一种风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的VSG变参数负荷频率控制策略

风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。

An Adaptive Wireless Power Sharing Control for Multiterminal HVDC

Power sharing among multiterminal high voltage direct current terminals(MT-HVDC)is mainly developed based on a priority or sequential manners,which uses to prevent the problem of overloading due to a predefined controller coefficient.Furthermore,fixed power sharing control also suffers from an inability to identify power availability at a rectification station.There is a need for a controller that ensures an efficient power sharing among the MT-HVDC terminals,prevents the possibility of overloading,and utilizes the available power sharing.A new adaptive wireless control for active power sharing among multiterminal(MT-HVDC)systems,including power availability and power management policy,is proposed in this paper.The proposed control strategy solves these issues and,this proposed controller strategy is a generic method that can be applied for unlimited number of converter stations.The rational of this proposed controller is to increase the system reliability by avoiding the necessity of fast communication links.The test system in this paper consists of four converter stations based on three phase-two AC voltage levels.The proposed control strategy for a multiterminal HVDC system is conducted in the power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transient design and control(PSCAD/EMTDC)simulation environment.The simulation results significantly show the flexibility and usefulness of the proposed power sharing control provided by the new adaptive wireless method.

双极型LCC-HVDC直流系统作为黑启动电源的启动方法及策略

科学合理的黑启动电源及方案是应对电网灾变停电的最有效策略,可加快其系统恢复进程,大幅减少停电损失。双极型换相换流器型高压直流系统(LCC-HVDC)具有调节灵活输电容量大的优势,但其作为黑启动电源存在一定的困难。提出了以双极型LCC-HVDC为黑启动电源的黑启动方法及完整过程,实现向受端无源网络恢复供电,以加速其恢复进程。首先给出了双极型LCC-HVDC作为黑启动电源时所面临的问题及相应的解决策略;进而给出了双极型LCC-HVDC作为黑启动电源恢复向受端无源网络恢复供电的实现过程。该过程包括2个阶段,第1阶段实现双极型LCC-HVDC的仿融冰模式启动;第2阶段为从仿融冰模式过渡到向受端无源网络恢复供电过程。算例证实了该启动方法的有效性和正确性。该方法使双极型LCC-HVDC具备了黑启动能力,并利用直流系统为受端电网的系统恢复过程提供了电压和频率支撑。

SmartMicro Grid Energy System Management Based on Optimum Running Cost for Rural Communities in Rwanda

The governmental electric utility and the private sector are joining hands to meet the target of electrifying all households by 2024.However,the aforementioned goal is challenged by households that are scattered in remote areas.So far,Solar Home Systems(SHS)have mostly been applied to increase electricity access in rural areas.SHSs have continuous constraints to meet electricity demands and cannot run income-generating activities.The current research presents the feasibility study of electrifying Remera village with the smart microgrid as a case study.The renewable energy resources available in Remera are the key sources of electricity in that village.The generation capacity is estimated based on the load profile.The microgrid configurations are simulated with HOMER,and the genetic algorithm is used to analyze the optimum cost.By analyzing the impact of operation and maintenance costs,the results show that the absence of subsidies increases the levelized cost of electricity(COE)five times greater than the electricity price from the public utility.The microgrid made up of PV,diesel generator,and batteries proved to be the most viable solution and ensured continuous power supply to customers.By considering the subsidies,COE reaches 0.186$/kWh,a competitive price with electricity from public utilities in Rwanda.

改善局部电网暂态电压稳定特性的LCC-HVDC控制策略优化

随着广东电网负荷中心柔性互联工程的实施,电网分区间的交流联系变弱,大容量常规高压直流馈入的局部电网动态无功支撑能力下降,在逆变站近区严重交流故障冲击下可能暂态电压失稳。结合穗东换流站近区的暂态电压稳定问题,提出了优化直流低压限流控制(voltage dependent current order limiter,VDCOL)参数并附加限制直流功率上升速率的优化控制策略,设计了基于逆变站交流母线电压特征的控制策略自适应切换逻辑,有效减少了直流恢复过程中的无功消耗,达到以最小的控制代价实现最优控制效果的目的;基于实际电网运行方式和直流控制保护系统,仿真验证了所设计方案能显著提升换流站近区的暂态电压稳定性,并在一定程度上可减少交流系统故障后的直流换相失败。相关技术方案已在多个直流工程投入实际应用。

大规模风电经LCC-HVDC送出的送端电网频率协同控制策略

针对大规模风电经电网换相型高压直流(LCC-HVDC)送出的送端电网所面临的严峻高频问题,充分挖掘风电潜在调频能力,提出一种风电与直流频率限制器(FLC)参与送端电网调频的协同控制策略.分析直流FLC参与送端电网调频的响应特性,刻画送端电网频率与风电机组功率的下垂关系,设计风电机组变转速与变桨距角相结合的一次调频控制方法.建立包括常规机组一次调频、风电机组下垂控制和直流FLC的频率响应综合模型,结合电网的频率稳定要求,采用灵敏度方法整定风电机组与直流FLC的调频参数,设计风电与直流FLC共同参与的频率协同控制策略.算例仿真结果表明:所提频率协同控制策略可有效降低高频切机、直流过载运行风险,提高送端电网的频率稳定性.

基于VSC-HVDC的电力系统频率稳定控制策略

针对电力系统在典型故障与扰动下表现出的“暂态失稳”现象,提出了一种基于VSC-HVDC的电力系统频率稳定控制方法。考虑某大规模发电厂通过VSC-HVDC连接至交流电网,该方法允许此发电厂向交流电网提供频率控制服务。该控制策略包含整流器对直流电压的控制以及逆变器对频率的控制,即逆变器通过交流电网频率的变化来调节直流电压的变化,而整流器通过直流电压的变化来控制发电厂有功的投放,以补偿交流电网有功的短缺,使电网在故障恢复的初始阶段更好地提高系统稳定性。通过在Power Factory Digsilent上进行仿真,验证了该控制策略能显著增强系统的稳定性。

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

Research and application of a power-flow-calculation method in multiterminal VSC-HVDC power grid

For demonstrating a multiterminal voltage-source converter(VSC)-based high-voltage DC(HVDC)(VSCHVDC) project, this study puts forward a technical route for calculating the power flow in a 500-kV VSC-HVDC power grid in comparison with that of an AC power grid. The Jacobian matrix used in the power-flow calculation was deduced through methods such as Newton–Laphson iteration and Taylor series expansion. Further, the operation effect of powerflow calculation on a true bipolar VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed briefly. The elements of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to VSC were studied under the mode of droop control and the control strategy of VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed in detail. The power-flow calculation model for VSC-HVDC power grid of the master–slave control mode was simplified using the PQ decomposition method of the power-flow calculation of an AC power grid. Moreover, a four-terminal model of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC demonstration project was established and tested on MATLAB. The simulation results under two kinds of operating conditions were analyzed and compared to the results of BPA; the deviation between the power-flow results was studied. The results show that the proposed calculation method can provide a feasible support for calculating the power flow in VSC-HVDC grids.

具备有载调压功能的LCC-HVDC拓扑及控制策略

随着近年来高压直流输电的快速发展,换流变压器有载分接开关频繁动作导致故障数量明显增加,直接影响了直流工程的可靠性与电网的安全运行。运用(modular multilevel converter,MMC)模块化多电平可控电压源技术和基本原理,提出了一种新型具备有载调压功能的(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCCHVDC)直流输电的拓扑结构和控制策略,实现了对电网侧电压的补偿,当交流母线电压降低时,无需调节变压器分接开关而维持阀侧电压在额定值水平,大大降低了分接开关的动作次数,提高了工程运行的可靠性。以CIGRE直流输电标准模型为算例,分析了提电压补偿在传统LCC-HVDC直流输电系统中应用的机理,验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性。

Performance of PSS to Damp Power Oscillations Caused by an HVDC Link in AC-DC Power System

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) systems are increasingly being applied to improve power system operation and controllability. However, inappropriate setting of HVDC controller may have a detriment effect on the system performance. Generally, PSS (Power System Stabilizer) is known as a simple concept, easy to perform, and computationally effective to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. This paper examines the effectiveness of the PSS to enhance the dynamic performance of AC-DC power systems and to compensate the negative damping of HVDC system. The dynamic performance is evaluated by examining the system response to various disturbances. In order to ensure the reliability of the simulation test results as well as the performance of the PSS, detailed HVDC modeling is adopted using SimPowerSystems toolbox in the MATLAB, and some important conclusions are drawn.

远海风电DRU-HVDC送出系统构网控制与启动方法综述

随着海上风电开发的不断规模化和远海化,海上风电直流送出技术成为研究热点。针对低成本的二极管整流单元(DRU)型高压直流(HVDC)输电,重点指出了分布式DRU在均压、部分退出运行等方面的主要技术特点,论述了该技术与柔性直流送出、传统直流输电的差异。由于DRU的不可控性,海上电网的构建须由风电机组通过自身控制实现。因此,对现有研究的风电机组集中式和分散式构网控制进行详细综述,并对全构网型控制采用P-V和Q-f功率控制机理进行风电场-DRU层面以及风电机组层面的梳理解释。针对DRU单向潮流引起的启动问题,综述了辅助中压交流脐带电缆、辅助模块化多电平换流器、海上风电机组配置储能以及辅助低压直流电缆等启动方法,指出利用辅助中压交流脐带电缆是相对成熟的方案,而利用海上风电机组储能和全构网型控制具有较高的灵活性,但现有技术下仍面临风电机组塔筒内部安装空间不足、储能安全隐患等问题。最后,对海上风电经DRU-HVDC送出系统未来值得深入探索的研究方向进行了展望。

Influences of ±800 kV Yunnan-Guangdong HVDC System on Security and Stability of China Southern Power Grid

The interaction mechanism between AC and DC systems in a hybrid AC-DC transmission grid is discussed with PSS/E software. Analysis shows that receiving-end AC faults may cause much more damage on the HVDC system operation than the sending-end AC faults in a multi-infeed HVDC system, and the damage severity depends on the power recovering rate of the HVDC systems. For HVDC systems with slow power recovering rate, the receiving-end AC faults may probably be a critical factor to constrain power transfer limits. Larger capacity of HVDC system means not only higher power transfer-limit of the parallel connected AC-DC transmission grid, but also more expensive stabilizing cost.

大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振分析与抑制

大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC送出可解决新能源消纳问题,但大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振问题仍待解决。考虑到大容量逆变器具有低开关频率的特点,故进行LCL滤波器设计,建立光伏电站和换流站的频域小信号阻抗模型;再基于阻抗分析法,分析大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振机理及潜在的谐振点,发现大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网时存在谐振风险。针对互联系统谐振问题,采用无源阻尼重塑互联系统阻抗的方案,并明确无源阻尼、相位裕度和系统损耗的对应关系。所提方案能够显著抑制互联系统的谐振现象,为大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的稳定性问题提供一种符合实际工程的解决方法。最后基于Matlab/Simulink建立仿真模型,仿真结果验证了文中理论分析的正确性和所提措施的有效性。

An LCC-HVDC Adaptive Emergency Power Support Strategy Based on Unbalanced Power On-Line Estimation

HVDC auxiliary power control can significantly improve the transient stability of AC/DC power grid.An HVDC adaptive emergency power support method based on unbalanced power on line estimation is proposed in this paper.By establishing the extended state equation of the system,the on line dynamic estimation of unbalanced power of the system was realized.On this basis,power support was realized based on the principle of the ladder increment.The optimal DC was selected by the power support factor,and the emergency power support controller was installed on the DC.This emergency power support method can realize dynamic optimal power support with minimized control cost.The three infeed HVDC system was built on PSCAD.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

含异步电动机负荷的MMC-HVDC供电系统小干扰电压稳定性分析

研究模块化多电平换流器型柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)向异步电动机负荷供电系统小干扰电压稳定机理。建立系统的线性状态空间模型,并对影响系统小干扰电压稳定性的关键参数进行研究。根据特征值及参与因子分析,减小MMC的内外环控制器比例增益系数或电气距离均可危害系统的小干扰电压稳定性,而MMC与异步电动机负荷之间的电气距离增大会导致系统失去稳定平衡点。基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的电磁暂态仿真模型验证了所建模型的准确性以及所得结论的有效性。

海上风电经VSC-HVDC系统受端电网不对称故障抑制策略

海上风电经柔性直流输电技术(即基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电系统,VSC-HVDC)送出系统中受端电网故障不仅影响受端换流站交直流侧系统的运行状态,严重情况下也会阻碍送端换流站和海上风电机组的正常运行。针对这一实际问题,分析了海上风电经VSC-HVDC送出系统中受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理,提出了一种基于Lyapunov函数方法的负序分量抑制策略。首先,建立了海上风电机组经VSC-HVDC送出系统的拓扑结构,并分析了受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理。其次,根据受端换流站的数学模型推导出满足Lyapunov函数全局稳定性的负序开关函数,并求解出开关函数的系数,进一步设计出相应的Lyapunov函数控制器。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真将所提策略与传统PI控制进行对比,验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性。

Impact Analysis of the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accidents by Running Spectrum Analysis on Newspaper

Huge amount of digital data of the Great East Japan Earthquake is provided by the highly-developed digital data technology. But the method and technique for analysis of these huge digital data are not developed sufficiently. This paper proposes a running spectrum technique for text data and analyzing changes of disaster phase during the disaster management cycle. Impact analysis of the nuclear power plant accidents have been performed by using Fukushima Minpo newspaper for its verification. The result shows the dynamic characteristics of the nuclear power plant accidents. As the time interval B becomes longer, the analysis data is used from wide range period along with the smoothing effect. When observing different time intervals B, fewer keywords have been ranked in the longer time intervals of B. The proposed technique is a powerful tool to effective and efficient disaster response and management. analyze effectively the huge amount of digital data for the