一种风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的VSG变参数负荷频率控制策略

风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

Research and application of a power-flow-calculation method in multiterminal VSC-HVDC power grid

For demonstrating a multiterminal voltage-source converter(VSC)-based high-voltage DC(HVDC)(VSCHVDC) project, this study puts forward a technical route for calculating the power flow in a 500-kV VSC-HVDC power grid in comparison with that of an AC power grid. The Jacobian matrix used in the power-flow calculation was deduced through methods such as Newton–Laphson iteration and Taylor series expansion. Further, the operation effect of powerflow calculation on a true bipolar VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed briefly. The elements of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to VSC were studied under the mode of droop control and the control strategy of VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed in detail. The power-flow calculation model for VSC-HVDC power grid of the master–slave control mode was simplified using the PQ decomposition method of the power-flow calculation of an AC power grid. Moreover, a four-terminal model of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC demonstration project was established and tested on MATLAB. The simulation results under two kinds of operating conditions were analyzed and compared to the results of BPA; the deviation between the power-flow results was studied. The results show that the proposed calculation method can provide a feasible support for calculating the power flow in VSC-HVDC grids.

Performance of PSS to Damp Power Oscillations Caused by an HVDC Link in AC-DC Power System

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) systems are increasingly being applied to improve power system operation and controllability. However, inappropriate setting of HVDC controller may have a detriment effect on the system performance. Generally, PSS (Power System Stabilizer) is known as a simple concept, easy to perform, and computationally effective to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. This paper examines the effectiveness of the PSS to enhance the dynamic performance of AC-DC power systems and to compensate the negative damping of HVDC system. The dynamic performance is evaluated by examining the system response to various disturbances. In order to ensure the reliability of the simulation test results as well as the performance of the PSS, detailed HVDC modeling is adopted using SimPowerSystems toolbox in the MATLAB, and some important conclusions are drawn.

Influences of ±800 kV Yunnan-Guangdong HVDC System on Security and Stability of China Southern Power Grid

The interaction mechanism between AC and DC systems in a hybrid AC-DC transmission grid is discussed with PSS/E software. Analysis shows that receiving-end AC faults may cause much more damage on the HVDC system operation than the sending-end AC faults in a multi-infeed HVDC system, and the damage severity depends on the power recovering rate of the HVDC systems. For HVDC systems with slow power recovering rate, the receiving-end AC faults may probably be a critical factor to constrain power transfer limits. Larger capacity of HVDC system means not only higher power transfer-limit of the parallel connected AC-DC transmission grid, but also more expensive stabilizing cost.

An LCC-HVDC Adaptive Emergency Power Support Strategy Based on Unbalanced Power On-Line Estimation

HVDC auxiliary power control can significantly improve the transient stability of AC/DC power grid.An HVDC adaptive emergency power support method based on unbalanced power on line estimation is proposed in this paper.By establishing the extended state equation of the system,the on line dynamic estimation of unbalanced power of the system was realized.On this basis,power support was realized based on the principle of the ladder increment.The optimal DC was selected by the power support factor,and the emergency power support controller was installed on the DC.This emergency power support method can realize dynamic optimal power support with minimized control cost.The three infeed HVDC system was built on PSCAD.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

An Adaptive Wireless Power Sharing Control for Multiterminal HVDC

Power sharing among multiterminal high voltage direct current terminals(MT-HVDC)is mainly developed based on a priority or sequential manners,which uses to prevent the problem of overloading due to a predefined controller coefficient.Furthermore,fixed power sharing control also suffers from an inability to identify power availability at a rectification station.There is a need for a controller that ensures an efficient power sharing among the MT-HVDC terminals,prevents the possibility of overloading,and utilizes the available power sharing.A new adaptive wireless control for active power sharing among multiterminal(MT-HVDC)systems,including power availability and power management policy,is proposed in this paper.The proposed control strategy solves these issues and,this proposed controller strategy is a generic method that can be applied for unlimited number of converter stations.The rational of this proposed controller is to increase the system reliability by avoiding the necessity of fast communication links.The test system in this paper consists of four converter stations based on three phase-two AC voltage levels.The proposed control strategy for a multiterminal HVDC system is conducted in the power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transient design and control(PSCAD/EMTDC)simulation environment.The simulation results significantly show the flexibility and usefulness of the proposed power sharing control provided by the new adaptive wireless method.

Impact Analysis of the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accidents by Running Spectrum Analysis on Newspaper

Huge amount of digital data of the Great East Japan Earthquake is provided by the highly-developed digital data technology. But the method and technique for analysis of these huge digital data are not developed sufficiently. This paper proposes a running spectrum technique for text data and analyzing changes of disaster phase during the disaster management cycle. Impact analysis of the nuclear power plant accidents have been performed by using Fukushima Minpo newspaper for its verification. The result shows the dynamic characteristics of the nuclear power plant accidents. As the time interval B becomes longer, the analysis data is used from wide range period along with the smoothing effect. When observing different time intervals B, fewer keywords have been ranked in the longer time intervals of B. The proposed technique is a powerful tool to effective and efficient disaster response and management. analyze effectively the huge amount of digital data for the

改善局部电网暂态电压稳定特性的LCC-HVDC控制策略优化

随着广东电网负荷中心柔性互联工程的实施,电网分区间的交流联系变弱,大容量常规高压直流馈入的局部电网动态无功支撑能力下降,在逆变站近区严重交流故障冲击下可能暂态电压失稳。结合穗东换流站近区的暂态电压稳定问题,提出了优化直流低压限流控制(voltage dependent current order limiter,VDCOL)参数并附加限制直流功率上升速率的优化控制策略,设计了基于逆变站交流母线电压特征的控制策略自适应切换逻辑,有效减少了直流恢复过程中的无功消耗,达到以最小的控制代价实现最优控制效果的目的;基于实际电网运行方式和直流控制保护系统,仿真验证了所设计方案能显著提升换流站近区的暂态电压稳定性,并在一定程度上可减少交流系统故障后的直流换相失败。相关技术方案已在多个直流工程投入实际应用。

双极型LCC-HVDC直流系统作为黑启动电源的启动方法及策略

科学合理的黑启动电源及方案是应对电网灾变停电的最有效策略,可加快其系统恢复进程,大幅减少停电损失。双极型换相换流器型高压直流系统(LCC-HVDC)具有调节灵活输电容量大的优势,但其作为黑启动电源存在一定的困难。提出了以双极型LCC-HVDC为黑启动电源的黑启动方法及完整过程,实现向受端无源网络恢复供电,以加速其恢复进程。首先给出了双极型LCC-HVDC作为黑启动电源时所面临的问题及相应的解决策略;进而给出了双极型LCC-HVDC作为黑启动电源恢复向受端无源网络恢复供电的实现过程。该过程包括2个阶段,第1阶段实现双极型LCC-HVDC的仿融冰模式启动;第2阶段为从仿融冰模式过渡到向受端无源网络恢复供电过程。算例证实了该启动方法的有效性和正确性。该方法使双极型LCC-HVDC具备了黑启动能力,并利用直流系统为受端电网的系统恢复过程提供了电压和频率支撑。

Damping Controller Based Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization for VSC HVDC to Improve Power System Stability

The use of the supplementary controllers of a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC) to damp low Frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is surveyed. Also, singular value decomposition (SVD)-based approach is used to analyze and assess the controllability of the poorly damped electromechanical modes by VSC-HVDC different control channels. The problem of supplementary damping controller based VSC-HVDC system is formulated as an optimization problem according to the time domain-based objective function which is solved using quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO). Individual designs of the HVDC controllers using QPSO method are evaluated. The effectiveness of the proposed controllers on damping low frequency oscillations is checked through eigenvalue analysis and non-linear time simulation under various disturbance conditions over a wide range of loading.

SmartMicro Grid Energy System Management Based on Optimum Running Cost for Rural Communities in Rwanda

The governmental electric utility and the private sector are joining hands to meet the target of electrifying all households by 2024.However,the aforementioned goal is challenged by households that are scattered in remote areas.So far,Solar Home Systems(SHS)have mostly been applied to increase electricity access in rural areas.SHSs have continuous constraints to meet electricity demands and cannot run income-generating activities.The current research presents the feasibility study of electrifying Remera village with the smart microgrid as a case study.The renewable energy resources available in Remera are the key sources of electricity in that village.The generation capacity is estimated based on the load profile.The microgrid configurations are simulated with HOMER,and the genetic algorithm is used to analyze the optimum cost.By analyzing the impact of operation and maintenance costs,the results show that the absence of subsidies increases the levelized cost of electricity(COE)five times greater than the electricity price from the public utility.The microgrid made up of PV,diesel generator,and batteries proved to be the most viable solution and ensured continuous power supply to customers.By considering the subsidies,COE reaches 0.186$/kWh,a competitive price with electricity from public utilities in Rwanda.

海上风机与VSC–HVDC协同调频控制策略

由于海上风电场惯性低,影响系统安全稳定运行,通过类比同步电机的转子运动方程,在受端换流站控制策略中设计了直流电容惯性控制;又由于风机侧与电网侧距离甚远,无法及时对电网频率波动做出响应,通过寻找电网频率与受端换流站直流电压的数学关系,将海上风机与电网耦合,在风机的控制中引入一次调频控制,使风电场能够及时对电网频率的变化做出响应和调节,增强海上风力发电场并网时的有功功率和频率稳定性。

VSC-HVDC稳态特性与潮流算法的研究

该文分析了 VSC-HVDC 的稳态功率特性及控制方式;在 VSC-HVDC 稳态模型的基础上,导出了其适用于牛顿法潮流计算的数学模型,并根据 VSC-HVDC 中电压源换流器(VSC)的控制对象大多为交流侧物理量的特点,提出了一种交直流混合系统潮流的交替求解算法:算法中计及了直流变量的约束条件,当混合系统潮流求解过程中无换流器调制度越界,算法可快速收敛,否则将由于交直流系统间相互影响,致使交替求解次数的增加。算例结果验证了 VSC-HVDC 潮流模型的正确性以及交替求解算法的有效性。该算法为进一步研究含有 VSC-HVDC 的交直流电力系统的潮流控制特性奠定了基础。

VSC-HVDC连续时间状态空间模型及其控制策略研究

在dq同步旋转坐标系下,推导出VSC-HVDC的连续时间状态空间模型,电压源型换流器(VSC)的双轴模型通过前向补偿方法得到解耦,从而实现了有功与无功、直流电压与无功的独立控制。在功率和电压控制中采用了级联控制方法。根据所得到的模型,分别提出了VSC-HVDC用于联结2个有源系统和向无源系统供电的控制策略。在无源系统控制中,采用了空间矢量的概念。基于电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC的数字仿真结果验证了数学模型的正确性及控制策略的有效性。

基于附加信号的VSC-HVDC系统改进有功功率控制策略

为了保证大扰动情况下电压源换流器型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统的直流电压控制和有功功率平衡,提出了一种基于附加信号的有功功率控制策略。首先简要地分析了故障情况下VSC-HVDC系统的有功功率平衡和直流电压变化特点;然后给出了改进有功功率控制器的功率特性曲线,推导了定有功功率控制端直流电压最大工作范围的计算公式;接着提出了外环有功功率控制器的设计方法,推导了有功功率修正值的计算公式,并分析了该控制器在正常运行和故障2种情况下的工作原理。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真研究表明,在电网电压跌落或主导换流站停运等暂态扰动情况下,所提控制策略能够维持直流电压在安全运行范围内。

交流电网强度对模块化多电平换流器HVDC运行特性的影响

模块化多电平电压源换流器高压直流输电(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)技术是一种新型的电压源换流器直流输电技术。计及交流系统与换流站交换功率的数学关系,应用图解法分析了交流电网强度对MMC-HVDC系统稳态特性的影响,同时分析了接入强、弱交流电网的直流系统在不同控制方式下设定值改变时的暂态特性。结果表明功率圆的大小及其相对位置可以直观地反映交流电网的强弱,以及控制方式对MMC-HVDC系统运行特性的影响。最后PSCAD电磁暂态仿真验证了上述结论的正确性。