基于HEC-HMS的黄土高塬沟壑区流域城市化对洪水情势的影响

黄土高塬沟壑区城市化过程中下垫面硬化会影响暴雨水文情势,增大洪水模拟预报难度。为实现对流域城市洪水灾害的预警,基于HEC-HMS水文模型,分别率定砚瓦川流域城市化前后不同时期土地利用条件下的产汇流参数,开展极端暴雨洪水情景设计,揭示流域城市化对不同重现期洪水的水文效应。结果表明:建立的HEC-HMS降雨-径流模型适用于黄土高塬沟壑区洪水预报,其模拟综合合格率为81.25%,平均Nash效率系数为0.82;流域城市化对重现期短的洪水要素变化影响较大,且洪量变化幅度大于洪峰变化幅度,100 a一遇洪水的洪峰和洪量的增幅分别为4.54%和6.40%,5 a一遇洪水的洪峰和洪量的增幅分别为7.06%和9.49%;各子流域设计洪水对流域城市化的响应分布具有空间差异性,以西北部地区响应为最强,其次为南部地区,东北部地区最弱。

基于HEC-HMS模型的三峡区间洪水模拟

三峡区间面积在长江上游的流域面积占比5.6%,但在三峡入库洪水组成中,区间形成的洪水占比可达10%以上,可见区间暴雨洪水是水库防洪安全必须考量的重要因素。采用2007—2011年三峡入库流量,上游边界寸滩和武隆站实测流量资料,建立了基于HEC-HMS的三峡区间洪水模拟模型,用于分析区间暴雨洪水与入库洪水的关系。根据入库洪水来源组成分析和资料特点,提出分类调参、分期检验的区间洪水建模方案:对以上游来水为主型洪水,率定汇流参数;对区间降水贡献较大型洪水,率定产流参数;对2012年以后的模拟洪水过程,以三峡水库运行实录发布的洪水过程线为比对基准。结果表明:模型精度良好,率定期和验证期洪峰流量相对误差在±20%以内,峰现时间误差<3 h;经与长江三峡工程运行实录比对,模型适用于模拟2012年后的三峡入库洪水过程。以20160626场次洪水为典型,分析该场区间洪水对入库洪水的峰值贡献率达27.2%,使得峰现时间提前16 h。研究成果可用于三峡区间洪水的影响研究,也可作为区间流域洪水模拟模型建模方案的技术参考。

基于HEC-HMS的资料匮乏山区洪水模拟研究

以白花河小流域为例,探讨缺资料地区HEC-HMS模型的适用效果。通过流域DEM等下垫面数据获取流域信息,采用SCS-CN曲线法、SCS单位线法、指数衰退法、马斯京根演算法进行流域产汇流计算及河道洪水演算,构建了HEC-HMS降雨径流模型,结合广东省综合单位线法与推理公式法的结果对模型参数进行率定。结果表明,设计洪水计算结果的误差均小于20%且平均相对误差均小于10%;实测洪水模拟的洪峰流量相对误差小于10%,Nash系数为0.90。HEC-HMS模型进行径流模拟效果较好,可适用于研究区山洪预报。

基于SWMM耦合HEC-RAS的人工建设水网防洪排涝模拟研究

对新建城区的水文、水动力过程进行准确模拟分析是人工水网规划建设及新建城区内涝防治的关键。应用SWMM分布式水文模型耦合HEC-RAS二维水动力SWE-ELW模型,对安徽省阜阳市城南水网进行模型模拟及防洪排涝分析。结果表明,SWMM模型中计算参数更多,排涝模数随汇水分区面积增大而减小,且与规划泵站排涝模数接近,计算结果更为合理。城南水网排涝标准30年一遇工况下,城南水网水系汛期最高水位为27.89 m,满足排涝方案要求;各闸门过流流量与其河道底宽成正比,各闸门各过程线波动程度与其河道底宽成反比;水网先蓄后排削峰57.21 m^(3)/s,错峰2.83 h,调蓄洪量169万m^(3),削峰率42.45%,防洪排涝效益显著。该方法具备一定的模拟效果及精度,可为相关人工建设水网的防洪排涝研究提供借鉴和指导。

HEC-RAS模型在河道治理工程水面线推求中的应用

为掌握山区复杂流态河流暴雨洪水特性,以吴上湾河大埠口村段河道治理工程为例,利用HEC-RAS软件构建迭代推演水面线分析模型,并结合流域特征值及设计洪水成果,模拟获得控制断面治理前后10年一遇洪水条件下的河道水面线数据。分析结果表明:治理前河道滩地上沙场侵占行洪断面,导致河道水位壅高。通过主河槽扩挖补偿和混凝土挡土墙护岸等措施治理后,河道流速降低、行洪能力增加。HEC-RAS软件对于天然河道复杂流态水文水力计算具有较强适用性,推求数据合理可信。

HEC-RAS在贵州山区中小河流治理工程方案优化中的应用

HEC-RAS具备简洁的操作界面,简单的模型设置方式,处理复杂河流及涉河建筑物的强大能力以及准确的模拟计算结果,在河道治理工程分析计算中应用广泛。以贵州省小黄泥河树嘎村段河道治理工程为例,利用HEC-RAS模型对研究区建立一维恒定流模型,进行多方案的分析计算,可为优化工程治理方案布置提供决策参考。计算结果表明,HEC-RAS模型模拟计算简便,水面线成果精度较高,可为中小河流治理方案设计和优化提供决策参考,满足贵州山区中小河流治理工程的精度要求。

HEC-RAS二维恒定流与非恒定流模型在洪水淹没计算中的敏感性比较分析

以广州市派潭河的某河段数据为例,文章利用HEC-RAS建立了二维河道水动力模型,并对模型在恒定流与非恒定流工况下的洪水淹没计算结果进行了敏感性比较分析。结果表明,恒定流模拟的计算结果淹没程度更加严重,且随着重现期增加,恒定流与非恒定流模拟的计算结果淹没程度的差异逐渐变大。

基于HEC-HMS模型的太行山小流域山洪模拟研究——以邢台路罗川流域为例

太行山南段东坡路罗川流域山洪灾害频发,然而相关的模拟研究较少。采用HEC-HMS模型,以罗川流域1982—2016年间8场山洪进行参数率定,2场洪水进行验证,并对比两套参数组合方案((1)初损常损法+Sndyer单位线法+指数衰退法+马斯京根法;(2)SCS曲线数法+SCS单位线法+指数衰退法+马斯京根法)。结果表明:两套方案合格率均为90%,平均Nash效率系数分别为0.83和0.79,预报精度均到达乙级水平,方案一优于方案二。产流初损和CN值均与起涨流量密切相关,分别为对数和指数关系。在验证期,基于经验关系的动态推求法模拟的洪峰流量平均相对误差为12.35%,洪量平均相对误差为12.35%,平均Nash系数为0.82,均优于固定参数法(17.26%、13.35%和0.77),可有效提高模拟精度。

HEC-HMS模型在不同水文气象分区中的改进

采用前期影响雨量Pa替换前5 d降水量以评估前期土壤湿润程度、线性内插增加CN值的分级以及根据不同水文气象分区选用适宜初损率λ等改进措施对HEC-HMS半分布式水文模型产流模块中的SCS-CN方法进行改进,并于县北沟、呈村、平和3个中小流域进行验证,探讨了反算法率定SCS模型参数的局限性;通过率定不同流域前期影响雨量下的最适宜CN值(C_(x))并回归C_(x)-P_(a)关系,分析了实际湿润程度随前期影响雨量变化的规律。研究结果表明,当湿润区和半湿润区流域初损率取值0.05和0.20时HEC-HMS模型能取得较好的模拟精度。

HEC-HMS模型和TOPMODEL模型在东庄流域山洪预报的应用研究

水文模型是山洪预报的理论依据,不同模型间的结构、适用性、精度均不同。为探究HEC-HMS模型和TOPMODEL模型的特性及其模拟效果的差异,选取东庄流域10场代表性洪水,以峰现时间误差、径流深误差、时间误差和确定性系数为检验指标,进行场次洪水模拟。结果表明,两模型的预报方案在东庄流域模拟中各评定指标均达标,率定期均为甲等精度,验证期均为丙等精度。HEC-HMS模型和TOPMODEL模型对蒸散发的差异性参考,使得在半干旱区HEC-HMS模型的适用性更好。研究成果对于HEC-HMS模型和TOPMODEL模型在该区域的应用及防灾减灾有重要意义。

Development of River Rating Curves for Simple to Complex Hydraulic Structure Based on Calibrated HEC-RAS Hydraulic Model, in Kwale, Coastal Kenya

Accurate and reliable river flow information is critical to planning and management for sustainable water resources utilization. Most of engineering activities related to hydrologic designs, flood, drought, reservoirs and their operations are heavily dependent on the river flow information derived from river rating curve. The rating curve for a given river section is normally developed from a set of direct stage-discharge measurements for different periods. This involves considerable labour, risk and resources, and presupposes a complex and extensive measuring survey. Extrapolating the rating curve beyond the measured range, as common in many cases, is fraught with errors and uncertainties, due to the complex hydraulic behaviour of the surface water profile in transition from section, channel, downstream and flood plain controls which are often poorly understood with direct measurements. Hydraulic modeling has recently emerged as one of the more promising methods to efficiently develop accurate rating curves for a river section with simple or complex hydraulic structures and conditions. This paper explores the use of a Hydraulic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model to review and develop river rating curves for three hydrometric stations on two rivers in Kwale, coastal Kenya. The HEC-RAS models were set up based on topographical (cross section and longitudinal) survey data for the reaches and engineering drawings for the hydraulic structures commonly used as section controls for flow measurement. The model was calibrated under unsteady state conditions against measured stage-discharge data which were captured using a Velocity Current Meter (Valeport) and an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) for both low and high flow. The rating curves were extracted from model results and the uncertainty associated with each rating curve analyzed. The results obtained by the HEC-RAS model were satisfactory and deemed acceptable for predicting discharge across the stage range at each river section.

基于HEC-RAS模型的西安浐河河道水面线计算

通过开展河道水面线推求能为浐河河道防洪工程设计提供重要科学依据。以西安浐河干流及其支流库峪河为例,采用地区经验公式法和水文比拟法推求浐河干流及支流河段20年一遇的设计洪水,通过比较分析,水文比拟法更能准确反映浐河河段的设计洪峰流量。基于设计洪峰流量结果,利用HEC-RAS模型推算浐河干流及其支流库峪河的水面线,得到各个断面的洪水水位、流速,水面线模拟计算结果较好,满足工程防洪要求,可为浐河河道工程防洪设计标准提供技术支撑。

HEC-HMS模型在漓江上游流域洪水预报中的应用

漓江上游流域洪水灾害频发,是广西山洪灾害多发区中较严重的流域之一。本文以漓江上游流域为研究对象,通过HEC-HMS水文模型,采用SCS-CN法计算降水损失、Snyder单位线法计算坡面汇流、退水曲线法模拟基流、马斯京根法进行河道洪水演算等4种研究方法模拟降雨-径流过程,基于实测水文、气象数据资料选取2008—2013年的27场洪水作为率定期洪水,2014—2015年8场洪水作为验证期洪水进行降雨径流模拟,经过模拟计算得到结果:率定期27场洪水合格率为81.5%,平均确定性系数为0.809;验证期8场洪水合格率为75%达到乙级精度,平均确定性系数为0.76,达到乙级精度。模拟结果的分析表明,HEC-HMS模型适用于漓江流域上游且取得较好的模拟结果,可为漓江流域上游洪水作业预报提供参考。

HEC-RAS模型在分汊河道设计最低通航水位推求中的应用

HEC-RAS一维数学模型可用于恒定流和非恒定流计算,常被应用于降雨径流、河流水动力、洪水过程分析等领域。以岷江航道(乐山段)灾后重建为例,根据河道实测地形,实测分流比以及实测水边线,采用HEC-RAS模型对该段河道水面线进行率定与分析计算,研究HEC-RAS模型在分汊河段设计最低通航水位推求中的适用性。结果表明:HEC-RAS模型在研究区率定结果良好,有较好的适用性,且能为分汊河道的航道整治提供经济有效的技术支撑。

HEC-HMS模型和NAM模型在降雨径流模拟中的应用研究

HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System)模型是半分布式水文模型,NAM(Nedbør-Afstrømnings-Model)模型是集总式概念性模型,通过对两种模型计算原理和模型架构及参数组成进行对比,并选取滁河沙河集子流域的5场日径流进行模拟,通过模拟结果对两种模型在降雨径流模拟性能上进行比较研究。研究结果表明,两种模型均有较好的模拟效果,预报的径流深均在许可误差范围内。两种模型在降雨径流模拟过程中均存在一定的局限性,HEC-HMS模型计算功能强大,部分参数能直接反映流域的具体特性,但是其建模过程较繁琐,且内部的观测值难以进行检验,NAM建模过程简便,所需参数较少且物理意义明确,但是模型计算过程忽略了流域的空间变异及产流的空间分布。

基于HEC-RAS的水库坝址上下游桥梁工程壅水计算分析

为验证桥梁壅水数值模拟计算成果的合理性并提高模型构建效率,讨论了HEC-RAS模型的基本原理,重点探讨了桥梁壅水计算模型构建方法,包括断面布设原则、桥梁模型概化方式、不同特性河段边界条件的选取和计算方法等关键技术问题。以重庆市向阳水库国道复建工程中的两座桥梁为研究对象开展了实例研究。结果表明:HEC-RAS模型建模方便快捷且易于调试、计算效率高、模拟精度可满足壅水分析计算需求,可为涉水工程防洪评价提供参考。

HEC-RAS Model for Mannnig’s Roughness: A Case Study

Channel roughness is considered as the most sensitive parameter in development of hydraulic models for flood forecasting and flood inundation mapping. Hence, it is essential to calibrate the channel roughness coefficient (Mannnig’s “n” value) for various river reaches through simulation of floods. In the present study it is attempted to calibrate and validate Mannnig’s “n” value using HEC-RAS for Mahanadi Riverin Odisha (India). For calibration of Mannnig’s “n” value, the floods for the years 2001 and 2003 have been considered. The calibrated model, in terms of channel roughness, has been used to simulate the flood for year2006 inthe same river reach. The performance of the calibrated and validated HEC-RAS based model has been tested using Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency. It is concluded from the simulation study that optimum Mannnig’s “n” value that can be used effectively for Khairmal to Barmul reach of Mahanadi Riveris 0.029. It is also verified that the peak flood discharge and time to reach peak value computed using Mannnig’s “n” of 0.029 showed only an error of 5.42% as compared with the observed flood data of year 2006.

基于HEC-RAS的山丘区中小河流洪水淹没分析

洪水灾害作为研究热点,在我国小流域洪水灾害研究领域仍不够完善。小流域洪水的特点是可预见性小、突发性强,洪水一旦发生,岸堤两侧危险性显著提高。本文利用Lekan软件进行流域划分及坡度分析,并利用Ras Mapper模块导入研究区几何数据建模,通过一维水动力学模型计算出水位,结合地形分析不同重现期下的洪水淹没面积,绘制出洪水淹没图,后续结合ArcGIS等软件制作研究区洪水淹没图,丰富了我国不同地区中小型流域洪水淹没图。一方面便于研究人员开展所在省份的山丘中小河流洪水淹没图项目。另一方面,也可将一维水力学模型+空间地形法运用于河流整治等其他有关水力分析的工程项目中,为规划、自然灾害预防、监视预警、紧急响应、灾后评估等防灾减灾管理工作提供了一定的信息支撑。

Calibration of HEC-RAS Model on Prediction of Flood for Lower Tapi River, India

Channel roughness is a sensitive parameter in development of hydraulic model for flood forecasting and flood inundation mapping. The requirement of multiple channel roughness coefficient Mannnig’s ‘n’ values along the river has been spelled out through simulation of floods, using HEC-RAS, for years 1998 and 2003, supported with the photographs of river reaches collected during the field visit of the lower Tapi River. The calibrated model, in terms of channel roughness, has been used to simulate the flood for year 2006 in the river. The performance of the calibrated HEC-RAS based model has been accessed by capturing the flood peaks of observed and simulated floods;and computation of root mean squared error (RMSE) for the intermediated gauging stations on the lower Tapi River.

Hydrological Modeling of Upper OumErRabia Basin (Morocco), Comparative Study of the Event-Based and Continuous-Process HEC-HMS Model Methods

Human population growth and land-use changes raise demand and competition for water resources. The Upper OumErRabia River Basin is experiencing high rangeland and matorral conversion to irrigated agricultural land expansion. Given Morocco’s per capita water availability, River-basin hydrologic modelling could potentially bring together agricultural, water resources and conservation objectives. However, not everywhere have hydrological models considered events and continuous assessment of climatic data. In this study, HEC-HMS modelling approach is used to explore the event-based and continuous-process simulation of land-use and land cover change (LULCC) impact on water balance. The use of HEC-GeoHMS facilitated the digital data processing for coupling with the model. The basin’s physical characteristics and the hydro-climatic data helped to generate a geospatial database for HEC-HMS model. We analyzed baseline and future scenario changes for the 1980-2016 period using the SCS Curve-Number and the Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) loss methods. SMA was coupled with the Hargreaves evapotranspiration method. Model calibration focused on reproducing observed basin runoff hydrograph. To evaluate the model performance for both calibration and validation, the Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Root Mean Square Error (RSR) and Percent Bias (PBIAS) criteria were exploited. The average calibration NSE values were 0.740 and 0.585 for event-based (daily) and continuous-process (annual) respectively. The R2, RSR and PBIAS values were 0.624, 0.634 and +16.7 respectively. This is rated as good performance besides the validation simulations were satisfactory for subsequent hydrologic analyses. We conclude that the basin’s hydrologic response to positive and negative LULCC scenarios is significant both positive and negative scenarios. The study findings provide useful information for key stakeholders/decision-makers in water resources.