2013—2022年重庆市巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例特征分析

目的:了解重庆市巴南片区2013—2022年新发现人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/艾滋病(AIDS)病例的变化趋势和流行病学特征,为相关部门制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法:在重庆市艾滋病检测系统及巴南区艾滋病确证信息报告系统中,收集2013—2022年巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例的流行病学特征信息,并进行统计学分析。结果:2013—2022年重庆市巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例6077例,病例数呈逐年上升趋势,年均增长率为13.21%;45岁以上人群新发现病例的占比呈明显上升趋势,年均增长率为24.97%;病例以男性为主,男女性别比为2.43∶1;婚姻状况以已婚为主,占51.69%;文化程度以小学及文盲为主,占39.66%;职业为农民最多,占35.54%;有55.29%的新发现HIV/AIDS病例是在医疗机构就医时被发现的;主要感染途径是通过异性性传播,占95.06%。结论:目前,重庆市巴南片区防控AIDS最有效的方法是减少人群高危性行为发生。相关部门应加强安全性教育,全面普及宣传AIDS的防治知识,提升居民特别是中老年群体AIDS防治、性健康意识、自我保护能力及风险意识,减少人群高危性行为的发生,增强人群的主动检测意识,扩大检测人群及检测量,从而进一步提升AIDS防治水平。

A Collocation Technique via Pell-Lucas Polynomials to Solve Fractional Differential EquationModel for HIV/AIDS with Treatment Compartment

In this study,a numerical method based on the Pell-Lucas polynomials(PLPs)is developed to solve the fractional order HIV/AIDS epidemic model with a treatment compartment.The HIV/AIDS mathematical model with a treatment compartment is divided into five classes,namely,susceptible patients(S),HIV-positive individuals(I),individuals with full-blown AIDS but not receiving ARV treatment(A),individuals being treated(T),and individuals who have changed their sexual habits sufficiently(R).According to the method,by utilizing the PLPs and the collocation points,we convert the fractional order HIV/AIDS epidemic model with a treatment compartment into a nonlinear system of the algebraic equations.Also,the error analysis is presented for the Pell-Lucas approximation method.The aim of this study is to observe the behavior of five populations after 200 days when drug treatment is applied to HIV-infectious and full-blown AIDS people.To demonstrate the usefulness of this method,the applications are made on the numerical example with the help of MATLAB.In addition,four cases of the fractional order derivative(p=1,p=0.95,p=0.9,p=0.85)are examined in the range[0,200].Owing to applications,we figured out that the outcomes have quite decent errors.Also,we understand that the errors decrease when the value of N increases.The figures in this study are created in MATLAB.The outcomes indicate that the presented method is reasonably sufficient and correct.

Optimal Control of an HIV/AIDS Epidemic Model with Infective Immigration and Behavioral Change

In order to find out the effect of human (sexual) behavior change and immigration in spreading the HIV/AIDS, a deterministic model of HIV/AIDS with infective immigration is formulated. First, basic properties of the model, including non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions, existence of the endemic equilibrium and the basic reproduction number, R0 are analyzed. The geometrical approach is used to obtain the global asymptotic stability of endemic equilibrium. Then the basic model is extended to include several control efforts aimed at reducing infection and changing behavior. Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to derive the optimality system and solve the system numerically. Our numerical findings are illustrated through simulations using MATLAB, which shows reliability of our model from the practical point of view.

The evaluation of global epidemic of HIV/AIDS with a novel approach using country-specific counts of HIV infections and three rates controlled for population and geographic area

Background:The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)epidemic is a typical global health concern.The impact of HIV/AIDS is global,and we cannot effectively solve the problem without a global effort.In this study,we report our research on global HIV/AIDS control with an innovative fourdimensional approach.Methods:Countries(n=148)with data available on area size,total population,and the total number of persons living with HIV(PLWH)were included.The HIV epidemic across the globe was described using 4 indicators,including the total count,population-based P rate,geographic area-based G rate,and population and geographic area-based PG rate.Results:A total of 35,426,911 PLWH were included,with a global prevalence rate of 0.51 per 1,000 population.The total PLWH count provided data on resource allocation in individual countries to improve HIV/AIDS care;and the top five countries with the highest PLWH counts were South Africa(7,000),Nigeria(3,500),India(2,100),Kenya(1,500),and Mozambique(1,500).The other three indicators provide a measure to assess the global risk profile of HIV transmission and to provide information on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.The top five countries with the highest P rates(per 1,000 persons)were Swaziland(170.9),Botswana(154.7),Lesotho(145.2),South Africa(127.4),and Zimbabwe(89.7);the top five countries with the highest G rates(per 100 km2)were Swaziland(1,279.1),Malawi(1,039.5),Lesotho(1,021.1),Rwanda(810.7),and Uganda(748.1);and the top five countries with highest PG rates(per 1,000,000 persons per 100 km2)were Barbados(2,127.9),Swaziland(993.8),Lesotho(478.3),Malta(375.0),and Mauritius(319.7).With PG rate,we detected countries in two hotspots(south and middle Africa and the Caribbean region)and one belt across the Euro-Asian region with high risks of HIV transmission.Conclusions:This study expanded the conventional measures by adding two new indicators,thus forming a new four-dimensional framework to quantify the global HIV epidemic.In addition to gaining a better insight into the epidemic than before,study findings provide new data on country-level and global efforts to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.

The Changing Trends of HIV/AIDS in An Ethnic Minority Region of China: Modeling the Epidemic in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province

Objective This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends. Methods Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and policy/program data （from 1995 to 2020） were gathered from various local and national organizations and applied to the Asian Epidemic Model （AEM） and used to derive estimates of future HIV prevalence, epidemic trends, and outcomes of intervention strategies. Results The AEM projections for 2020 included increased number of people living with HIV （PLHIV; to 136 617）, increased HIV prevalence （2.51%）, and 8037 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome （AIDS） in this region. However, the overall HIV incidence rate （per 10 000） was projected to decline from 27 in 2015 to 22 in 2020, largely due to a predicted decrease in HIV infection rate （per 10 000） from 658 in 2013 to 621 in 2020 among intravenous drug users. In contrast, the cases of HIV infection per i0 000 was projected to increase from 420 in 2010 to 503 in 2020 among men who have sex with men, and from 8 in 2010 to 15 in 2020 among the general population. The predominant risk factor for HIV transmission over the next decade in Liangshan was casual sex. Community-based outreach strategies to reduce injected drug use and casual sex, and to promote condom use, were predicted as effective interventions to decrease HIV transmission. Conclusion Implementation of a comprehensive public health program, with targeting to the region-specific at-risk populations, will help to mitigate HIV/AIDS spread in Liangshan.

Stability Analysis of a Delayed HIV/AIDS Epidemic Model with Treatment and Vertical Transmission

A delayed HIV/AIDS epidemic model with treatment and vertical transmission is investigated. The model allows some infected individuals to move from the symptomatic phase to the asymptomatic phase;next generation of infected individuals may be infected and it will take them some time to get maturity and infect others. Mathematical analysis shows that the global dynamics of the spread of the HIV/AIDS are completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0 for our model. If R0 R0 > 1.

Control of Aids Epidemic in China

It is predicted that AIDS will be one of the major barriers impeding social and economic development in the 21st century. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has gone through the entry and expansion phases and entered into a rapid increase phase in China. This paper discusses the challenges and strategies for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Key Words: AIDS, Control and

Computation, Modeling, and Simulation of HIV-AIDS Epidemics with Vaccination

The principles of the HIV-AIDS epidemics are established based on the subpopulation 1) Susceptible;2) HIV-infected;3) AIDS-infected;4) Immunized. The immunized subset of the population in this paper is the total individuals who were infected and cured or immunized by vaccination. The immunized group can be identified by removing individuals from the susceptible group. A general mathematical model is developed for HIV-AIDS epidemics with Vaccination to understand the spread of the virus throughout the population. Particularly we use numerical simulation with some values of parameters to predict the number of infected individuals during a certain period in a population and the effect of vaccine to reduce infected group and increase the number of immunized individuals. Further, we expand the research to special cases with no vaccinations. A special case is when the removal subset of the population is empty, or there is no recovery in this epidemic. We also can consider the total infected number is equal to the sum of the HIV infected and the number of AIDS infected. As a result, one can reduce four-stage HIV-AIDS investigation to a three-stage of SIR. With this introduction and modification, the numerical simulation can be developed the Monte Carlo simulation method in SIR case to verify the Validity of the HIV-AIDS model.

2010—2020年兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例流行特征分析

目的:对2010—2020年兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例流行特征进行分析,为相关防控策略的制定提供参考依据。方法:从艾滋病防治信息系统及历年艾滋病流行病学个案调查表中,收集2010—2020年兰溪市报告的≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例资料,对病例的基本情况、人口学特征、地区分布、传播途径、样本来源、首次CD4检测结果等数据进行统计分析。结果:2010—2020年兰溪市共报告≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例67例,占HIV/AIDS总病例数的27.57%。病例年龄主要集中在50~59岁,占全部≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例的59.70%,中位数为58(56,60)岁。男女比例为3.19∶1,其中已婚有配偶者占73.13%,文化程度为小学及以下者占61.19%,农民占67.16%,本市户籍者占61.19%。传播方式主要以异性传播为主,占89.55%。不同性别HIV/AIDS病例异性传播接触史比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.881,P<0.01)。样本来源为医疗机构检测的占62.69%,感染时间为8年及以上者占63.49%。结论:兰溪市≥50岁HIV/AIDS病例占全部病例的比例较大,已成为艾滋病的高危人群,急需加强针对老年人群的健康宣教,扩大HIV检测覆盖面,提高老年人群的主动检测意识,促进HIV/AIDS病例的早发现,提高配偶检测率,降低二代传播的风险。

Projecting the Dynamic Trends of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome:Modeling the Epidemic in Sichuan Province, China

Objective Our study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status and dynamic trends of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)prevalence in Sichuan,the second most heavily affected province in China,and to explore future interventions.Methods The epidemiological,behavioral,and population census data from multiple sources were analyzed to extract inputs for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)epidemic model(AEM).Baseline curves,derived from historical trends in HIV prevalence,were used,and the AEM was employed to examine future intervention scenarios.Results In 2015,the modeled data suggested an adult HIV prevalence of 0.191%in Sichuan,with an estimated 128,766 people living with HIV/AIDS and 16,983 individuals with newly diagnosed infections.Considering current high-risk behaviors,the model predicts an increase in the adult prevalence to 0.306%by 2025,projecting an estimated 212,168 people living with HIV/AIDS and 16,555 individuals with newly diagnosed infections.Conclusion Heterosexual transmission will likely emerge as the primary mode of AIDS transmission in Sichuan.Furthermore,we anticipate a stabilization in the incidence of AIDS with a concurrent increase in prevalence.Implementing comprehensive intervention measures aimed at high-risk groups could effectively alleviate the spread of AIDS in Sichuan.

1999—2021年云南省勐腊县HIV/AIDS病例流行特征分析

目的:分析1999—2021年云南省勐腊县HIV/AIDS病例流行特征及变化趋势,为艾滋病精准防控提供科学依据。方法:收集1999—2021年累计报告的现住址为勐腊县的HIV/AIDS病例信息,并进行描述性分析。结果:1999—2021年勐腊县累计报告HIV/AIDS病例744例,死亡178例,现存活566例,其中HIV感染者366例,AIDS患者200例;年发病率整体呈上升趋势,年均报告发病数33.82例;地区分布以勐腊镇(23.39%)、勐仑镇(13.44%)及勐捧镇(12.10%)为主;男性510例,女性234例,性别比为2.18∶1,年龄分布以25~54岁居多(63.58%),各年龄组患者性别构成差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.86,P<0.05);职业以农民为主(56.18%);传播途径以同性传播为主(90.46%),各年龄组患者在传播途径分布上差异有统计学意义(χ2=105.85,P<0.05)。结论:勐腊县艾滋病防治任务仍然艰巨,应加大校园、工地、农村等重点场所和地区的艾滋病知识宣传力度,开发新模式宣传载体,充分发挥自愿咨询检测点的功能。

Depression and Suicidal Ideations among Older Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in Mbarara City, Southwest Uganda

Background: Due to the increase in longevity and use of antiretroviral treatment, Uganda has had a growing population of older persons living with HIV/AIDS. However, there is a paucity of information on the mental health of the elderly living with HIV/AIDS. In this cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of, and associated factors for depression and suicidal ideation among older persons living with HIV/AIDS in Mbarara city, southwest Uganda. Methods: Older persons (150 females, 115 males), with mean age = 64.2 (±5.1) years, accessing health services from three purposively selected HIV/AIDS care centers in Mbarara city, southwest Uganda were recruited. Data on depression and suicidal ideation were collected using a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) validated in Uganda, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Results: Approximately 8.3% and 12.1% had depression and suicidal ideation, respectively. The factors associated with lowering the likelihood of depression were: an increase in the number of family members they stayed with and having no having any problems with their ARVs. On the other hand, earning more than 100,000 Uganda shillings was associated with reducing the risk of suicidal ideations among the participants. Conclusion: Approximately 8 to 12 in 100 older persons living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda have experienced depression or suicidal ideation. Family support and financial control were instrumental factors associated with depression and suicidal ideations, respectively. We recommended strengthening family structures and creating more avenues for financial independence among older persons living with HIV/AIDS to reduce the burden of depression, and suicidal behaviours among this vulnerable population.

Control of HIV/AIDS can be achieved with multi-strategies

Over past three decades,many prevention strategies have been proven effective in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.However,none of these strategies alone are effective to stop the spread of HIV.This review discusses a few key prevention strategies,including testing,harm reduction,prevention,prophylaxis,and modern communication strategies.We argue that although there are great challenges remaining to stop HIV transmission via sexual contact and injecting drug use routes,the combination of these effective strategies,control HIV epidemic can be achieved.

Imperatives of Health Psychologist in the Control and Management of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

The paper studied the imperatives of health psychologists in the control and management of HIV/ AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a relatively new disease, but has caused more deaths than any other disease in human history, and there is no known cure yet. Even though, HIV/AIDS is a death sentence, experts agreed that early detection, and early commencement of treatment may prolong the life of the patients, and that early detection may prevent or reduce the transmission of the virus. Early detection, commencement of treatment, and compliance with medical advice are the responsibilities of the health psychologist. This paper therefore, concludes that health psychologist is indispensable in effective control, and management of HIV/AIDS, and so recommends that awareness be created on the roles of health psychologists in this regard, through health education.

中国HIV+/AIDS患者神经心理学初步研究

目的:探讨中国HIV+/AIDS 患者神经心理功能特点及情绪状态。方法:选取年龄、性别和受教育年限方面均匹配的28例HIM+和23例HIV-被试。对被试进行包含七个认知领域(如词语流畅、抽象/执行功能、信息处理速度、工作记忆、学习、延迟回忆和运动功能)的神经心理成套测验,共18个分测验。同时选用贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)让患者进行情绪自评。结果:单个测验粗分比较,HIV+/AIDS 被试比HIV-被试在范畴流畅测验、词语发音流畅测验、连线测验A、颜色连线测验Ⅱ及霍普金斯词语学习测验显著较差(P<0.05)。基于美国常模校正的标准分(T 分)显示,HIV+/AIDS 被试比HIV-被试在整套测验、词语流畅、抽象/执行功能和学习领域神经心理操作显著较差(P<0.05)。中国HIV-被试的平均T 分与美国常模50相近,总的平均T 分为48,各认知领域的平均T 分范围46-51。BDI 自评分提示中国HIV+/AIDS 被试比HIV-被试显示出更严重的抑郁情绪(P<0.001),且与躯体状况无关。HIV+/AIDS 被试BDI 得分与总的平均T 分无显著相关(r=0.22,p=0.27)。结论: 1.本研究所选用的神经心理成套测验有较为理想的跨文化效能。2.中国HIV/AIDS 被试在词语流畅、抽象/执行功能、学习认知领域和总的神经心理功能上比HIV--试显著较差,抑郁情绪更为严重,但抑郁情绪与HIV 造成的各领域认知功能损害无显著相关,提示HIV 可能对大脑的认知功能有一定影响。

凉山州2003～2004年HIV/AIDS的综合监测

目的:了解凉山州各类人群艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)的感染情况及高危行为,和其流行现状和趋势。方法:按照艾滋病行为和血清学监测方案的操作程序及调查方法对全州吸毒者、女性商业性性工作者、孕产妇进行行为及血清学监测。结果:2 2 2 7例吸毒者艾滋病感染率为15 5 % (346人) ,吸毒者共用针具率为13 1% ;女性商业性性工作者感染率为0 8% (3人) ,只有5 1 1%的CSW (女性性商业工作者)在每次与客人发生性关系时都使用安全套;孕产妇监测中2 0 0 4年发现首例HIV感染者。结论:我州HIV感染途径主要还是静脉吸毒共用针具及性乱,女性商业性性行为者性行为将在艾滋病向普通人群传播中起重要作用,应当加强综合干预措施等。

山西省HIV/AIDS流行状况分析及防治对策

目的 掌握山西省艾滋病 (AIDS)流行状况和特征 ,明确防治工作重点 ,为决策者提供科学依据。方法 收集和整理山西省 1995～ 2 0 0 3年艾滋病病毒 (HIV) /AIDS病例报告和个案流行病学调查表 ,进行统计分析。结果 山西省 1995～ 2 0 0 3年累计报告HIV/AIDS 6 4 4例 ,平均每年以 2 0 2 %的速度增长 ,其中病人 334例 ,占 5 1 8%(334/ 6 4 4 ) ;死亡 15 2例 ,占 4 5 5 % (15 2 / 334)。HIV感染人群以既往有偿供血员为主 ,因不规范的采供血造成经血液传播的占 76 1% (4 90 / 6 4 4 ) ;主要分布在晋南、晋东南地区 ,占 84 9% (5 4 7/ 6 4 4 )。男女比例为 2 1∶1。不安全性行为占 6 8% (4 4 / 6 4 4 ) ,吸毒占 2 3% (15 / 6 4 4 ) ,母婴传播 3 6 % (2 3/ 6 4 4 ) ,是潜在的危险因素。结论 山西省艾滋病流行快速增长 ,且已进入发病和死亡高峰 ,存在多种潜在危险因素。各级领导应提高认识 ,针对各种危险因素 ,采取积极的有效措施 ,控制艾滋病的进一步流行。同时 ,要开展医疗救治 ,提高HIV感染者和AIDS病人的生命质量 ,降低死亡率。

福州市2000~2004年淋病、梅毒、HIV/AIDS发病趋势分析

目的对福州市2000-2004年淋病、梅毒、HIV／AIDS发病趋势进行分析，为制定控制性病、艾滋病对策提供科学依据。方法对福州市2000-2004年淋病、梅毒、HIV／AIDS疫情资料进行回顾性分析。结果淋病发病率稳定在较高水平，并有逐年下降趋势；梅毒发病率呈逐年上升趋势，并且发病率超过淋病；艾滋病传播速度明显加快，从高危人群向一般人群传播；福州市区和长乐、福清以及加，39岁年龄组、工人、无业、农民和个体淋病、梅毒和HIV／AIDS发病率较高。结论加强婚前及产前淋病、梅毒和艾滋病的筛查，彻底清除卖淫嫖娼等丑恶现象，加强群众性道德和健康性行为的教育，对遏制该市淋病、梅毒和艾滋病流行十分重要。

基于元胞自动机的异质个体HIV／AIDS传播模型

提出了一个元胞自动机扩展模型,研究HIV/AIDS在人群中传播扩散的动态过程。将个体在感染后的艾滋病(AIDS)发病过程划分成几个子阶段,以方便研究个体行为对传播扩散过程的影响。为了准确地描述传播过程,将个体异质性引入个体的行为中,并扩展了邻域概念。仿真结果表明,在异质性条件下,人群数量、初始感染率、个体活跃程度,以及邻域形式对HIV/AIDS传播扩散行为有重要的影响。

四川省HIV/AIDS流行趋势及防制对策研究

为了使四川省的艾滋病防制对策及措施更有针对性和实用性，本文采用描述、理论流行病学的方法，对四川省的ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ流行现状及特征、危险因素、流行趋势、防制对策及措施进行了调查和研究。结果显示，四川省目前尚属低流行区，但已处于快速增长时期，在今后一个不长的时间内，ＨＩＶ仍以较快速度在静脉吸毒人群中扩散，性传播的浪潮在不久的将来就会出现。需政府高度重视和全民参与。加强监测，掌握疫情动态，采取广泛的健康教育，针对吸毒者、暗娼等重点人群的行为干预和预防医源性感染等标本兼治的措施，遏制ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ迅速上升的势头。本文提示，四川省正处在ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ防制的关键时期，如不把握住这为时不长的关键时期，抓早抓小。