Sea during the last three years. The acute toxicity of fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent of U. prolifera to the cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai were tested. It was found that both fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent had toxic effects to abalone, and decomposing algal effluent was more toxic than fresh culture medium. The acute toxicity of decomposing algal effluent could be attributed to the ammonia and sulfide presented in the effluent, as well as the hypoxia caused by the decomposition process.
基金The National High-Technology Research and Development Plan under contract No.2006AA10A407the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30371117
文摘A2 × 2 factorial cross between two populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino, collected separately from Dalian （D） in China and Miyagi （M） in Japan, was conducted to compare performances in fertilization rate, hatching rate, metamorphosis rate and growth at days 20, 43, 160 and 330 between purebreds （DD and MM） and crossbreds （DM and MD） and investigate the magnitude of heterobeltiosis （better parent） and heterosis （mid-parent）. Heterobeltiosis and heterosis for all the traits analyzed were evidently different between crossbreds DM and MD. Heterobeltiosis in the crossbred DM varied among traits, with values of 2.5% for the fertilization rate, 2.2% for the hatching rate, - 1.9% for the metamorphosis rate and 7.4% for the growth at the day 330. The crossbred DM displayed positive heterotic values for fertilization rate （5.4%）, hatching rate （7.4%）, metamorphosis rate （7.6%） and growth （ 12.0% ） at the day 330. However, both heterobeltiosis and heterosis for all the traits in the crossbred MD were negative except those for the growth at days 20 and 43. The results indicate the importance of selecting superior hybrid varieties if the exploitation of hybrid vigor is considered in the Pacific abalone breeding program.
基金supported by the Special Funds for the Major State Basic Research Projects(G1999012012)the Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education,Ocean University of China
文摘An actin encoding gene was cloned by using RT-PCR, 3’ RACE and 5’ RACE from abalone Haliotis discus hannai. The full length of the gene is 1532 base pairs, which contains a long 3’ untranslated region of 307 base pairs and 79 base pairs of 5’ untranslated sequence. The open reading frame encodes 376 amino acid residues. Sequence comparison with those of human and other mollusks showed high conservation among species at amino acid level. The identities was 96%, 97% and 96% respectively compared with Aplysia californica, Biomphalaria glabrata and Homo sapience β-actin. It is also indicated that this actin is more similar to the human cytoplasmic actin (β-actin) than to human muscle actin.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 30200215the National High Technology Research and Development Program （“863” Program） of China under contract No. 2004AA628100.
文摘A 240 d growth experiment was conducted in a re-circulated water system to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of juvenile abalone [ initial mass was （0.96±0. 02） g, shell length was （17.70±0.06） mm] were fed to satiation one of three send-purified diets containing 0, 1×10^3, 1×10^6 IU vitamin A per kilogram diet, respectively. Results showed that the daily increment in shell length （DISL） of abalone in the treatment with 1 × 10^3 IU vitamin A per kilogram diet was significantly higher than that with 0 or 1 × 10^6 IU vitamin A per kilogram supplementation （P 〈 0.05）. Vitamin A deficiency （0 IU/kg） significantly elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione peroxidase （GPX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the viscera of abalone （P 〈 0.05）. In muscle, the effects of vitamin A deficiency on SOD and GPX activities were the same as those in viscera, however, the activity of GR significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Vitamin A deficiency significantly decreased the ratio of CAT to SOD （eatalase/superoxide dismutase） in viscera （P 〈 0.05）. Nevertheless, it significantly decreased the ratio of GR to GPX in muscle （P 〈 0.05）. Compared with the supplement of 1 x 103 IU vitamin A per kilogram, excessive vitamin A （ 1 × 106 IU/kg） had no significant effects on the activities of CAT, SOD and glutathione-S-transferase （GST） （P 〉 0.05）, but significantly elevated GPX and GR activities in viscera （P 〈 0. 05）. In muscle, the activities of CAT, SOD, GPX, GST and GR were significantly decreased by the excessive dietary vitamin A supplement （P 〈 0.05）. Compared with the supplement of 1×10^3 IU vitamin A per kilogram, vitamin A-excessive had no significant effect on the value of ratio of CAT to SOD either in viscera or in muscle （ P 〉0.05 ）. The ratio of GR to GPX was significantly decreased in viscera, but significantly elevated in muscle in the vitamin A-excessive group （P 〈 0.05 ）. In conclusion, optimum supplement of vitamin A （ 1 × 103 IU/kg） was beneficial for abalone to maintain maximum growth and antioxidant system. Hypoor hyper-vitaminosis A would decrease growth and the efficiency of scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS） of abalone.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Nos. 2006AA10A407, 2012AA100812)
文摘Heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） is one important member of heat shock protein （Hsp） family that is responsible for various stresses, especially thermal stress. Here we examined the response of Hsp70 gene to both chronic and acute thermal exposure in Pacific abalone （Haliotis discus hannai Ino）. For the chronic exposure, abalones were maintained at 8, 12, 20, and 30∩ for four months and their mRNA levels were measured. The highest mRNA level of Hsp70 gene relative to actin gene was detected in the 30~C-acclimated group, followed by the 8~C-acclimated group and then the 12~C- and 20~C-acclimated groups. After the long-term acclimation, gills from each of the above acclimation groups were dissected and exposed to different temperatures between 8~C and 38~C for 30 min. Hsp70 expression in gills acclimated to different temperatures responded differentially to the same temperature exposure. The incubation temperature that induced maximum Hsp70 mRNA expression was higher in the higher temperature acclimation groups than lower temperature groups. Pacific abalones could alter the expression pattern of Hsp70 gene according to environmental thermal conditions, through which they deal with the stress of thermal variations.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30972262)
文摘A 240-day growth experiment in a re-circulating water system was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary menadione on the growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of juvenile abalone (initial weight: 1.19 ± 0.01 g; shell length: 19.23 ± 0.01 mm) were fed to satiation with 3 semi-purified diets containing 0, 10, and 1 000 mg menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB)/kg, respectively. Results show that there were no significant differences in the rate of weight gain or in the daily increment in shell length of abalone among different treatments. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in viscera were significantly decreased with dietary menadione. However, activities of these enzymes except for GPX in muscle were increased. Therefore, antioxidant responses of abalone were increased in muscle and decreased in viscera by dietary menadione.
