This paper describes a model in which a representative investor's preference depends on both the consumption history consumption and his wealth. Thus, the investor accumulates wealth not only for the sake of consu...This paper describes a model in which a representative investor's preference depends on both the consumption history consumption and his wealth. Thus, the investor accumulates wealth not only for the sake of consumption history but also for wealth. We examine the implication for consumption, portfolio choice. We solve the consumption portfolio choice problem and provide the optimal policy. The optimal solution to the problem shows that the preference for wealth and consumption formation will affect the investor's optimal portfolio policy. For the purpose of further research, we also calculate the steady-state distribution of habit-consumption ratio.展开更多
Based on the household survey data of rural residents in 30 provinces(cities,districts)of China from 1995 to 2019,this paper constructs an econometric model of farmers’consumption behavior with habit formation and ec...Based on the household survey data of rural residents in 30 provinces(cities,districts)of China from 1995 to 2019,this paper constructs an econometric model of farmers’consumption behavior with habit formation and economic policy uncertainty,and makes an empirical analysis of farmers’consumption behavior by using sys-gmm estimation method.The results show that:since the reform and opening up,the changes of Chinese farmers’consumption behavior not only show excessive sensitivity to income changes on the whole,but also show a significant habit forming effect,and the existence of habit effect will reduce the impact of economic policy uncertainty on consumption;there is a large gap between regions,and the consumption in the western region is affected by the uncertainty of economic policy,the impact is greater.Therefore,the government should pay attention to the impact of economic shock on consumption,maintain the systematicness and stability of the policy,enhance the stability,continuity and accuracy of the policy,drive the development of the western region,build a long-term policy mechanism to promote the sustained and rapid increase of farmers’income,and further change farmers’consumption concept.展开更多
Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, ...Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, edge environments. However, the origin of handedness in climbing plants remains unclear. Here we report a Miocene (ca. 16 million years ago) macrofossil from the Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, Eastern China, unequivocally exhibiting the first direct fossil evidence for a left-handed, stem-twining growth habit in plants. This fossil plant bears a thicker, slightly curved supporting stem (2 - 3.5 mm wide), which is loosely, spirally twined by a thinner stem (1.5 - 2 mm wide), possibly representing part of distal branches from a liana or vine.展开更多
Purpose: In order to study the cellular response and membrane formation on the surface of intraocular lens after cataract surgery and lens implantation, this study was designed to observe the deposits on the surface o...Purpose: In order to study the cellular response and membrane formation on the surface of intraocular lens after cataract surgery and lens implantation, this study was designed to observe the deposits on the surface of implanted posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) for 4,7,15,30 and 90 days in rabbits. Methods : 30 rabbits had undergone ECCE with PC-IOL implantation. PC-IOLs were removed at different stages after operation. 20 PC-IOLs were stained by HE to demonstrate cells on the surface of PC-IOL under light microscopy. 5 PC-IOLs for scanning electron microscopy were observed. 5 membranes were studied by transmission electron microscopy.Results: On 25 implanted PC-IOLs, the incidence of cell adhesion was 100% . The cells adherent to lens included macrophages,fibroblast-like cells,epithelioid cells,giant cells, ultralarge giant cells and lymphocytes. It was seen that there was a thin proteinaceous film on the surface of the implanted PC-IOLs and the membrane was composed of fibrin collagen展开更多
Habit is on the wane in the discourse of education theory, although it stillmaintains great vitality in everyday discourse. It is fair to say that habitas a concept has been distorted by behaviorism. To remove the imp...Habit is on the wane in the discourse of education theory, although it stillmaintains great vitality in everyday discourse. It is fair to say that habitas a concept has been distorted by behaviorism. To remove the impactof behaviorism, we need to review and reconstruct the concept of habit.Habits shape “self” and also nourish virtue. Habits concern mind andbody, which means they feature “corporeal nature” and “mental nature”.When in action, habits seem to exhibit a double law, but in effect follow asingle law. Education plays an important role in habit formation. Educationis the environmental factor of habit formation and it cultivates habitsthrough earnest practice and careful deliberation. In addition, education isalso an important approach to habit change.展开更多
文摘This paper describes a model in which a representative investor's preference depends on both the consumption history consumption and his wealth. Thus, the investor accumulates wealth not only for the sake of consumption history but also for wealth. We examine the implication for consumption, portfolio choice. We solve the consumption portfolio choice problem and provide the optimal policy. The optimal solution to the problem shows that the preference for wealth and consumption formation will affect the investor's optimal portfolio policy. For the purpose of further research, we also calculate the steady-state distribution of habit-consumption ratio.
基金This paper is the result of Yangzhou University Science and innovation fund(Project No.:x20200820).
文摘Based on the household survey data of rural residents in 30 provinces(cities,districts)of China from 1995 to 2019,this paper constructs an econometric model of farmers’consumption behavior with habit formation and economic policy uncertainty,and makes an empirical analysis of farmers’consumption behavior by using sys-gmm estimation method.The results show that:since the reform and opening up,the changes of Chinese farmers’consumption behavior not only show excessive sensitivity to income changes on the whole,but also show a significant habit forming effect,and the existence of habit effect will reduce the impact of economic policy uncertainty on consumption;there is a large gap between regions,and the consumption in the western region is affected by the uncertainty of economic policy,the impact is greater.Therefore,the government should pay attention to the impact of economic shock on consumption,maintain the systematicness and stability of the policy,enhance the stability,continuity and accuracy of the policy,drive the development of the western region,build a long-term policy mechanism to promote the sustained and rapid increase of farmers’income,and further change farmers’consumption concept.
文摘Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, edge environments. However, the origin of handedness in climbing plants remains unclear. Here we report a Miocene (ca. 16 million years ago) macrofossil from the Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, Eastern China, unequivocally exhibiting the first direct fossil evidence for a left-handed, stem-twining growth habit in plants. This fossil plant bears a thicker, slightly curved supporting stem (2 - 3.5 mm wide), which is loosely, spirally twined by a thinner stem (1.5 - 2 mm wide), possibly representing part of distal branches from a liana or vine.
文摘Purpose: In order to study the cellular response and membrane formation on the surface of intraocular lens after cataract surgery and lens implantation, this study was designed to observe the deposits on the surface of implanted posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) for 4,7,15,30 and 90 days in rabbits. Methods : 30 rabbits had undergone ECCE with PC-IOL implantation. PC-IOLs were removed at different stages after operation. 20 PC-IOLs were stained by HE to demonstrate cells on the surface of PC-IOL under light microscopy. 5 PC-IOLs for scanning electron microscopy were observed. 5 membranes were studied by transmission electron microscopy.Results: On 25 implanted PC-IOLs, the incidence of cell adhesion was 100% . The cells adherent to lens included macrophages,fibroblast-like cells,epithelioid cells,giant cells, ultralarge giant cells and lymphocytes. It was seen that there was a thin proteinaceous film on the surface of the implanted PC-IOLs and the membrane was composed of fibrin collagen
基金This paper is a phased research result of“studies on the theoretical deepening and practical promotion of moral education in life”(16JJD880027),a major project of the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education.
文摘Habit is on the wane in the discourse of education theory, although it stillmaintains great vitality in everyday discourse. It is fair to say that habitas a concept has been distorted by behaviorism. To remove the impactof behaviorism, we need to review and reconstruct the concept of habit.Habits shape “self” and also nourish virtue. Habits concern mind andbody, which means they feature “corporeal nature” and “mental nature”.When in action, habits seem to exhibit a double law, but in effect follow asingle law. Education plays an important role in habit formation. Educationis the environmental factor of habit formation and it cultivates habitsthrough earnest practice and careful deliberation. In addition, education isalso an important approach to habit change.
