IL13RA2 promotes progression of infantile haemangioma by activating glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Background:Interleukin 13 receptor subunit alpha 2(IL13RA2)plays an essential role in the progression of many cancers.However,the role of IL13RA2 in infantile haemangioma(IH)is still unknown.Materials and Methods:IL13RA2 expression in IH tissues was analyzed using western blot,qRT-PCR,and immunofluorescence.The role of IL13RA2 in haemangioma-derived endothelial cells(HemECs)was determined following knockdown or overexpression of IL13RA2 using CCK-8,colony formation,apoptosis,wound healing,tubule formation,Transwell,and western blot.Results:IL13RA2 expression was upregulated in IH tissues.IL13RA2 overexpression promoted proliferation,migration,and invasion of HemECs and induced glycolysis,which was confirmed with a glycolysis inhibitor.Specifically,IL13RA2 interacted withβ-catenin and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HemECs,which were involved in the above-mentioned effects of IL13RA2.Conclusions:These findings revealed that targeting IL13RA2 is a potential therapeutic approach for IH.

Iris microhaemangioma: a management strategy

AIM: To analyse previous literature and to formulate a management strategy for iris microhaemangiomas (IMH).METHODS:Areview of the literature in English language articles on IMH.RESULTS: Thirty five English language articles fulfilled the criteria for inclusion to the study and based on the contents on these articles a management strategy was formulated. Age at presentation ranged from 42 to 80 years with no sex or racial predisposition. Most patients with IMH have no systemic disease but a higher incidence had been reported in patients with diabetes mellitus, myotonic dystrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and several other systemic and ophthalmic co-morbidities. Most patients remained asymptomatic until they experienced a sudden blurring of vision due to a hyphaema. Some patients only develop a self-limiting single episode of hyphaema and therefore the laser or surgical photocoagulation of iris should be reserved for the cases complicated with recurrent hyphaema. In some patients, several laser photoco-agulation sessions may be needed and the recurrent iris vascular tufts may require more aggressive treatment. Iris fluorescein angiography (IFA) is useful in identifying the true extent of the disease and helps to improve the precision of the laser treatment. Surgical excision (iridectomy) should only be considered in patients who fail to respond to repeated laser treatment. In some cases IMHs has been initially misdiagnosed as amaurosis fugax, iritis and Posner-Schlossman syndrome.CONCLUSION: Owing to its scarcity, there is no good quality scientific evidence to support the management of IMH. The authors discuss the various treatment options and present a management strategy based on the previous literature for the management for this rare condition and its complications.

Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Its Tissue Inhibitor in Haemangioma

The action mechanism of matrix metalloproteinases-2 （MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 （TIMP-2） in the genesis, development and degeneration of haemangioma was investigated by detecting their expression in the tissue of haemangioma in different phases by using the immunohistochemistry. Fifty paraffin-embedded specimens of skin capillary haemangioma were collected, which were documented in the Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from 2000 to 2006. All samples were stained by regular HE method, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） was tested by immunohistochemical S-P method. The samples were classified according to the Mulliken criteria and the expression pattern of PCNA. Immunohistochemical S-P method was ap- plied to detect the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in proliferative and degenerative phases of cutaneous capillary haemangioma, and in normal skin tissues. In combination with the detection of the expression of factor Ⅷ-related antigen, it was verified that in haemangioma tissues, the cells expressing MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were vascular endothelial cells. The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression was quantitatively analyzed by image analysis system （HPIAS-1000）, and one-way ANOVA（107） and SNK（q） test were done to analyze average absorbance （A） and positive area rate of immunohistochemically positive particles by using SPSS11.5. The results showed： （1） Among 50 samples of haemangioma, there were 26 proliferative haemangiomas, and 24 degenerative haemangiomas, respectively; （2） The expression of MMP-2 was weak in normal vascular endothelial cells, cytoplasm of connective tissues and extracellular matrix around blood vessels. The expression of MMP-2 in proliferative group was significantly higher than in degenerative group and control group （normal skin） （P〈0.05）, but there was no statistically significant difference between the latter two groups; （3） TIMP-2 was highly expressed in normal tissues, degenerative vascular endothelial cells, cytoplasm of connective tissues and extracellular matrix around blood vessels. The expression level of TIMP-2 in proliferative phase was significantly lower than in degenerative phase （P〈0.05）, and the expression of TIMP-2 in proliferative phase was significantly different from that in degenerative phase and normal tissues （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that in proliferative phase of haemangioma, MMP-2 may promote over-proliferation of endothelial cells of haemangioma, and in degenerative phase, TIMP-2 can inhibit the proliferation of endothelial cells of haemangioma. The two substances play important roles in the genesis, development and degeneration of haemangiomas.

Laparoscopic resection of a giant exophytic liver haemangioma with the laparoscopic Habib 4× radiofrequency device

Haemangiomas are the most common solitary benign neoplasm of the liver with an incidence ranging from 5% to 20%. Although usually small and asymptomatic, they may reach considerable proportions and rarely give rise to life-threatening complications. Surgical intervention is required for incapacitating symptoms, established complications, and diagnostic uncertainty. The resection of haemangiomas demands meticulous surgical technique, owing to their high vascularity and the concomitant risk of intra-operative haemorrhage. Laparoscopic resection of giant haemangiomas is even more challenging, and has only been reported twice. We here report the case of a giant 10 cm liver haemangioma which was successfully resected laparoscopically using the laparoscopic HabibTM 4×, a bipolar radiofrequency device, without clamping major vessels and with minimal blood loss. Transfusion of blood or blood products was not required. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was asymptomatic at 7-mo follow-up.

Orthotopic liver transplantation for giant liver haemangioma: A case report

In liver haemangiomas, the risk of complication rises with increasing size, and treatment can be obligatory. Here we present a case of a 46-year-old female who suffered from a giant haemangioma causing severe portal hypertension and vena cava compression, leading to therapy refractory ascites, hyponatremia and venostasis-associated thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. The patients did not experience tumour rupture or consumptive coagulopathy. Surgical resection was impossible because of steatosis of the non-affected liver. Orthotopic liver transplantation was identified as the only treatment option. The patient's renal function remained stable even though progressive morbidity and organ allocation were improbable according to the patient's lab model for end-stage liver disease(lab MELD) score. Therefore, non-standard exception status was approved by the European organ allocation network "Eurotransplant". The patient underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation 16 mo after admission to our centre. Our case report indicates the underrepresentation of morbidity associated with refractory ascites in the lab MELD-based transplant allocation system, and it indicates the necessity of promptly applying for non-standard exception status to enable transplantation in patients with a severe clinical condition but low lab MELD score. Our case highlights the fact that liver transplantation should be considered early in patients with non-resectable, symptomatic benign liver tumours.

Treatment review of sight threatening circumscribed choroidal haemangioma

AIMTo describe our clinical experience in treating circumscribed choroidal haemangioma (CCH) in a tertiary referral centre over a fifteen year period prior to photodynamic therapy.

Haemangiomas in the urinary bladder:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Urinary bladder haemangioma is a benign nonurothelial tumour that rarely occurs in paediatric and adolescent patients.Clinical and radiological examinations are not adequate for an accurate diagnosis.The purpose of this serial case report is to raise awareness of urinary bladder haemangioma and appropriate management.CASE SUMMARY We described two rare cases of urinary bladder haemangioma that were confirmed by histopathology followed by immunohistochemistry and reviewed the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease.The radical cystectomy was performed with open method surgery associated with an abdominal wall ostomy of the ileal outlet tract for case 1.Case 2 underwent a laparoscopic partial cystectomy.Postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of urinary bladder haemangioma.Haematuria resolved postoperatively,and there was no evidence of tumour recurrence in 3 years follow-up for case 1.Postoperative urinary and pelvic ultrasonography showed no signs of recurrence in 3 mo follow-up for case 2.CONCLUSION Careful histopathological and immunohistochemical studies are required to establish the correct diagnosis.There is no“gold standard”treatment for urinary bladder haemangioma,and treatment options are varied for individuals with favourable follow-ups.

Another Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? A Case Report of Retinal Cavernous Haemangioma Treated with Intravitreal Bevacizumab, Initially Labelled as Persistent Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

We present a case of Retinal Cavernous Haemangioma treated with Intravitreal Bevacizumab, which was initially labelled as persistent proliferative diabetic retinopathy with multiple episodes of vitreous haemorrhage. These lesions can be confused with new retinal vessels in diabetics and if correctly diagnosed unnecessary photocoagulation can be avoided. Our patient received a course of three intravitreal Bevacizumab injections (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) in order to stop the leakage from the retinal cavernous haemangioma lesions and prevent another episode of vitreous haemorrhage. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were seen. Twenty-two months following treatment there was no recurrence of vitreous haemorrhage.

Recurrence of Cortical Venous Haemangioma in the Tibia: Interest of Sclerotherapy

We report on a rare case of an intra-osseous haemangioma involving the medial portion of tibia in a 29-year-old man. The aim is to emphasize on diagnosis difficulties, possible recurrence and interest of sclerotherapy. In radiographs, the lesion was a well-defined osteolytic lesion having 3 mm of diameter with perimeter’s sclerosis. The computed tomography images demonstrated an intra-medullar gap’s image of the tibia with cortical participation. An osteoid osteoma was evocated but eliminated by the histhological examination. The osseous scintigraphy didn’t find any anomaly. The outcome was marked by the recurrence of pain. T1-weighted Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hypointense lesion, while T2-weighted images revealed hyperintense areas, with internal, hypointense septa. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images showed lattice-like enhancement of the lesion. These images signed a recurrence of the intra-osseous venous haemangioma. The sclerotherapy improved the pain in three days and prevented another recurrence.

Surgical Treatment of Giant Cavernous Hepatic Haemangiomas

Background: Haemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumors. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic tumors, rapid increase in size, rupture or doubt in diagnosis. Objective: Evaluation the efficacy of surgical treatment of giant cavernous hepatic haemangioma in tertiary hepatobiliary center. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of 34 patients with giant hepatic haemangioma operated upon. The diagnosis was proved preoperatively in 27 patients and confirmed by histopathology postoperatively in all patients. The indication of surgery was abdominal pain with large sizes tumors, rapid growth, and spontaneous rupture with haemoperitoneum. Surgical treatment either liver resection or living liver transplantation. Results: 23 cases (67.6%) were females & 11 cases (32.4%) were males, median age 38.8 years. Haemangiomas located in right lobe in 19 patients (55.9%), left lobe in 12 patients (35.4%) in both lobe in 2 patients (5.8%), scattered all over both lobe in one patient (2.9%), solitary in 27 cases (79.4%) and multiple in 7 patients (20.6%). The diameter was 8 - 27 cm, mean 18.6 cm in diameter. 33 patients had liver resection (29 elective resection and 4 emergent resection for rupture). One patient had haemangioma irresectable;the living liver transplant was performed. No mortality during 18 months follow up and complication occurred in 8 patients out of 34 patients. Conclusion: Hepatic resection is an effective treatment option for giant cavernous hepatic haemangioma, in selected patient living related liver transplantation may be the only therapeutic option.

Lateral Nasal Capillary Haemangioma a Rare Occurrence—Case Report and Literature Review

Nasal lobular capillary haemangioma (CH), also known as pyogenic granuloma, is a benign lesion of unknown etiology commonly associated with pregnancy, oral contraceptive pills, and trauma. Marked by epistaxis and nasal obstruction, the condition involves benign capillary proliferation with a microscopically distinctive lobular architecture, affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the oral cavity and nasal region. This aim of this article is to report a case of lateral nasal capillary haemangioma in a 39-year-old female, who presented in our facilities having experienced spontaneous epistaxis on the left side of the nose for the previous three months. Endoscopy revealed a protruding left intranasal mass arising from the lateral nasal wall in the region of the middle turbinate and osteo-meatal complex. The patient underwent endoscopic excision of the mass and did excellently well thereafter with no recurrence.

A New Modality of Treatment for Adult Laryngeal Haemangioma by Coblation: A Case Report

Few adult haemangiomas of larynx have been reported. Most common presentations are in infants where the incidence is about 4% - 5% [1]. In children they resolve by age of five whereas in adults they do not regress. In children the most common modality of treatment is by propranolol. In adults, there are various modalities of surgical excision by laser excision with Co2 or KTP and electrocautery assisted excision. We are presenting a case of adult laryngeal haemangioma that presented with blood-tinged sputum on coughing since 8 months and we managed with micro laryngeal surgical excision by coblation without any complications.

Primary vascular tumours of the kidney

Primary vascular tumours of the kidney are rare and may pose diagnostic difficulties because of their similar clinical,morphological,and immunohistochemical features.This article summarizes the clinical and pathological features of primary renal angiosarcoma and anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney including epidemiology,genetics,and prognosis.Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are benign neoplasms characterized by anastomosing capillary-sized vascular channels.These tumours are rare,with about 75 cases reported in the literature.Most anastomosing haemangiomas are found incidentally on ultrasound,computed tomography,or magnetic resonance imaging.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,haematuria,and abdominal mass.Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are characterized by recurrent mutations in GNAQ and GNA14 genes.The prognosis of anastomosing haemangioma is excellent.Primary renal angiosarcomas are malignant tumours showing endothelial differentiation.To date,76 cases have been described in the literature.Primary renal angiosarcomas are frequently symptomatic.The clinical features of renal angiosarcomas are similar to those of renal anastomosing haemangiomas,including abdominal pain,haematuria,and abdominal mass.Angiogenesis-related genes and vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinases such as KDR,TIE1,SNRK,TEK,and FLT1 are upregulated in angiosarcomas.Primary renal angiosarcomas are highly aggressive neoplasms with a poor prognosis despite surgical treatment,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,or targeted therapy.

某海兰褐鸡场祖代、父母代及商品代鸡血管瘤型ALV-J的分离与鉴定

从山东省某海兰褐鸡场祖代、父母代种鸡和商品代蛋鸡中获得疑似血管瘤型禽白血病(Avian leukosis,AL)病料。采用病理剖检、IFA、分子生物学检测,确定为J亚群禽白血病。从祖代、父母代病料中各分离到1株J亚群禽白血病病毒(J subgroup of avian leukosis virus,ALV-J),从商品代蛋鸡中分离到4株ALV-J。根据原型毒株HPRS103设计1对gp85基因引物,获得gp85基因序列。获得的gp85基因序列与各亚群参考毒株序列核苷酸同源性比对,结果显示:分离自商品代蛋鸡的Commercial03株、Commercial04株、Commercial06株和父母代分离株Parent02株位于同一分支,同源性在97.2%～97.9%,与HPRS103株同源性94.7%～95.2%;Commercial05株与祖代分离株Grandparent01株在同一分支,与HPRS103株同源性为98.3%,4株分离自商品代的ALV-J同源性为95.0%～99.9%。表明商品代蛋鸡中的ALV-J可能来自父母代或祖代种鸡的垂直传播,也可能来自于其他来源的水平传播。从同一鸡场祖代、父母代及商品代鸡中分离得到ALV-J,这在我国还是首次。对后续研究其基因突变、致瘤机制等奠定了良好的基础。

婴幼儿眼睑血管瘤内注射平阳霉素与皮质类固醇的比较

目的:分析平阳霉素局部血管瘤体内注射治疗婴幼儿眼睑血管瘤的疗效。方法:用平阳霉素治疗56例,另用皮质类固醇治疗52例婴幼儿眼睑血管瘤,对疗效进行对比分析。结果:用平阳霉素治疗56例有效56例(100%),完全治愈56例(100%);复发2例(4%),经再治疗后完全消退。用局部注射皮质类固醇方法治疗52例,其中39例(75%)在l～7次注射后肿瘤全部或接近全部退化;8例(15%)瘤体缩小50%以上;5例(10%)无效。结论:平阳霉素局部血管瘤体内注射疗效显著,治疗时间短,见效快,注射次数少,毒副作用小,复发率很低。与用局部注射皮质类固醇方法治疗血管瘤相比,有效率、治愈率显著提高。

婴儿血管瘤的药物治疗

婴儿血管瘤是儿童最常见的一种肿瘤,发病率达10%。婴儿血管瘤具有一定自限性,通常在1岁内出现快速增殖期,部分血管瘤可自行消退。有些婴儿血管瘤在快速增殖期出现溃疡、出血、畸形或者感染时,需要及时予以干预治疗。血管瘤的治疗方法多种多样,常用的药物治疗方法包括:糖皮质激素、干扰素、平阳霉素等。普萘洛尔是一种治疗婴儿血管瘤的新方法,安全有效。特别是对于伴有一些严重并发症,能够在合适的时机选择恰当的药物治疗非常重要。

普萘洛尔治疗增殖期血管瘤患者血管内皮生长因子-A及表皮生长因子样结构域7的表达分析

目的对普萘洛尔治疗增殖期婴幼儿血管瘤的临床疗效和治疗过程中血清及尿液血管内皮生长因子-A（VEGF-A）和表皮生长因子样结构域7（EGFL7）表达水平进行检测分析。方法选择30例婴幼儿增殖期血管瘤患者为研究对象,口服普萘洛尔治疗4-8个月,口服剂量为每天0.5-2 mg·kg^-1。采用B超测量治疗前后瘤体的半径,采用Achauer疗效评定法进行临床疗效评估。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测治疗前、治疗后4周、治疗后12周血清及尿液中VEGF-A和EGFL7水平。结果治疗效果评价：2例优,11例好,14例中等,3例差。治疗前血清VEGF-A水平最高（335.692 pg·mL^-1±136.146 pg·mL^-1）,治疗后4周（264.853 pg·mL^-1±122.120 pg·mL^-1）和治疗后12周（211.345 pg·mL^-1±104.035 pg·mL^-1）呈逐渐下降趋势,治疗后4、12周血清VEGF-A水平低于治疗前（P〈0.05）。治疗前尿液VEGF-A水平最高（76.234 pg·mL^-1±24.169 pg·mL^-1）,治疗后4周（56.454 pg·mL^-1±16.111 pg·mL^-1）和治疗后12周（34.728 pg·mL^-1±12.656 pg·mL^-1）呈逐渐下降趋势,治疗后4、12周尿液VEGF-A水平低于治疗前（P〈0.05）。血清和尿液中EGFL7的表达趋势与VEGF-A一致。结论普萘洛尔能够安全有效地治疗增殖期婴幼儿血管瘤。普萘洛尔能降低增殖期婴幼儿血管瘤患者外周血清和尿液中VEGF-A和EGFL7水平。

肝海绵状血管瘤肝动脉栓塞所致胆道损毁性病变

研究和探讨肝海绵状血管瘤肝动脉栓塞对胆道造成的损伤。方法 :报告 4例肝血管瘤肝动脉栓塞后引起黄疸、胆汁性肝脓肿及胆道损毁病变病例 ,并用实验大鼠肝动脉内注射乙醇复制血管栓塞剂对肝脏的损伤。结果 :其中 3例在胆汁性肝脓肿经皮引流后 ,进行肝内胆管U形管支撑及胆管空肠吻合 ,疗效较好。实验结果证实肝动脉注射血管栓塞剂无水乙醇后可以引起肝脏局部坏死 ,胆管坏死闭塞。结论 :用血管硬化剂如鱼肝油酸钠等作肝动脉的非超选择性栓塞 ,将会造成病变外正常肝和胆道的坏死 ,其治疗非常困难。并呼吁对无症状的肝血管瘤应严格选择治疗适应证。

小肠血管瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨小肠血管瘤的有效诊断方法,减少误诊。方法回顾性分析该院1981年6月～2004年9月收治的小肠血管瘤患者20例。结果全组患者有轻重不等的贫血,临床主要表现为呕血、便血或黑便,部分患者有腹痛、腹胀,容易误诊。发病部位十二指肠、空肠各7例,回肠5例,空回肠交界1例。剖腹探查并手术治疗18例,单纯胃镜检查、血管造影检查确诊各1例。结论小肠血管瘤发病部位隐蔽,多种检查方法存在其局限性,手术探查并结合纤维内镜检查是一最有效的确诊手段。

脉冲染料激光治疗婴幼儿体表溃烂型血管瘤疗效研究

目的：观察波长为585 nm脉冲染料激光治疗婴幼儿体表溃烂型血管瘤的临床疗效。方法：采用波长为585 nm的脉冲染料激光,对76例（男26例,女50例）体表溃烂型血管瘤（平均瘤体表面积22.1 cm^2）患者进行照射治疗,激光能量为5.8 J/cm^2~8 J/cm^2（平均6.6 J/cm^2）,间隔4周治疗一次,治疗二次后瘤体无消退者予口服类固醇辅助治疗,类固醇辅助治疗4周无效者再联合干扰素治疗,直至创面愈合和瘤体消失。结果：68例患儿在治疗二次后创面完全愈合,瘤体明显缩小,经一至八次（平均四次）激光治疗后瘤体完全消退,8例患儿辅以类固醇治疗,6例治愈,2例无效后予干扰素联合治疗后瘤体消退,总治愈率100%;经过平均12个月随访,所有患儿无溃疡复发和血管瘤再发。结论：脉冲染料激光治疗婴幼儿体表溃烂型血管瘤,具有良好疗效,是一种行之有效的治疗方法。