A Survey on the Current Situation of Prehospital First Aid about Knowledge, Belief and Behavior among University Students in Jingzhou

Objective: To understand the current situation of prehospital first aid knowledge, attitude and behavior of university students in Jingzhou City. Methods: A prehospital first aid knowledge questionnaire and the convenience sampling method were used to survey 307 university students in Jingzhou City. Results: The mean score of prehospital first aid knowledge of university students in Jingzhou City was 12.85 ± 2.643, the mean score of attitude was 50.73 ± 4.114, and the mean score of behavior was 39.05 ± 8.898;There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of prehospital first aid knowledge, attitude, and behavior of university students depending on whether or not they had received prehospital first aid training (P P Conclusion: Jingzhou University students have a positive attitude toward pre-hospital first aid, but the knowledge level and behavior are low, which suggests that the government, society and the school should create good conditions to promote the improvement of pre-hospital first aid knowledge and ability.

AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior Survey among the “Migrant” Population in China

Objective To realize AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behavior among floating people in China and discuss its influencial factors, and to provide the evidence for how to prevent AIDS in floating population. Methods The data were collected from the ＂Sex and Reproductive Health Baseline Survey among Floating People in China＂ conducted in March 2004. The standard questionnaires were used to interview altogether 4 900 floating people from 6 provinces. Results Nearly 95.4 % of them had heard about AIDS, but only 0.5% can judge all the transmitted ways and no-transmitted ways correctly, 45.9 % believed that we need to isolate the HIV positive people. Only 65.7% knew that using condom can preventive HIV infection, 43. 7% showed their understanding about the man who has long time no sexual life has sex with a sexual worker. About 13.6% floating people chose condom as FP method and among them only 34. 6% used condom every time. Conclusion Chinese floating people are lack of AIDS knowledge. Most of them do not practise Safe Sex Activity. We need to give more intervention to the floating population.

2013—2022年重庆市巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例特征分析

目的:了解重庆市巴南片区2013—2022年新发现人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/艾滋病(AIDS)病例的变化趋势和流行病学特征,为相关部门制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法:在重庆市艾滋病检测系统及巴南区艾滋病确证信息报告系统中,收集2013—2022年巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例的流行病学特征信息,并进行统计学分析。结果:2013—2022年重庆市巴南片区新发现HIV/AIDS病例6077例,病例数呈逐年上升趋势,年均增长率为13.21%;45岁以上人群新发现病例的占比呈明显上升趋势,年均增长率为24.97%;病例以男性为主,男女性别比为2.43∶1;婚姻状况以已婚为主,占51.69%;文化程度以小学及文盲为主,占39.66%;职业为农民最多,占35.54%;有55.29%的新发现HIV/AIDS病例是在医疗机构就医时被发现的;主要感染途径是通过异性性传播,占95.06%。结论:目前,重庆市巴南片区防控AIDS最有效的方法是减少人群高危性行为发生。相关部门应加强安全性教育,全面普及宣传AIDS的防治知识,提升居民特别是中老年群体AIDS防治、性健康意识、自我保护能力及风险意识,减少人群高危性行为的发生,增强人群的主动检测意识,扩大检测人群及检测量,从而进一步提升AIDS防治水平。

STUDY ON HIV/STDS KNOWLEDGE AND RISK BEHAVIORS RELATED FACTORS AMONG FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN SHANGHAI,CHINA

Objective To assess the HIV/STDs knowledge and risk behaviors related factors among female sex workers(FSWs)in Shanghai,China.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 districts(including 3 suburbs and 2 urban districts).A total of 324 FSWs from 88 massage parlors and hair-beauty salons participated in the survey.An interviewer-administrated questionnaire was used to collect information.Results The average score of HIV/STDs knowledge was 15.2±3.9.Multivariate analyses indicated that limited education [odds ratio(OR):8.6,95% confidence interval(CI):2.9-25.6],coming from suburbs [odds ratio(OR):3.7,95% confidence interval(CI):2.0-6.8],monthly income less than 1500 RMB(220 US$)[odds ratio(OR):3.9,95% confidence interval(CI):1.9-8.1],without HIV/STDs-related education experience(OR:5.2,95% CI:2.8-9.5),and coming from provinces of low epidemic(OR:2.7,95% CI:1.1-6.6)were significant predictors of lower HIV/STDs knowledge.And 29.5% FSWs had sex without a condom when clients paid much more money,and 46.3% had the experience of condom broke or slipped during commercial sexual intercourse.Conclusion Health promotion should be conducted to enhance HIV/STDs knowledge and reduce risk behaviors among FSWs from suburbs with limited education in Shanghai especially.

AIDS-Related High-Risk Behaviors and Affecting Factors of Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in China's Mainland

Objectives: To describe and analyze HIV/AIDS/STD-related high risk behaviors and affecting factors of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China's Mainland~ Methods: 426 self-administered or interview-based questionnaires collected from MSM were analyzed with SPSS or SAS Systems. Results: Of the MSM, four-fifths had engaged in oral-genital intercourse, about half had engaged in anal intercourse, and in the past year more than two-fifths had casual sexual partner(s).Very few maintained monogamous sexual relationships, and nearly half also had intercourse with women. One fourth had previously been diagnosed with a venereal diseases. One HIV+individual was found among the 40 who reported having been tested for HIV. Only two men consistently used condoms among the one-third who had ever used condoms, despite almost universal knowledge of HIV and its transmission. Conclusions: MSM in China's Mainland are very sexually active, highlighting the possibility of a serious HIV epidemic that may be directly spread to the female population. However,AIDS interventions targeting MSM face severe obstructions resulting from cultural bias and other factors.

江苏省50岁及以上男性HIV/AIDS患者确证前后性行为特征调查

目的:分析江苏省≥50岁男性艾滋病病毒感染和艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)患者性行为特征,为中老年人艾滋病防治措施制定提供数据支持。方法:从艾滋病防治基本信息系统中筛选2016—2017年报告、≥50岁男性病例,调查HIV确证前后性行为信息。结果:招募对象1417例,46.7%经同性性行为感染,50~59岁、60~69岁和≥70岁感染途径构成比不同(P<0.001);确证前发生异性、同性性行为比例为82.9%和47.1%,确证后降至44.6%和11.5%;58.2%确证后存在婚内性行为;确证前安全套每次均用比例极低,确证后升高(P<0.001)。50~59岁年龄组同性性行为发生比例更高;30.3%在确证前既有异性也有同性性行为;确证前曾检测HIV比例为10.9%。结论:江苏省中老年男性病例性行为比例高、安全套使用比例低、自我检测意识弱,应进一步扩大中老年男性人群艾滋病检测和综合干预覆盖面。

The Relationship between AIDS High Risk Behaviors and Childhood Status, Perception of Gender Orientation and Rare Experiences/Psychology among Chinese Gays

Objectives: To probe some more important factors affecting the HIV epidemic by surveying the relationshipbetween AIDS high risk behaviors and childhood status,attitude/perception to gender of male/sex orientation andrare experiences/Psy-chology among Chinese gays. Methods: Data were collected from 240 Chinese gays whowere attracted by their same gender. Results: The extent of sex among China's Mainland gays issimilar to that of industrialized countries, and behaviorsthat exacerbate the HIV epidemic are universal.Perceptions 'being a girl is better',' Dislike toys likeswords or pistols in early childhood were predictors topassive anal intercourse in adulthood. Those gay men whobegan sexual intercourse younger than 16 years old tendedto have more sex partners and suffered more pain. Thosedisliked gender of male or self-regarded as female tended tohave more passive anal intercourse and related to childhoodcross-gender experience/psychology while those were raised as girls by their parentsdid not take on e above characters. Individuals who experienced sex coercion and drug abuse were the twosubgroups with the greatest high-risk behaviors. Individualswho had sex with females had the greatest number of malesex partners and were more prone to group sex. Individualswith pedophilia or gerontophilia had more casual sexpartners. Psychological problems encountered by Chinese Conclusions: The prospect of an extensive AIDSepidemic among Chinese gays does exist and somesubgroups of gays play more important roles in theepidemic. Some high risk behaviors among adult gays canbe foreseen explicitly by the predictors taking on inchildhood, and closely relate to attitude/perception, togender of male, to some rare experience/psychology.

Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Participatory Sex Education on the Dual Prevention of STI/HIV/AIDS and Unwanted Pregnancies among Adolescents in Kinshasa High Schools, DR Congo

Context: With the view to reorient both STI/HIV/AIDS prevention and adolescents pregnancies, this research study aims at evaluating cognitive and behavioral acquisitions, as well as the process of interactive sex education participatory approach among adolescents in Kinshasa high schools. Methods: Based on a “pre and post” virtually experimental design, two crosswise surveys were conducted in Kinshasa, for six months in 2011-2012 on 484 high school students (pre-survey) and on 441 high school students (post-survey), whose age range from 14 - 19 years including both sexes. Two participatory educational talks (PET) “A” and “B”, covered weekly in two different schools, were compared to a control group school. The PET “A” consisted of interactive interpersonal communication sessions given by an external expert as a substitute for the life education course in one school. The PET “B” carried out in another school, included more educational talk sessions, led by the external expert and supplemented by a close follow-up of teenagers divided into small groups of 10 participants. The subjects’ assessment was based on their knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to STI/HIV/AIDS dual prevention as well as to unwanted pregnancies. Results: The subjects involved in the PET “B” displayed a better/higher performance based on their knowledge, attitudes and practices related to STI/HIV/AIDS dual prevention and unwanted pregnancies. Broadly speaking, knowledge has been improved 6 times with the PET “B” (OR = 6, 10, IC 95%) (3.24 - 11.9), and 3 times with the PET “A” (OR = 3, 45, IC 95%) (1.79 - 6.81), compared to control school. Similarly, findings on subjects’ attitudes show an improvement rated 12 times with the PET”B” (OR = 11, 99, IC 95%) (5.67 - 27.38) and 5 times for the PET “A” (OR = 5.51, IC 95%) (2.54 - 12.87). As far as the subjects’ practices are concerned, an improvement of 6 more times of protected sexual intercourses with the PET “B” compared with the control school group (OR = 6, 52, IC 95%) (3.60 - 12.0). The process assessment records a spontaneous involvement of schools enhanced by the positive contribution of Life Education and Biology teachers;add a massive participation of adolescents who requested permanent PET program. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that school sexual education programs can be improved to increase the quality of apprenticeship. The use of interactive methods and the consideration of the adolescents’ specific needs that take into account the gender approach may bring about beneficial advantages on both educational outcomes and reproductive health of adolescents.

Socio-Cultural Identities, Perceptions of Sexuality/Sexual Behavior and Cultural Contexts as Determinants of HIV and AIDS Prevalence in Southern Africa

This paper attempts to examine the connection between one’s socio cultural setting and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Often, local communities form the contexts within which people negotiate their social and sexual lives and identities. These communities also play a key role in enabling or restraining people from taking control over their health. The paper will try to demonstrate through specific examples that in African societies, sexual behavior is a product of one’s socio-cultural environment and structural contexts and not the cognitive properties of the individual. The article draws from the qualitative study (Focus group sessions, individual interviews) conducted in three high schools in the Boland area of the Western Cape with about 18 learners, 3 Life skills teachers, 3 Performer-Educators on the efficacy of the HIV/AIDS intervention by The Centre for HIV/AIDS Management theatre group based at the University of Stellenbosch. The aim of the study was to ascertain the cultural content of their campaign model as well as their knowledge of the determinants of sex and sexuality of their target areas. Based on the findings of this study, I argue that theatre will achieve greater success in its campaign against HIV/AIDS in South Africa if the designers of the campaign models adopt a more participatory approach, make indigenous culture central to the design of their intervention model and pay closer attention to what Campbell refers to as “community level of analysis” which simply put implies a greater understanding of the target audiences local communities and its determinants of sex and sexuality.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the nurse behavior toward confirmed and suspected HIV/AIDS patients (NB-CSHAP) scale

There is a scarcity of literature discussing nurses’ behaviors toward caring for suspected or confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The development of a scale specific to measure nurses’ behaviors will allow health institutions to assess the disposition of their nurses in terms of HIV care. This study aims to present the rigors of developing and validating a reliable instrument to contextualize these nurses’ behaviors. This study utilized a sequential exploratory mixed method design to develop the NB-CSHAP scale. Thematic analysis was done on the qualitative data from the interviews with persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) from which items were selected to be included in the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to extract the factors and Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the reliability of the instrument. Four factors were extracted and are categorized as either caring or discriminatory behaviors. These include: (1) service-oriented, (2) openhanded, (3) perceptive, and (4) discriminatory. The scale has an internal consistency of 0.73. The scale shows acceptable psychometric properties, hence can be used to assess the nurses’ behaviors in caring for confirmed or suspected HIV clients. The scale may be used by health institutions to determine the quality of the patient care provided by their nurses to clients with confirmed or suspected HIV .

Survey of AIDS Related KAB Among Immigrant Female Factory Workers in Dongguan City

Objective: To understand the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB) among immigrant female factory workers(IFFW). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among IFFWs sampled from several joint- venture and private factories in Dongguan city. Results: Out of 175 sampled workers, 165 qualified for inclusion and the median age was 22. The results showed that the IFFWs had low levels of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and held many misconceptions. Thirty three of 76 (43.4%) unmarried IFFWs had premarital sexual contact, and more than half of these contacts were one-night stands (54.5%) . More than one quarter of the women(25.9%) never used condoms, 49.4% sometimes used condoms and 24.7% used condoms every time. Twenty-eight women (31.8%) had an induced abortion because of an unexpected pregnancy. Fourteen (14.9%) had been infected with STDs, and four IFFWs(2.8%)had tried drugs before the interview. Conclusion: In order to empower the IFFWs in the city to protect themselves from HIV, and to contain the rapid spread of HIV in our province, targeted HIV/ AIDS health promotion programs should be urgently implemented among IFFWs in Dongguan city. The programs should be designed to improve the knowledge of HIV, to promote condom use, and to reduce risky behaviors.

持续随访干预对HIV感染者/AIDS患者高危性行为的影响

目的分析持续随访干预对减少艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)患者的高危性行为的影响。方法用SPSS 5.0软件分析全国"艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统"(简称网络直报)中云南省自2008年进入随访到2010年期间接受随访1年、2年和3年的HIV感染者/AIDS患者个人危险性行为的差异。结果在2008-2010年持续随访干预者且在最近3个月发生性行为而没有使用安全套的HIV感染者/AIDS患者的平均性伴数均呈下降趋势(P<0.001),但其最近3个月每次发生性行为使用安全套的比例均呈上升趋势(P<0.001)。结论持续随访有利于HIV感染者/AIDS患者改变其高危性行为,减少HIV的进一步传播,接受随访的时间越长,影响就越显著。

影响商业性服务提供/受供人群AIDS/HIV危险行为的社会心理个人因素

目的 广泛探讨影响商业性接触中艾滋病 /艾滋病病毒 (AIDS/HIV)危险行为发生的社会、心理和个人经历等因素。方法 采用自我设计的封闭式匿名问卷 ,于 1998年 7月对 70 2名女性商业性服务提供者和 16 5名男性受供者进行调查。结果 单因素分析结果显示 ,男性在商业性行为中不能坚持使用安全套与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及无性病求医史等因素有关 ,女性则与未婚、AIDS/HIV知识得分低、安全套知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、保持有非商业性关系以及无性病史和无人工流产史等因素有关。Logistic多因素分析结果显示 ,男性在商业性关系中发生AIDS/HIV危险性行为与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多和无性病史等有关 ,而女性则与其它性病知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、无性病史、无人工流产史、不以安全套作为避孕措施、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及有兼职等有关。结论 商业性服务中HIV危险性行为的发生与参与人群对相关知识的了解以及个人经历关系密切。今后在针对该人群的HIV/AIDS健康教育中注意从这些方面设计宣传教育的内容和方式。

凉山州2003～2004年HIV/AIDS的综合监测

目的:了解凉山州各类人群艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)的感染情况及高危行为,和其流行现状和趋势。方法:按照艾滋病行为和血清学监测方案的操作程序及调查方法对全州吸毒者、女性商业性性工作者、孕产妇进行行为及血清学监测。结果:2 2 2 7例吸毒者艾滋病感染率为15 5 % (346人) ,吸毒者共用针具率为13 1% ;女性商业性性工作者感染率为0 8% (3人) ,只有5 1 1%的CSW (女性性商业工作者)在每次与客人发生性关系时都使用安全套;孕产妇监测中2 0 0 4年发现首例HIV感染者。结论:我州HIV感染途径主要还是静脉吸毒共用针具及性乱,女性商业性性行为者性行为将在艾滋病向普通人群传播中起重要作用,应当加强综合干预措施等。

云南省4个地区780名孕产妇预防HIV/AIDS母婴垂直传播知识态度调查

目的 了解云南省艾滋病病毒 (HIV)不同流行地区孕妇时艾滋病 (AIDS)的知识、态度及行为 ,为开展宣传教育、阻断母婴垂直传播自愿咨询、检测提供依据。方法 选择省、地区、县不同地理分布 ,孕妇HIV感染率高、中、低的 4个地区孕产妇为调查对象 ,用问卷调查表收集关于AIDS ,特别是母婴垂直传播有关的知识、态度及行为方面资料。结果 4个地区共调查 780名孕产妇 ,其中 6 41人听说过AIDS ,占 82 2 %,有关三种传播途径的正确回答率为 5 5 0 %～ 83 7%,但 73%的孕产妇认为日常生活中共餐、接吻、握手或入厕等会传播 ,37 2 %的人对婚前性行为的观念表示接受 ,77 2 %～ 81 8%的孕产妇认为婚检及产前检查中应加入HIV检测 ,91 4%的孕产妇愿意医生为其提供有关HIV知识宣传 ;83 6 %～ 84 5 %孕产妇愿意接受人工流产术、剖腹产及降低垂直传播的药物治疗。6 2 1%的孕产妇认识到安全套可预防AIDS传播。结论 孕产妇对AIDS的认识比较低 ,但愿意积极参与降低HIV垂直传播的工作。应加强预防AIDS宣传教育 ,特别是尽快在重点地区探索开展降低孕妇HIV垂直传播的工作 ,以预防AIDS的母婴垂直传播。

流动人口行为特征及其空间过程与HIV/AIDS扩散

流动人口的行为特征及其空间过程是HIV/AIDS扩散的重要因素之一,其行为特征的高危性和流动性使流动人口成为HIV/AIDS的易感人群,在其流动的空间过程中与不同类型人口的相互接触,当发生与HIV/AIDS人群的高危行为时,一方面容易使自己感染HIV;另一方面,流动人口成为HIV携带者后与其他人发生高危行为则会成为HIV的传染源之一,其结果是导致了HIV/AIDS在感染者数量和感染空间上的扩散。因而,针对流动人口高危行为特征及其空间过程提出防控HIV/AIDS扩散的对策是可行的。

HIV/AIDS患者歧视感与心理健康状况、不安全性行为的相关性研究(英文)

目的:分析HIV/AIDS患者的歧视感与心理健康状况、不安全性行为的相关性。方法:2012年4月到2013年3月,对长沙市HIV/AIDS患者进行问卷调查。问卷主要包括:一般情况调查表、自制患者性行为特征问卷、病人健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)和AIDS歧视心理测量量表。结果:歧视感总分及4个维度的得分与焦虑抑郁得分呈正相关,与不安全性行为中的告知情况存在相关关系,而与不安全性行为的其他方面无相关关系。分层回归结果显示歧视感对心理健康状况有影响。结论:HIV/AIDS患者的歧视感处于中上水平。歧视感对心理健康状况有影响,对不安全性行为无影响。

四川省HIV感染者/AIDS患者性行为特征分析

目的了解HIV感染者/AIDS患者(PeopleLivingWithHIVandAIDS,PLWHA)的性行为现状及特征,为进行行为干预提供依据。方法在四川省资中县、昭觉县及西昌市对已确诊的PLWHA及其性伴、以及当地健康对照人群进行问卷访谈调查。结果资中县PLWHA中有15.0%的人有临时性伴,该比例在西昌和昭觉分别为57.9%和18.9%。在与固定性伴的性活动中,资中的36.8%PLWHA回答“经常使用”安全套;与临时性伴的性活动中,66.7%回答“从不使用”安全套。西昌地区的相应比例分别为65.4%和72.7%;昭觉为97.1%与100.0%。结论PLWHA的性活动较非PLWHA人群复杂,但该人群的性行为现状具有明显的共性,是行为干预和健康教育的突破口,推广安全套的使用尤为重要;应将防制HIV性传播工作的重心逐渐由城市移向乡镇。

上海市某区HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗相关知识知晓情况及其影响因素分析

目的了解上海市某区新报告的HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病抗病毒治疗相关知识掌握情况及其影响因素。方法以横断面调查方式对2018年3月至2019年6月上海市某区所有新报告的非外籍、非港澳台地区HIV病毒确认阳性患者进行问卷调查,并对其抗病毒治疗相关问题回答情况评分。对数据进行描述性分析、χ^(2)检验,并用Logistic回归分析影响HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗相关知识水平的相关因素。结果共有195名HIV/AIDS患者完成调查,其中女性5人,男性190人;平均年龄(32.20±10.35)岁;29.74%为本市户籍者;69.23%调查对象文化程度为大专及以上。所有研究对象均为性传播感染且绝大多数(90.26%)为同性性行为感染;73.33%的调查对象发现时无不适主诉;调查对象发现时平均CD4为(282.80±151.25)/mm 3。调查对象抗病毒相关知识总知晓率为52.82%;调查对象中有75.38%不知道哪里可以进行抗病毒治疗,64.62%不清楚国家有关艾滋病患者免费抗病毒的相关政策;通过Logistic回归分析发现,相对于文化程度为高中及以下者,大专及以上学历者艾滋病抗病毒相关知识知晓率更高,OR值为7.813(95%CI:3.311~18.519);主动发现者和既往接受过HIV抗体检测者知晓率更高,OR值分别为2.786(95%CI:1.305~5.917)和2.770(95%CI:1.295~5.917)。进一步研究显示,抗病毒治疗知识知晓组的患者中拥有正面心理状态的比例较高(P<0.01);愿意接受长期医学随访的比例也较高(P<0.05)。结论HIV病毒确认阳性患者中在抗病毒治疗相关知识方面仍存在一定漏洞,并且抗病毒治疗相关知识程度对HIV/AIDS病人建立治疗信念,维持较好的心理状态及提高随访配合意愿均存在重要影响。今后应重视加强对HIV/AIDS患者开展抗病毒治疗相关知识宣教,提高其治疗随访依从性,提升生活质量。

安徽省阜南县中学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为调查

目的:了解中学生对HIV/AIDS知识的掌握程度,探讨针对中学生的有效HIV/AIDS健康教育方式。方法:采用匿名问卷对安徽省阜南县几所中学的学生进行调查。结果:调查的600人中HIV/AIDS总体知识回答正确率平均为52.2%,高中生回答正确率普遍高于初中生,对传播途径认知的得分非常显著地高于非传播途径(P<0.01);对AIDS病人或HIV感染者的态度得分总体偏低。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,以往接受过艾滋病宣传和年龄是中学生艾滋病知识总体知晓率的影响因素。结论:应加强对中学生的HIV/AIDS健康教育,重视从低年级开始开展各种形式的HIV/AIDS宣传教育。