Analysis of the relationship between 24-hour sodium and blood pressure and the dietary status based on mobile phone APP in the high-risk population of hypertension in Haikou

Objective:To understand the dietary intake of high-risk population with hypertension in Haikou,and to analyze the relationship between dietary intake and blood pressure,especially the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure,so as to provide a scientific basis for salt reduction.Methods:A multi-stage cluster sampling 2021 was used from July to December to collect 3-4 cscs from each of the four districts in Haikou.A total of 15 cscs were collected,295 permanent residents aged 55-74 were recruited from 15 community service centers,with 20 eligible subjects from each community.The subjects underwent general physical examination,laboratory tests,and a dietary survey using the self-developed Android phone APP“Nutrition Assistant”(registration number:2021SR1547832).SPSS 21.0 was used 2 for t test,x^(2) test and multiple Regression analysis.Result:In Haikou,69.4%of the subjects had energy intake above energy requirement,and 44.8%had fat intake above the acceptable range of macronutrients.There were only differences in energy,carbohydrate,vitamin B 6 and sodium intake(t=-2.174,-1.990,2.333,-5.442,P=0.031,0.048,0.021,<0.001,respectively).There were significant differences in BMI,family history of chronic diseases,systolic blood 2 pressure and diastolic blood pressure(f value or x^(2) value were 4.260,19.045,139.916,36.864,P value were 0.015,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,respectively).Multiple Regression analysis analysis showed that 24h sodium excretion was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure(t=12.964,P<0.001),systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 0.135 mmhg and 0.068 mmhg,respectively.Conclusion:The dietary intake of the middle-aged and elderly people at high risk of hypertension in the Haikou community was unbalanced,and the intake of sodium salt was strongly correlated with blood pressure,it is necessary to continue to promote salt reduction as one of the key ways to prevent and control hypertension.

Leadership,communication,and science:three pillars essential to public health emergency response and closing the gap in the HIV response among key populations

Globally,there have been multiple public health emergencies in recent decades.High rates of morbidity,occasionally mortality,and economic instability are usually associated with pandemics.One of the epidemics that has significantly increased morbidity and mortality worldwide is the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)pandemic.HIV has a disproportionately negative impact on key populations.Strong leadership,effective communication,and sound science are necessary for public health emergency(PHE)responses to be successful.These three PHE response pllars are also essential for bridging the HIV response gap among key populations in the setting of restrictive laws.In this review,we explored the importance of these three pillars of successful PHEs responses,and how they are essential to closing the gap in the HIV response among key populations.Leaders must make decisions and instil a sense of authority in the populace during PHEs to foster trust and confidence.Leaders should base their choices on scientific evidence.Effective communication during PHEs should be proactive,polite,imaginative,innovative,and constructive.To address gaps in the HIV response among key populations,leaders must create a supportive environment for effective communication and scientific research,communication should be used to raise awareness of HIV and to dispel stigma and discrimination,while science should provide evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of interventions amongkey populations.

Estimation of Population-Size Changes and HIV Prevalence among Female Sex Workers from 2006 to 2009 in Kaiyuan,Yunnan,China

Objective This study is to estimate the population size and prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 （HSV-2） infections among female sex workers （FSWs） in Kaiyuan, Yunnan Province, China. Methods Eight cross-sectional studies were conducted among FSWs in Kaiyuan from 2006 to 2009. Based on the data from two study time points each year, the total numbers of FSWs and HIV positive FSWs were estimated by using the capture-recapture technique （CR）. Results Estimated sizes of FSWs in Kaiyuan were 1 629, 1 672, 1 186, and 1 014 in the respective years from 2006 to 2009. Although the crude prevalence rates of HIV and HSV-2 varied over time, the adjusted prevalence among this population was relatively stable at 10%-12% and the adjusted HSV-2 prevalence ranged from 67% to72%. Conclusion The reason for the slight decrease of the size of the FSW population is unknown. The adjusted prevalence rates of HIV and HSV-2 among them were stable over the course of this study.

Age scope of high-risk population for esophageal cancer in Ci county

AIM: To define the age scope of high-risk population for esophageal cancer (EC) in Ci county. METHODS: The results of endoscopic examination of 2 013 subjects, cytological screening of 16 763 persons and records of 9 265 patients with EC were analyzed by Ridit methods, the standard age group was 45-49 year group. RESULTS: The average age of patients with moderate esophageal epithelium dysplasia by endoscopic examination was 53.5 years, of severe esophageal epithelium dysplasia, 51.4 years, early EC, 55.6 years. The average age of stage one severe epithelium dysplasia (SEEDⅠ) by cytological screening was 51.2 years, of stage two severe epithelium esophageal dysplasia (SEED Ⅱ) 51.6 years, of advanced EC 61.7 years. In the group of 40-year olds, the value of Ridit by pathological diagnosis was 0.46, 95% CI, 0.45-0.47, that by cytological diagnosis was 0.45, 95% CI, 0.43-0.47. As the age increased at five-year intervals, the value of Ridit increased significantly. CONCLUSION: In Ci county of a high incidence area of EC, the age definition of high-risk population should be above 45 years.

云南地区HIV/AIDS人群新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况及接种意愿的调查

目的调查分析云南地区HIV/AIDS人群新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况、接种意愿及影响该人群接种意愿的影响因素。方法2021年10月至2022年6月期间采用自制问卷形式对云南省昆明市、曲靖市、玉溪市、昭通市、普洱市、保山市、临沧市、红河州、文山州、西双版纳州、大理州、德宏州、怒江州13个州市医院随访的2180名HIV/AIDS患者进行现场调查。问卷考评通过,内容包括年龄、性别、学历、民族、文化程度、疫苗接种情况、接种后7 d内不良反应,对新冠疫苗安全、效用认知程度,接种意愿等方面的内容。结果调查对象中2109名完成了3针新冠疫苗接种,占比96.74%,有71名未接种,占比3.26%。接种7 d内局部出现不良反应116名,占比5.50%,全身出现不良反应56名,占比2.66%。不同性别、年龄段及汉族中注射点疼痛、疲劳和肌肉疼痛是占比最高的不良症状,少数民族不良反应占比很低,不同性别及年龄不良反应占比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HIV/AIDS人群不愿意接种疫苗的主要原因是(医师建议)HIV/AIDS患者不能接种疫苗(67.61%)和接种后可能有严重不良反应(19.72%),应用Logistic回归分析影响疫苗接种的因素发现是否担心感染新冠病毒(OR=0.121,95%CI=0.083~0.640,P<0.001)、对新冠疫苗了解程度(OR=28.932,95%CI=15.469~54.115,P<0.001)、接种疫苗是否安全(OR=13.953,95%CI=4.819~40.404,P<0.001)及是否相信疫苗的预防作用(OR=14.017,95%CI=4.752~41.348,P<0.001)是影响疫苗接种的显著因素,13个州市中德宏州(20人)、昭通市(21人)、临沧市(14人)未接种人数最多。结论HIV/AIDS人群大规模接种疫苗后不良反应比率低,症状轻,医师正确、科学的建议和指导以及充分了解疾病的危害性,疫苗的安全性、预防性、有效性是该影响疫苗犹豫率的关键,医务人员应主动宣传新冠疫苗的接种注意事项、不良反应和有效性。

APOBEC3G Role on HIV Infection in Africa: A Systematic Review

The highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has allowed people living with HIV to live longer with a better quality of life. However, toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance arise from HAART use. Therefore, new antiretroviral therapy is needed since no cure or vaccine is available against HIV. Virus-host interaction has been proven to be important in the last decade. Host factors such as the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), a receptor used by HIV to penetrate host cells, have led to the discovery of the Maraviroc, which is an antiretroviral medication used in the United States. In contrast, other factors like C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and the Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), a potent host defense factor against HIV, is under investigation. APOBEC3G antiviral activity remains a possible therapeutic target against HIV. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the role of APOBEC3G polymorphisms and their expression on HIV infection disease progression in Africa. We used Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar and searched for relevant publications in French or English reporting on APOBEC3G polymorphisms association with HIV infection in African populations from January 2009 to May 2023. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes) was used to process for reporting systematic review. Fifteen studies were included, of which seven were on APOBEC3G polymorphisms and eight were on APOBEC3G expression. Among the APOBEC3G polymorphisms, the most studied was H186R or rs8177832. The average of the minor allele frequency of H186R of APOBEC3G available for the studies included in this study was 0.29 with a 95% CI (0.172;0.401) and varied from 0.108 reported in Uganda to 0.47 recorded from Burkina Faso. The polymorphism H186R was not associated with HIV status in Southern Africa. However, the referent allele of H186R was protective against HIV infection in Western Central Africa, while in West Africa, it was the minor allele (G) of H186R which was protective against HIV. This review warrants a need to increase research on APOBEC3G, from its variants to its hypermutations on the continent with an essential variety of HIV-1 subtypes, to impact the research on A3G-based anti-HIV strategies.

Decliners of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling: Characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing in a population survey in Zambia

Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme implementation.Methods: This cross-sectional study on the characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing was conducted in a national survey in Zambia. All eligible participants were aged above 15 years and included in the analysis.Results: Out of the 44 791 tuberculosis survey participants, 14 164(31.6%) refused to participate in HIV testing. The unemployed, rural dwellers, married, and those aged 15-24 years were associated with higher refusal rates.Conclusions: Strategies to improve HIV testing acceptance are necessary. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the reasons for testing refusals so that remedial interventions can be implemented.

Issues in the Care and Treatment of HCV/HIV Co-Infection for Key Populations in Resource-Constrained Settings

Globally, the epidemic of hepatitis virus infection is increasing in the context of common viral transmission routes with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Thus, co-infection with both hepatitis virus and HIV is becoming a common occurrence, particularly for key populations. Studies of key populations, people who inject drugs, sex workers, transgendered individuals and men having sex with men, report high levels of illicit drug and/or alcohol use along with limited access to health care and medical treatment. Without the medical management of co-occurring substance use disorders and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a significant proportion of this population with HCV/HIV co-infection will progress to chronic liver disease then subsequently end-stage liver disease. Thus, access to comprehensive care and treatment, including HCV testing with subsequent care and treatment of acute/chronic HCV infection is essential to address the global burden of disease. Increased efforts are needed globally to address the barriers to comprehensive care and treatment for key populations with HCV/HIV co-infection.

Living with liver disease in the era of COVID-19-the impact of the epidemic and the threat to high-risk populations

The cardinal symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as the pandemic began in 2020 were cough,fever,and dyspnea,thus characterizing the virus as a predominantly pulmonary disease.While it is apparent that many patients presenting acutely to the hospital with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection have complaints of respiratory symptoms,other vital organs and systems are also being affected.In fact,almost half of COVID-19 hospitalized patients were found to have evidence of some degree of liver injury.Incidence and severity of liver injury in patients with underlying liver disease were even greater.According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention,from August 1,2020 to May 31,2022 there have been a total of 4745738 COVID-19 hospital admissions.Considering the gravity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the incidence of liver injury in COVID-19 patients,it is imperative that we as clinicians understand the effects of the virus on the liver and conversely,the effect of underlying hepatobiliary conditions on the severity of the viral course itself.In this article,we review the spectrum of novel studies regarding COVID-19 induced liver injury,compiling data on the effects of the virus in various age and high-risk groups,especially those with preexisting liver disease,in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of this disease process.We also provide an update of the impact of the new Omicron variant and the changing nature of COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Analysis of Complex Correlated Interval-Censored HIV Data from Population Based Survey

In studies of HIV, interval-censored data occur naturally. HIV infection time is not usually known exactly, only that it occurred before the survey, within some time interval or has not occurred at the time of the survey. Infections are often clustered within geographical areas such as enumerator areas (EAs) and thus inducing unobserved frailty. In this paper we consider an approach for estimating parameters when infection time is unknown and assumed correlated within an EA where dependency is modeled as frailties assuming a normal distribution for frailties and a Weibull distribution for baseline hazards. The data was from a household based population survey that used a multi-stage stratified sample design to randomly select 23,275 interviewed individuals from 10,584 households of whom 15,851 interviewed individuals were further tested for HIV (crude prevalence = 9.1%). A further test conducted among those that tested HIV positive found 181 (12.5%) recently infected. Results show high degree of heterogeneity in HIV distribution between EAs translating to a modest correlation of 0.198. Intervention strategies should target geographical areas that contribute disproportionately to the epidemic of HIV. Further research needs to identify such hot spot areas and understand what factors make these areas prone to HIV.

Inferring Multi-Type Birth-Death Parameters for a Structured Host Population with Application to HIV Epidemic in Africa

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dynamics in Africa are purely characterised by sparse sampling of DNA sequences for individuals who are infected. There are some sub-groups that are more at risk than the general population. These sub-groups have higher infectivity rates. We came up with a likelihood inference model of multi-type birth-death process that can be used to make inference for HIV epidemic in an African setting. We employ a likelihood inference that incorporates a probability of removal from infectious pool in the model. We have simulated trees and made parameter inference on the simulated trees as well as investigating whether the model distinguishes between heterogeneous and homogeneous dynamics. The model makes fairly good parameter inference. It distinguishes between heterogeneous and homogeneous dynamics well. Parameter estimation was also performed under sparse sampling scenario. We investigated whether trees obtained from a structured population are more balanced than those from a non-structured host population using tree statistics that measure tree balance and imbalance. Trees from non-structured population were more balanced basing on Colless and Sackin indices.

Prevalence of HBs Antigen, and HCV and HIV Antibodies in a Young Male Population in Cameroon

Introduction: According to WHO estimates, 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of primary liver carcinoma are caused by a hepatitis B or C virus. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these diseases and HIV among a young male population, according to region. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from 17 February to 31 March 2014 in the ten administrative regions of Cameroon. The study included male subjects of Cameroonian nationality aged at least 18 and at most 23, and living in the regions concerned. It excluded subjects that did not match the age, gender, and nationality criteria. For each subject, 10 ml of blood was collected in a dry tube. After centrifugation at 3000 RPM for 5 minutes, the serum was collected for the detection of viral infections. For subjects that tested positive, a confirmatory test was conducted. Results: In total, 4367 subjects were selected, with an average age of 20.46 (+/- 1.17) years. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus stood at 13.01% (with 95% CI: 12.03% - 14.05%). That of viral hepatitis C was 0.30% (95% CI: 0.17% - 0.52%). Co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses was 0.05% (95% CI: 0.01% - 0.18%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 1.01% (95% CI: 0.74% - 1.36%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of HBsAg in the population of young males is high. It tallies with the early vertical and horizontal modes of transmission that prevail in our environment.

Exploring the Perspectives of Healthcare Providers on Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment Services for Key Populations in Rwanda: A Qualitative Study

Background: The overall HIV prevalence and incidence in Rwanda have decreased significantly in the past decade. However, opposite trends are seen among key populations (KP). The HIV prevalence among sex workers is as high as 51% and continues to rise. While the HIV prevalence among KP remains high, their adherence to treatment is low. Healthcare providers play a vital role in KP’s access and adherence to HIV treatment. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of healthcare providers on providing HIV services to key populations in Rwanda. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with nurses, doctors, social workers, and psychologists who provide HIV services to KP in public health facilities in Rwanda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. All data were analyzed thematically using Dedoose. Results: Interviews were conducted with 18 healthcare providers. Three overarching themes emerged from the interviews: healthcare providers’ intrinsic feelings affect the ways they provide HIV services to key populations, key populations face a multitude of challenges related to accessing treatment and preventing the spread of HIV, and a more comprehensive and sensitive approach should be used to improve HIV services for key populations. Conclusion: Healthcare providers expressed difficulties in providing services to key populations and identified a lack of adherence to treatment and prevention guidelines, structural barriers, KP’s lack of trust in the healthcare system, and the discrimination and abuse KP face as challenges to effective HIV prevention and treatment. More comprehensive services including clinical, financial, and psychosocial support from trusted sources are needed. Some important policy changes are essential to facilitate access to HIV services for KP.

天津市2104名高校学生男男性行为者的HIV感染情况及影响因素分析

目的了解天津市高校学生中男男性行为(MSM)人群的艾滋病感染情况及其影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法由社会组织采用横断面调查方法招募天津市高校学生中MSM者,进行一对一问卷调查,使用SPSS23.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果本研究共招募符合条件的研究对象2104名,艾防知识知晓率为95.92%,有2061人(占97.96%)最近6个月与同性发生过肛交性行为。艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性率为2.90%,梅毒阳性率为7.27%。结果显示,使用过精神类物质、与同性发生肛交性行为时是否使用安全措施及频率是高校学生MSM人群HIV感染的危险因素。结论天津市高校学生MSM人群存在使用精神类物质、不使用安全措施肛交等高危性行为,需加强对此类人群的安全性教育和性行为指引,需采取以防艾技能为主的宣教综合措施,进行尽早干预,促进青年人将正确的艾滋病防治知识转化运用到健康行为中,从而达到减少艾滋病、梅毒等性传播疾病感染传播的风险。

具有高危易感年龄和潜伏期年龄的HIV传播模型研究

基于HIV的传播特点,将易感人群分为普通易感人群和高危易感人群,提出一类具有高危易感年龄和潜伏期年龄的HIV传播模型.利用下一代算子方法给出基本再生数R_(0)的精确表达式.讨论无病平衡态和地方病平衡态的存在性与稳定性,即:当R_(0)<1时无病平衡态全局渐近稳定,当R_(0)>1时地方病平衡态全局渐近稳定.

Large Population Screening Identified the Main Risk Factors of Stroke in Shashi District of Jingzhou City

Objective: This paper aims to screen and analyze the current status of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City and the exposure levels of related risk factors, and provides suggestions as the references for prevention and treatment of stroke. Methods: Using cluster sampling, on-site investigations were conducted on 1060 permanent residents aged 40 years and over at 3 townships and 2 communities in Shashi District of Jingzhou City from January 2018 to December 2018. Risk assessment of stroke is based on the stroke risk screening form. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 22.0 software. Results: After making a stroke risk assessment, a total of 313 high-risk stroke patients were screened, and the detection rate was 29.53%. The exposure rate of risk factors from high to low was hypertension (70.93%), dyslipidemia (46.33%), less physical exercise (46.01%), diabetes (36.10%), overweight (33.55%), smoking (33.23%), family history of stroke (24.92%), atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease (7.35%). There are statistically significant differences among all risk factors between the high-risk group and middle and low-risk groups (P Conclusion: The detection rate of high-risk stroke patients in Shashi District of Jingzhou City is high. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and less physical exercise are the main risk factors of stroke occurrence and recurrence in the region. The prevention and treatment of risk factors for stroke should be strengthened to control the incidence and recurrence rate of stroke.

Development and validation of a prediction model for early screening of people at high risk for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a serious threat worldwide.Although early screening is suggested to be the most effective method to prevent and control CRC,the current situation of early screening for CRC is still not optimistic.In China,the incidence of CRC in the Yangtze River Delta region is increasing dramatically,but few studies have been conducted.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a simple and efficient early screening model for CRC.AIM To develop and validate an early-screening nomogram model to identify individuals at high risk of CRC.METHODS Data of 64448 participants obtained from Ningbo Hospital,China between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.The cohort comprised 64448 individuals,of which,530 were excluded due to missing or incorrect data.Of 63918,7607(11.9%)individuals were considered to be high risk for CRC,and 56311(88.1%)were not.The participants were randomly allocated to a training set(44743)or validation set(19175).The discriminatory ability,predictive accuracy,and clinical utility of the model were evaluated by constructing and analyzing receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves and calibration curves and by decision curve analysis.Finally,the model was validated internally using a bootstrap resampling technique.RESULTS Seven variables,including demographic,lifestyle,and family history information,were examined.Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that age[odds ratio(OR):1.03,95%confidence interval(CI):1.02-1.03,P<0.001],body mass index(BMI)(OR:1.07,95%CI:1.06-1.08,P<0.001),waist circumference(WC)(OR:1.03,95%CI:1.02-1.03 P<0.001),lifestyle(OR:0.45,95%CI:0.42-0.48,P<0.001),and family history(OR:4.28,95%CI:4.04-4.54,P<0.001)were the most significant predictors of high-risk CRC.Healthy lifestyle was a protective factor,whereas family history was the most significant risk factor.The area under the curve was 0.734(95%CI:0.723-0.745)for the final validation set ROC curve and 0.735(95%CI:0.728-0.742)for the training set ROC curve.The calibration curve demonstrated a high correlation between the CRC high-risk population predicted by the nomogram model and the actual CRC high-risk population.CONCLUSION The early-screening nomogram model for CRC prediction in high-risk populations developed in this study based on age,BMI,WC,lifestyle,and family history exhibited high accuracy.

温州市外来流动人口HIV感染的流行特征

为了解温州市外来流动人口HIV感染情况及其分布特征。对1988-2001年由确诊实验室确诊的流动人口HIV感染者进行统计分析。结果表明,至2001年底温州市共检出102例HIV感染者,其中流动人口82例,占82.39％,死亡10例。82例HIV感染者中外省54例(65.85％),外籍华人华侨28例(34.15％)。外省流动人口HIV感染者以新疆籍为主。男性多于女性。年龄以20-40岁之间为多。感染途径以经血传播为主,占总流动人口感染者的64.63％。1998年前感染者以华侨华人为主,而1999年后则以新疆籍的流动人口为主。调查表明,目前温州市HIV感染者仍以流动人口为主,采取切实可行的措施对控制和预防流动人口艾滋病的流行非常必要和迫切。

广西壮族人群HIV协同受体CCR5基因突变的检测

目的了解广西壮族人群中HIV协同受体CCR5△32等位基因突变频率和多态性的特点,为评估广西壮族人群对HIV的遗传易感性和艾滋病的防治提供理论依据。方法以152例壮族大学生为研究对象,应用PCR和DNA直接测序等方法检测CCR5及CCR5△32突变体。结果未发现CCR5△32等位基因。结论由于未发现CCR5△32,推测广西壮族人群对HIV-1病毒感染可能具有较大的遗传易感性。