Microstructure and Properties of Low Temperature Composite Chromized Layer on H13 Tool Steel

Low temperature composite chromizing is a process composed of a plain ion-carbonitriding or ion-nitriding at 550-580℃, followed by a low-temperature chromizing in a salt-bath of 590℃. The microstructure and properties of the low temperature composite chromized layer on H13 tool steel were investigated using metallography, X-ray diffraction, microanalysis, hardness and wear tests. It was found that this low temperature process was thermo-dynamically and kinetically possible, and the composite chromized layer on H13 steel, with a thickness of 3-6 μm, consisted of three sub-layers (bands), viz. the outer Cr-rich one, the intermediate (black) one, and the inner, original white layer. After chromizing, the former diffusion layer was thickened. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the composite chromized layer contained such nitrides and carbides of chromium as CrN, Cr2N, (Cr, Fe)23C6, and (Cr, Fe)7C3, as well as plain α-(Fe, Cr). A high surface microhardness of 1450-1550 HV0.025, which is much higher than that obtained by the conventional ion carbonitriding and ion nitriding, was obtained. In addition, an excellent wear resistance was gained on the composite chromized layer.

Deoxidation of H13 tool steel with CaF_(2)-MgO-CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) slags at 1873 K

Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to investigate the deoxidation of H13 tool steel with CaF_(2)-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)-CaO-SiO_(2) slags at 1873 K.The calculation of thermodynamics and kinetics was also verified through the experimental results.The results show that[Si]-[O]reaction is the control reaction,and with the increase of basicity of slag,the limitation of deoxidation was decreased.The limitation of deoxidation is the lowest for the slag with basicity of 2.0.Under the conditions of the basicity of 2.0 and the content of CaF_(2) more than 50%,the limitation of deoxidation is less than 10×10^(−6),and it does not depend on the contents of Al_(2)O_(3) and CaF_(2) in slags.The mass transport of oxygen in the metal phase is the rate-controlling step,and the slag composition has no effect on the equilibrium time of deoxidation.Based on this finding,the optimized slag composition is designed and it contains the following components:51.5%CaF_(2),20.3%MgO,16.2%Al_(2)O_(3),8.2%CaO and 3.8%SiO_(2).In the case of the optimized deoxidizing slag,the total oxygen content in H13 steel can be reduced from 25×10^(−6) to 6×10^(−6).

The Effect of Heat Treatment Atmosphere on Hardening of Surface Region of H13 Tool Steel

The main objective of the die heat treatment is to enhance the surface hardness and wear properties to extend the die service life. In this paper, a series of heat treatment experiments were conducted under different atmospheric conditions and length of treatment. Four austenitization atmospheric conditions were studied and although each heat treatment condition resulted in a different hardness profile, it did not affect the results for gas nitriding. All samples subjected to the nitriding process produced similar thicknesses of hardened case layer with average hardness of 70 - 72 HRC if the initial carbon content is not too low. It was shown that heat treatment without atmospheric control results in a lower hardness on the surface since the material was subjected to decarburization effect. The stainless steel foil wrapping around the sample and heat treatment in a vacuum furnace could restrict the decarburization process, while pack carburization heat treatment resulted in a carburization effect on the material.

FLOW STRESS MODEL FOR HARD MACHINING OF AISI H13 WORK TOOL STEEL

An approach is presented to characterize the stress response of workpiece in hard machining, accounted for the effect of the initial workpiece hardness, temperature, strain and strain rate on flow stress. AISI H13 work tool steel was chosen to verify this methodology. The proposed flow stress model demonstrates a good agreement with data collected from published experiments. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to predict the corresponding flow stress-strain response of AISI H13 work tool steel with variation of the initial workpiece hardness in hard machining.

Erosion problem in tool steel using cold box core-making process

This paper presents the erosion results of the AISI H13 steel impinged by resin-bonded silica sand, using a testing rig that closely simulates the real blowing conditions during industrial core-making. Steel specimens were heat treated to obtain hardness of 294, 445 and 595 HV200 (29, 45 and 55 HRC). Erosion tests were carried out at impingement angles from 20° to 90° and air drag pressures of 1.38, 2.07 and 2.76 bar (20, 30 and 40 psi). The main results are summarized as follows:(i) The harder material, the lower erosion;(ii) the maximum erosion rate is at 30°;(iii) Little difference in erosion rate at impact angle of 60° and 90° for a constant pressure tested regardless of the hardness level;(iv) As the pressure increases, so does the erosion rate, being more sensitive for low impact angles. Finally, a differential form of the general erosion equation is applied on a practical core-making case to evaluate the erosion rate of the H13 steel at 30° and 90° impingement angles.

喷射成形H13钢的微观组织及形成特点

采用常规铸造和喷射成形工艺分别制备了H13钢,应用OM、SEM、XRD等方法研究了铸态、喷射沉积态及过喷粉的组织。采用LMS-30粒度仪对过喷粉进行了粒度分析。结果表明:铸态H13钢为粗大的枝晶组织,合金元素与碳化物偏析严重,而喷射成形H13钢为细小的等轴晶组织,几乎没有碳化物,含有较多的残余奥氏体。过喷粉是枝晶组织,随粉末尺寸的减小,一次枝晶变小,二次枝晶臂已不明显,是欠发达枝晶组织。雾化压力的增加对小颗粒过喷粉的尺寸和数量影响甚微,但会明显减小大颗粒过喷粉末的尺寸,并增加其数量。喷射成形等轴晶的形成机制在气液比偏小时以未破碎枝晶的均质化与碎断枝晶的连接长大为主,而在气液比偏高时以大量破碎枝晶作为异质形核核心为主。

Cr含量降低对H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

对比了Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢与Cr含量为5%的传统H13钢性能的差异,利用SEM、TEM、XRD进行微观组织与相组成分析,研究了Cr对H13钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,Cr含量的降低明显提高了H13钢的回火稳定性与高温强度,其原因主要与回火组织中马氏体的回复程度及二次析出碳化物的种类有关。传统H13钢在650℃回火时,马氏体基本回复完全,基体强度明显下降,并在原马氏体板条界和晶界上析出了较多的尺寸为120nm左右的近球形Cr7C3和M6C型碳化物,第二相强化效果降低;而Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢在650℃回火后,基体依然为板条马氏体,板条内保持较高的位错密度,同时板条内析出的大量细小弥散的短棒状VC,在起到弥散强化作用的同时还钉扎位错,推迟了马氏体的回复,从而提高了高温性能。

微量Nb对H13钢性能的影响

研究了微量铌对AISIH13钢的力学性能、热稳定性能、回火稳定性、抗高温氧化性及抗冷热疲劳性的影响。结果表明 ,在H13钢中添加 0 0 1% (质量分数 ,下同 )的铌对力学性能没有明显改善 ,但热稳定性、回火稳定性和抗高温氧化能力明显提高。运用计算机图像处理技术对比研究两种材料的热疲劳裂纹变化规律显示 ,含微量铌的H13钢的热疲劳抗力明显比不含铌的H13钢要高 。

涂层刀具切削淬硬H13模具钢的切削性能研究

基于有限元方法选取4种不同涂层材质的刀具进行切削淬硬H13模具钢仿真加工,研究涂层材质和切削速度对刀具切削性能的影响。从切削力和切削温度两个方面考虑,在相同切削条件下,Ti Al N涂层刀具的切削性能最优,Al_2O_3涂层刀具引起的已加工表面塑性变形最小;随着切削速度的提高,切削力和切削温度不断增加,工件材料已加工表面的塑性变形也逐渐增大。

H13热作模具钢的化学成分及其改进和发展的研究

应用钢的强韧化设计和金属学原理的相关理论,本文相当详尽地分析了H13钢的化学成分及其对钢的组织结构和性能的影响,同时阐明了近年来国内外对H13钢成分的改进和发展方面的工作,旨在促进人们能更进一步开展开发、制造和处理H13钢的研究。

AISI H13钢表面改性技术研究进展

用于加工铝合金、镁合金零部件的AISI H13热作模具钢因其恶劣的服役环境,现已表现出低寿命的致命缺陷.激光加热淬火工艺因兼有表面强化、残余应力低及与基底保持高的结合之特性,使AISI H13热作模具钢具有广阔的应用前景;激光熔覆合金化工艺因具有较强的表面可设计性与使用可靠性,使AISI H13热作模具钢具有巨大的发展潜力;热喷涂工艺具有流程短且涂层可设计性等优势,但因涂层与基底呈弱结合之状态,因此应在成分与工艺上进行涂层与基底之间热匹配设计,以满足工程应用的高性能化与长寿命化之需.

高品质H13模具钢质量研究与分析

通过叙述高品质H13模具钢生产关键技术,并对比检测了国内外几家H13模具钢的成分、非金属夹杂物、显微组织、横向强度和冲击功等指标,莱钢模具钢质量已经达到或超过国外进口钢材水平。

含铌H13钢中一次碳氮化物生成机理及热稳定性

对含铌0.051%的H13钢铸锭中一次碳氮化物成分特征及在1150℃、1250℃下的热稳定性进行了分析,并利用热力学软件Thermo-Calc对其形成机制进行了合理的解释。研究发现含铌0.051%的H13钢铸锭中存在3类一次碳氮化物,富Nb类、富V类以及富Mo-Cr类相。富Nb相热稳定性高,在1150℃及1250℃下保温6 h仍大量存在。富V相在1150℃下保温6 h仍然存在,而在1250℃下保温6 h即可完全固溶。富Mo-Cr相热稳定性低,无论是在1150℃还是1250℃下,均没有发现。这些相是在凝固过程中由于元素富集而在液相中析出。凝固过程中,富V的碳氮化物相首先析出,之后随着Nb含量的富集,富Nb的碳化物相开始析出,当Nb元素消耗到一定程度而同时V元素进一步富集后,富V的碳化物相再次析出,富Mo-Cr相在凝固末期最后析出。

TiN涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢切削性能试验研究

为研究TiN涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢的切削性能,进行了TiN涂层刀具车削加工淬硬H13钢试验。分析了切削用量与切削力、切削温度的关系及涂层刀具磨损机制。研究得出切削速度、切削深度、进给量都对主切削力Fz和切深抗力Fx影响较大,对切削进给抗力Fy影响相对较小;切削速度对切削温度的影响最大;对刀具磨损观察发现刀具的前刀面有明显的月牙洼磨损,刀尖部位出现了微崩刃现象,后刀面出现磨粒磨损。研究结果为生产加工中优化切削用量及提高刀具寿命提供了技术支持和试验依据。

淬硬H13钢在高速铣削时的刀具磨损性能实验研究

针对淬硬H13热作模具钢在高速切削时的刀具耐磨性问题,选用了陶瓷铣刀和带涂层的3种硬质合金钢铣刀对其进行高速铣削实验。首先,分析了在相同切削参数条件下不同刀具后刀面磨损量VB的变化情况;其次,分析了失效刀具的磨损机理;最后,探讨了刀具磨损量对零件加工表面粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明:AlTiN涂层立铣刀刀具的耐磨性能最佳;刀具的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和粘结磨损,刀具的崩刃是硬质合金刀具的主要失效形式;TiAlN涂层立铣刀对工件的表面形成的粗糙度变化趋势较为平稳,工件表面质量较好。

Effect of Niobium on Microstructure of Cast AISI H13 Hot Work Tool Steel

The effect of niobium addition on the microstructure of cast AISI H13 hot work tool steel was evaluated by using EDX analyzer attached to the scanning electron microscope. The volume percent of eutectic area and eutectic cell size and also volume percent of different carbides of new steel, which is heat treated under different conditions, are also determined. The results show that the a niobium addition modifies the cast structure of Nb-alloyed hot work tool steel, and reduces the size and volume of eutectic cells, and increases the maximum hardness of the steel.

Fatigue-creep interaction based on continuum damage mechanics for AISI H13 hot work tool steel at elevated temperatures

AISI H13 （4Cr5MoSiV1） is one of the commonly used materials for extrusion tool, and it suffers from fatigue-creep damage during the hot extrusion process. Stress-controlled fatigue and creep-fatigue interaction tests were carried out at 500℃ to investigate its damage evolution. The accumulated plastic strain was selected to define the damage variable due to its clear physical meaning. A new fatigue-creep interaction damage model was proposed on the basis of continuum damage mechanics. A new equivalent impulse density for fatigue-creep tests was proposed to incorporate the holding time effect by transforming creep impulse density into fatigue impulse density. The experimental results indicated that the damage model is able to describe the damage evolution under these working conditions.

沉积路径对激光增材制造结构件残余应力的影响

以H13工具钢粉末为原材料,使用激光金属沉积技术快速成形薄壁结构件.采用Fluent开发气体/金属粉末流计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,分析强制对流热损失参数.建立沉积过程热流本构方程,采用生死单元技术模拟金属沉积,基于APDL语言进行编译加载,实现激光金属沉积3D热-力顺序耦合有限元模拟.分析沉积路径对薄壁结构热分布和残余应力场分布不同模式的影响.结果表明:直壁结构拐角局部存在超过工件拉伸强度的残余拉应力,从而导致裂纹生成;与单向沉积路径不同,之字形沉积路径在沉积层中诱导不同符号的残余切应力;单向沉积壁温度梯度相对较低,其残余应力略低于之字形沉积壁,但成形结构件的整体质量较低;残余应力计算结果与实验测量值相吻合,可为特定零件几何形状沉积提供参考.

Strain-induced Microstructure Refinement in a Tool Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment

A nanostructured surface layer has been fabricated on an AISI H13 tool steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment （SMAT）.Strain-induced refinement processes of ferrite grains and carbide particles have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in the SMAT surface layer.Grain refinement of ferrite is found to be dominated by dislocation activities and greatly facilitated by a large number of carbide particles at a depth 〉20 μm.The comparisons with microstructure refinement processes in other SMAT ferrite steels indicate that a larger volume fraction of carbide particles with a lower shear strength is expected to facilitate the refinement process of ferrite grains.

高速钢刀具激光熔覆涂层与力学性能研究

采用激光熔覆的方法在高速钢刀具4Cr5MoSiV1钢表面制备了不同TiC体积分数的复合熔覆层,对比分析了4种复合熔覆层的显微形貌、常温拉伸力学性能和断口形貌。结果表明,随着熔覆层中TiC体积分数的增加,熔覆层试样的屈服强度逐渐增加,断后伸长率逐渐降低,7.5%TiC时抗拉强度取得最大值,继续增加TiC体积分数,熔覆层试样的抗拉强度反而会降低;随着熔覆层中TiC增加,试样的断裂形式从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。