Effects of Light Rare Earth on Acidity and Catalytic Performance of HZSM-5 Zeolite for Catalytic Cracking of Butane to Light Olefins

The effects of rare earth（RE）on the structure,acidity,and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolite were investigated.A series of RE/HZSM-5 catalysts,containing 7.54% RE（RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu or Gd）,were prepared by the impregnation of the ZSM-5 type zeolites（Si/Al=64：1）with the corresponding RE nitrate aqueous solutions.The catalysts were characterized by means of FT-IR,UV-Vis,NH3-TPD,and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine.The catalytic performances of the RE/HZSM-5 for the catalytic cracking of mixed butane to light olefins were also measured with a fixed bed microreactor.The results revealed that the addition of light rare earth metal on the HZSM-5 catalyst greatly enhanced the selectivity to olefins,especially to propylene,thus increasing the total yield of olefins in the catalytic cracking of butane.Among the RE-modified HZSM-5 samples,Ce/HZSM-5 gave the highest yield of total olefins,and Nd/HZSM-5 gave the highest yield of propene at a reaction temperature of 600℃.The presence of rare earth metal on the HZSM-5 sample,not only modified the acidic properties of HZSM-5 including the amount of acid sites and acid type,that is,the ratio of L/B（Lewis acid/Brnsted acid）,but also altered the basic properties of it,which in turn promoted the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for the catalytic cracking of butane.

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Behavior of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid Encapsulated in the Supercage of Cs^＋-exchanged Y Zeolite

In order to solve the serious leaching problem of supported heteropoly acid catalysts in polar reaction media, 12-molybdophosphoric acid encapsulated in the supercage of Cs^＋-exchanged Y zeolite was prepared by the ＂ship in the bottle＂ synthesis. The influence of ion-exchange conditions and the synthesis parameters on the encaosulation of PMo12 were investigated. The obtained solid sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, 31p magic angle spin nuclear magnetic resonance （MAS NMR） and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FT-IR）, and its catalytic activity in the esterification of acetic acid and n-butanol was tested. The ion-exchange time, concentration of aqueous Cs^＋ solution, pH value, and amount of Mo added in the synthesis mixture were revealed to influence the encapsulation very remarkably. Under the optimal conditions, 12-molybdophosphoric acid could be successfully encapsulated in the supercage of CsY zeolite, and the samples showed considerable catalytic activity and excellent reusability in the esterification reaction.

Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature （excluding 800 ℃）. The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature. The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5 zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.

Influence of the post-treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite on catalytic performance for alkylation of benzene with methanol

The porous material HZSM-5 zeolite with micro-mesopore hierarchical porosity was prepared by post-treatment （combined alkali treatment and acid leaching） of parent zeolite and its catalytic performance for benzene alkylation with methanol was investigated. The effect of post-treatment on the textural properties was characterized by various techniques （including ICP-AES, XRD, nitrogen sorption isotherms, SEM, NH3-TPD, Py-IR and TG）. The results indicated that the post-treatment could modify the structural and acidic properties of HZSM-5 zeolite. In this procedure, not only additional mesopores were created by selective extraction of silicon but also the acidity was tuned. Consequently, the modified HZSM-5 zeolite showed larger external surface area with less acid sites as compared to the parent zeolite. It was found out that the modified zeolite exhibited a higher benzene conversion and xylene selectivity for alkylation of benzene with methanol as well as excellent life span of the catalyst than conventional ones. This can be explained by the facts that the presence of additional mesopores improved the diffusion property in the reactions. Furthermore, the modified zeolite showed an appropriate Bronsted acidity for effective suppression of the side reaction of methanol to olefins, thus reduced the accumulation of coke on the HZSM-5 zeolite, which was favorable for the catalyst stability. In comparison with the parent HZSM-5 zeolite, the modified zeolite by alkali treatment and acid leaching showed better performance for the benzene alkylation with methanol.

Influence of the Alkali Treatment of HZSM-5 Zeolite on Catalytic Performance of PtSn-Based Catalyst for Propane Dehydrogenation

The porous material ATZ with micro-mesopore hierarchical porosity was prepared by alkali treatment of parent HZSM-5 zeolite and applied for propane dehydrogenation. The zeolite samples were characterized by XRD, N2- physisorption, and NH3-TPD analysis. The results showed that the alkali treatment can modify the physicochemical prop- erties of HZSM-5 zeolite. In this case, the porous material ATZ showed larger extemal surface area with less acid sites as compared to the HZSM-5 zeolite. It was found out that the alkali treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite could promote the catalytic performance of PtSn/ATZ catalyst. The possible reason was ascribed to the low acidity of ATZ. Furthermore, the presence of mesopores could reduce the carbon deposits on the metallic surface, which was also favorable for the dehydrogenation reaction.

Effects of Operating Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of HZSM-5 Zeolites in n-Pentane Cracking

In this work,n-pentane catalytic cracking over HZSM-5 zeolites was studied at 650°C under atmosphere pressure.A particular attention was paid to the measurement of n-pentane conversion,light olefins production,product distribution,coke deposit,etc.Several indexes were defined to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was found that decreasing the weight hourly space velocity,increasing the reactant partial pressure,and increasing the carrier gas flow rate could inhibit C-H bond breaking and enhance the C-C bond breaking and hydride transfer reactions,leading to reduced alkenes selectivity,which suppressed the formation of external coke and alleviated the deactivation of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was deduced that the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites was improved at the cost of alkenes selectivity.Compared with decreasing the weight hourly space velocity and increasing the reactant partial pressure,increasing the carrier gas flow rate could enhance the diffusion process and protect alkenes from being consumed in coke formation in order to improve the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites with less reduction of alkenes selectivity.

Properties and Characterization of Modified HZSM-5 Zeolites

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of phosphorus and boron modified HZSM-5 zeolites treated with 100% steam at 673 K were investigated. The acidity and distribution of acidic sites were studied by infrared spectroscopy using pyridine as probe molecule and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia. The structure of the samples was characterized by XRD, and the textural properties of the catalysts were determined by nitrogen isothermal adsorption-desorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results show that the modified samples have no novel crystalline phase, indicating a high dispersion of phosphorus and boron species. After treatment, the microporous volume and surface area of the samples markedly decrease, implying the blockage of the channel. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements suggest that the isothermal type of all samples is a combination of isothermal type I and IV, and all hysteresis loops resemble the H4-type in the IUPAC classification. The total acidity of the modified samples, determined by pyridine adsorption IR and TPD of ammonia, decreases in contrast to that of the parent HZSM-5. The conversion of n-heptane over P and B steam-modified HZSM-5 is higher than that of P and B-modified HZSM-5 zeolites but lower than that of the parent HZSM-5.

Investigation of the Surface State of Zeolite HZSM-5 Pretreated with Toluene by Using Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FABMS)

Toluene pretreatment caused many activated toluene species existing on the surface of zeolite HZSM-5, by which the activity of sample was increased. Moreover, variation in the surface Si+/Al+ ratio of HZSM-5 was sensitively detected by FABMS.

MgO沉积改性HZSM-12分子筛的结构表征与催化性能

采用化学液相沉积法用MgO对HZSM-12分子筛进行表面沉积改性,对改性分子筛的结构、酸性进行了表征,研究了改性HZSM-12分子筛对萘和甲醇烷基化的催化反应性能。结果表明MgO与HZSM-12分子筛的表面羟基发生作用,减少了分子筛的Bronsted酸中心,而产生了新的Lewis酸中心。用于催化萘和甲醇烷基化的反应结果表明,由于MgO沉积减少了HZSM-12分子筛的强酸中心,有效地提高了HZSM-12分子筛的抗积炭失活能力。

不同硅铝比HZSM-12分子筛的酸性及其烷基化合成异丙基苯的催化性能

本文研究了不同硅铝比HZSM-12催化剂的丙烯-苯气固相烷基化的催化性能。实验结果表明,随着硅铝比的降低,烷基化活性逐渐增加,老化速度减慢。应用TPD,IR和毗啶脉冲中毒等方法考察了HZSM-12的酸性与烷基化反应之间的关系。证实了烷基化反应是在HZSM-12分子筛上中等强度B酸中心上进行。这种酸中心数目越多,反应的活性越高,稳定性越好。用水蒸汽处理的方法,可减少HZSM-12催化剂上的强酸中心数,相对增加有利于烷基化反应的中等强度的酸中心数,因而可以减缓HZSM-12的失活速率,改善催化剂的稳定性能。

HZSM-12沸石上甲苯、丙烯烷基化反应的研究

研究了HZSM-12沸石上甲苯、丙烯反应的产物分布及其影响因素。实验结果表明,在反应体系中同时存在烷基化反应、异构化反应以及歧化、裂解等副反应。催化剂的结构、酸中心特性以及反应条件对产物组成的分布都有明显的影响。在实验条件下产物分布为:对异丙基甲苯29.8～34.3%,间异丙烯甲苯58.0～65.4%,邻异丙基甲苯4.3～7.7%。该组成接近于反应温度下的热力学平衡组成。HZSM-12的失活是由于在强B 酸中心上生成积炭母体,并逐渐长大堵塞孔道所致。

氟硅酸铵改性的HZSM-12分子筛催化合成2,6-二甲基萘

采用同晶置换方法制备了系列氟硅酸铵改性的HZSM-12分子筛。对改性前后的分子筛进行了XRD、NH3-TPD、Py-IR、N2物理吸附等表征,并在固定床微型反应实验装置上考察了它们对萘与甲醇烷基化反应合成2,6-二甲基萘的催化性能。结果表明,氟硅酸铵改性提高了HZSM-12分子筛的结晶度,在分子筛晶格中产生了二次介孔,增大了分子筛的介孔孔容和总孔容,有效地改变了分子筛的酸量及酸强度分布。经适宜浓度的氟硅酸铵水溶液改性后,HZSM-12分子筛对萘与甲醇烷基化反应的催化性能得到明显改善,在保持良好催化活性的基础上有效地提高了2,6-DMN的选择性及2,6-DMN/2,7-DMN摩尔比,反应6 h后2,6-DMN的选择性和2,6-DMN/2,7-DMN摩尔比分别为26%和1.93。

酸脱铝改性的HZSM-12分子筛催化合成2,6-二甲基萘的研究

分别用盐酸和柠檬酸对HZSM-12分子筛进行脱铝改性。通过XRD、XRF、N2物理吸附、TP的方法对脱铝改性前后HZSM-12分子筛的结构及酸性进行表征,并研究了脱铝改性HZSM-12分子筛催化合成2,6-二甲基萘反应性能的影响规律。结果表明,盐酸脱铝的同时可以脱除分子筛的强酸中心和弱酸中心,10 mol/L的HCl脱铝还会伴有脱硅现象发生,导致微孔体积减少。而柠檬酸则优先脱出强酸中心,对于弱酸中心影响不显著。脱铝改性的HZSM-12分子筛强酸中心数量减少,对萘和甲醇烷基化反应的催化活性有所降低,但是烷基化产物中2,6-DMN/2,7-DMN比显著提高,而且改性后的HZSM-12分子筛表现出更强的抗失活能力。

Alkylation of toluene with tert-butyl alcohol over HPW-modified Hβ zeolite

An Hβ-supported heteropoly acid （H3PW12O40 （HPW）/Hβ） catalyst was successfully prepared by wetness impregnation, and investigated in the alkylation of toluene with tert-butyl alcohol for the synthesis of 4-tert-butyltoluene （PTBT）. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmis- sion electron microscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plas- ma-optical emission spectrometry, the brunauer emmett teller （BET） method, tempera- ture-programmed NH3 desorption, and pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the catalyst. The results showed that loading HPW on Hβ effectively increased the B acidity and decreased the pore size of Hβ. The B acidity of HPW/Hβ was 142.97 μmol/g, which is 69.74% higher than that of Hβ （84.23 μmol/g）. The catalytic activity of the HPW/Hβ catalyst was much better than that of the parent Hβ zeolite because of its high B acidity. The toluene conversion over HPW/Hβ reached 73.1%, which is much higher than that achieved with Hβ （54.0%）. When HPW was loaded on Hβ, the BET surface area of Hβ decreased from 492.5 to 379.6 m2/g, accompa- nied by a significant decrease in the pore size from 3.90 to 3.17 nm. Shape selectivity can therefore play an important role and increase the product selectivity of the HPW/Hβ catalyst compared with that of the parent Hβ. PTBT （kinetic diameter 0.58 nm） can easily diffuse through the narrowed pores of HPW/Hβ, but 3-tert-butyltoluene （kinetic diameter 0.65 nm） diffusion is restricted because of steric hindrance in these narrow pores. This results in high PTBT selectivity over HPW/Hβ （around 81%）. The HPW/Hβ catalyst gave a stable catalytic performance in reusability tests.

Catalyst activity comparison of alcohols over zeolites

Alcohol transformation to transportation fuel-range hydrocarbon over HZSM-5 （SIO2/A1203 = 30） catalyst was studied at 360 C and 300 psig. Product distributions and catalyst life were compared between methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol as a feed. The catalyst life for 1-propanol and l-butanol was more than double compared with that for methanol and ethanol. For all the alcohols studied, the product distributions （classified to paraffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic and naphthalene compounds） varied with time on stream （TOS）. At 24 h TOS, liquid product from 1-propanol and 1-butanol transformation primarily contains higher olefin compounds. The alcohol transformation process to higher hydrocarbon involves a complex set of reaction pathways such as dehydration, oligomerization, dehydrocyclization and hydrogenation. Compared with ethylene generated from methanol and ethanol, oligomerization of propylene and butylene has a lower activation energy and can readily take place on weaker acidic sites. On the other hand, dehydrocyclization of the oligomerized products of propylene and butylene to form the cyclic compounds requires the sites with stronger acid strength. Combination of the above mentioned reasons are the primary reasons for olefin rich product generated in the later stage of the time on stream and for the extended catalyst life time for 1-propanol and 1-butanol compared with methanol and ethanol conversion over HZSM-5.

Study on Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Hierarchical Zeolite

A kind of hierarchical zeolite catalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption method were used to study the phase and aperture structure o（ the prepared catalyst. Infrared （IR） spectra of pyridine adsorbed on the sample showed that the hierarchical zeolite really had much more Bronsted and Lewis acidic sites than the HZSM-5 zeolite. The catalytic cracking of large hydrocarbon molecules showed that the hierarchical zeolite had a higher catalytic activity than the HZSM-5 zeolite.

Fe取代的Pt/H-ZSM-12催化剂的合成及其正十二烷加氢异构化性能研究

在长链烷烃的加氢异构反应中,H-ZSM-12分子筛独特的孔道结构有利于多支链异构体的生成,但其较强的酸性加剧了裂解副反应的发生。以Fe同晶取代分子筛骨架中的Al,可以有效降低分子筛的酸强度。为了提高异构产物的选择性,采用水热法合成了Fe取代度(以n(Fe):n(Al+Fe)计)分别为0%、50%和100%的Z12-Al、Z12-Al-Fe和Z12-Fe分子筛。紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)表征结果表明,Z12-Al-Fe和Z12-Fe中引入的Fe绝大多数以[FeO_(4)]的结构存在于分子筛骨架中。红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,H-Z12-Al-Fe和H-Z12-Fe骨架中的Fe与Si—OH结合形成了Si—OH—Fe键。氨气程序升温脱附(NH_(3)-TPD)和吡啶红外(Py-IR)表征结果表明,随着分子筛中Fe含量的增加,其强酸位的酸强度逐渐降低,总Bronsted酸的数量明显减少。在分子筛载体上负载足量的金属Pt后,以正十二烷(n-C_(12))为模型化合物评价了双功能催化剂的加氢异构性能(反应压力为2.0 MPa,n(H_(2)):n(n-C_(12))为6.0)。结果表明,Pt/H-Z12-Fe上Bronsted酸强度的降低和酸性位数量的减少使其催化活性低于Pt/H-Z12-Al,但弱Bronsted酸性对裂解反应的抑制使其在90%左右的n-C_(12)转化率下获得了最高的总异构选择性(85.7%)和多支链异构体选择性(53.8%),比Pt/H-Z12-Al分别高出18.6%和9.7%。此外,Pt/H-Z12-Fe在120 h的连续反应中表现出了优异的稳定性。

Hydrogenation of CO_(2) to p-xylene over ZnZrO_(x)/hollow tubular HZSM-5 tandem catalyst

The conversion of CO_(2) into specific aromatics by modulating the morphology of zeolites is a promising strategy.HZSM-5 zeolite with hollow tubular morphology is reported.The morphology of zeolite was precisely controlled,and the acid sites on its outer surface were passivated by steam-assisted crystallization method,so that the zeolite exhibits higher aromatic selectivity than sheet HZSM-5 zeolite and greater p-xylene selectivity than chain HZSM-5 zeolite.The tandem catalyst was formed by combining hollow tubular HZSM-5 zeolites with ZnZrO_(x)metal oxides.The para-selectivity of p-xylene reached 76.2%at reaction temperature of 320℃,pressure of 3.0 MPa,and a flow rate of 2400 mL g^(-1)h^(-1)with an H_(2)/CO_(2) molar ratio of 3/1.Further research indicates that the high selectivity of p-xylene is due to the pore structure of hollow tubular HZSM-5 zeolite,which is conducive to the formation of p-xylene.Moreover,the passivation of the acid site located on the outer surface of zeolite effectively prevents the isomerization of p-xylene.The reaction mechanism of CO_(2) hydrogenation over the tandem catalyst was investigated using in-situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory.The results showed that the CO_(2) to p-xylene followed a methanol-mediated route over ZnZrO_(x)/hollow tubular HZSM-5 tandem catalysts.In addition,the catalyst showed no significant deactivation in the 100 h stability test.This present study provides an effective strategy for the design of catalysts aimed at selectively preparing aromatics through CO_(2)hydrogenation.

Study of the Conversion of Postconsumer Polystyrene on CeO2/HZSM-5 Type Materials

The catalytic conversion of polystyrene (PS) was studied in the presence of the materials type HZSM-5, CeO2, 10% CeO2/HZSM-5 and 20% CeO2/HZSM-5, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption at 77K. The catalytic tests were performed via thermogravimetric analysis (TG) at heating rates of 5, 10 and 20˚C min−1 in a temperature range from 30˚C to 900˚C. For the tests, a ratio of 30% by mass of each catalytic material mixed with PS was used and the activation energy of the degradation process was determined by the Vyazovkin method. The obtained results showed that the addition of the catalyst to the PS in general reduced its degradation temperature. The 10% CeO2/HZSM-5 catalyst showed greater efficiency, as it resulted in lower activation energy for PS degradation. Thus, the combination of CeO2 with HZSM-5 resulted in materials with potential for application in the catalytic degradation of polystyrene and the results indicate that the production of a composite material can be a good strategy to generate an increase in catalytic activity and a decrease in energy process activation.

具有介孔结构的ZSM-12分子筛的制备、表征及催化性能

采用碱脱硅法制备了具有介孔结构的ZSM-12分子筛,并运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、固体核磁共振和氨程序升温脱附等方法对碱处理前后的ZSM-12分子筛进行了表征,并考察了碱脱硅改性对分子筛的孔结构、酸性以及催化萘的烷基化反应性能的影响.结果表明,通过改变NaOH溶液的浓度可以在保持ZSM-12分子筛骨架结构的同时,有效地调变介孔的分布,随着碱处理浓度的提高,ZSM-12分子筛的介孔孔容增加,孔径分布范围变宽,产生的二次介孔改善了反应产物的扩散性能,有效地提高了对萘和甲醇烷基化反应的催化性能,萘转化率和2,6-二甲基萘选择性均得到提高.