The Cult of Mazu in Hainan,China and Among Vietnamese Hainanese Diaspora:A Comparative Study of Mazu Culture

The cult of Mazu is a common folk belief in China and Vietnam.Originating from the Song and Yuan Dynasties,particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the cult of Mazu spread to Vietnam through maritime trade and migration from coastal regions of China.After centuries of integration and development,it evolved into its own cultural system of Mazu worship,becoming an important component of Vietnamese folk culture.Hainan,China,as a crucial supply station on the Maritime Silk Road,has close connections with the transmission of Mazu culture to Vietnam.This paper adopts field investigations and literature research methods to explore the Mazu worship and culture in Hainan,China,and the Qiongfu Assembly Halls in Vietnam.

Influence of Human Activity Intensity on Habitat Quality in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park,China

Due to long-term human activity interference,the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park(HTRNP)of China has experienced ecological problems such as habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss,and with the expanding scope and intensity of human activity impact,the regional ecological security is facing serious challenges.A scientific assessment of the interrelationship between human activity intensity and habitat quality in the HTRNP is a prerequisite for achieving effective management of ecological disturbances caused by human activities and can also provide scientific strategies for the sustainable development of the region.Based on the land use change data in 2000,2010,and 2020,the spatial and temporal variations and the relationship between habitat quality(HQ)and human activity intensity(HAI)in the HTRNP were explored using the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs(InVEST)model.System dynamics and land use simulation models were also combined to conduct multi-scenario simulations of their relationships.The results showed that during 2000–2020,the habitat quality of the HTRNP improved,the intensity of human activities decreased each year,and there was a negative correlation between the two.Second,the system dynamic model could be well coupled with the land use simulation model by combining socio-economic and natural factors.The simulation scenarios of the coupling model showed that the harmonious development(HD)scenario is effective in curbing the increasing trend of human activity intensity and decreasing trend of habitat quality,with a weaker trade-off between the two compared with the baseline development(BD)and investment priority oriented(IPO)scenarios.To maintain the authenticity and integrity of the HTRNP,effective measures such as ecological corridor construction,ecological restoration,and the implementation of ecological compensation policies need to be strengthened.

Carbon Enrichment in the Lithospheric Mantle:Evidence from the Melt Inclusions in Mantle Xenoliths from the Hainan Basalts

It is generally believed that the lithospheric mantle and the mantle transition zone are important carbon reservoirs.However,the location of carbon storage in Earth's interior and the reasons for carbon enrichment remain unclear.In this study,we report CO_(2)-rich olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the mantle xenoliths of late Cenozoic basalts from the Penglai area,Hainan Province,which may shed some light on the carbon enrichment process in the lithospheric mantle.We also present a detailed petrological and geochemical investigation of the late Cenozoic basalts and mantle xenoliths from northern Hainan Island.The collected samples of late Cenozoic Hainan Island basalts belong to both alkaline and subalkaline series,showing fractionated REE patterns with high(La/Yb)_(N)values of 3.52–11.77,which are typical for OIB.Based on Al-in-olivine thermometry,the temperatures estimated for the mantle xenoliths can be divided into two groups.One group has temperatures of less than 1050℃,and the other group has temperature ranging from 1050℃to 1282℃.Clinopyroxene(La/Yb)_(N)–Ti/Eu and clinopyroxene Ca/Al–Mg^(#)diagrams indicate that the mantle peridotite experienced metasomatism from both silicate and carbonate melts.Melt inclusions in the olivine of mantle xenoliths include(1)CO_(2)bubble–rich melt inclusions;(2)multiphase melt inclusions(glass+CO_(2)bubble+daughter minerals);(3)pure glass melt inclusions.Magnesite is a daughter mineral in the olivine-hosted melt inclusions,which could be interpreted as a secondary mineral formed by the interactions of CO_(2)-rich fluids with an olivine host,due to post-entrapment effects.The glasses in olivine-hosted melt inclusions have high SiO_(2)contents(60.21–77.72 wt%).Our results suggest that a considerable amount of CO_(2)-rich melt inclusions are captured in the lithospheric mantle during metasomatism.The lithospheric mantle can therefore act as is a‘carbon trap',with much CO_(2)being absorbed by the lithospheric mantle in this way.

Increasing Anthropogenic Mercury Pollution over the Last 200 Years Revealed by Lagoonal Sediments from Hainan Island,South China

The toxic heavy metal mercury(Hg)has significantly enhanced the global Hg cycle influenced by human activities over the last century.In this study,we presented a high-resolution Hg deposition history between∼1780 and 2015 AD in a sediment core from Xincun Lagoon,located in the southeastern Hainan Island,South China,and analyzed it in conjunction with geochemical elements,grain-size distribution,organic matter,and HYSPLIT backward trajectory simulation.The objective was to investigate the influencing factors affecting historical Hg deposition in relatively remote regions and assess the extent of the effects of natural background and human activities.The results showed that the Hg in the sediment was deposited primarily through atmospheric deposition,which was closely related to regional and even global human activities.Anthropogenic Hg contamination increased gradually from the 1830s to 1850s,possibly due to Hg emissions from Opium Wars I and II occurring in southeastern China.High broad peaks of anthropogenic Hg were observed during the 1910s to 1950s and in the 1980s,likely associated with the two world wars and modern Chinese wars.In addition,a further sharp increase in anthropogenic Hg from the mid-1970s to the present occurred,likely originating from the intense industrial activities in China triggered by the reform and opening-up policy of China in 1978 and some countries in Southeast Asia.

Quaternary Intrusions from the Zhongjiannan Basin,South China Sea:Their Relationship with the Hainan Mantle Plume and Influence on Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

The transportation of magma in sedimentary basins often occurs through extensive dyke-sill networks.The role of sills on the plumbing system in rifted margins and the impact of sills on hydrocarbon reservoirs of prospective sedimentary basins has long been an area of great industrial interest and scientific debate.Based on 2D seismic reflection,we present data on how the sills emplaced to form a magmatic plumbing system of the volcanic system for the Zhongjiannan Basin(ZJNB).The results show that sixty-nine sills and fourteen forced folds have been identified.The distribution and geometry of the sills suggest that magma flowed from west to east and then ascended to near the surface.The onlap relationship of the forced folds indicates that the timing of magmatic activities can be constrained at ca.0.2 Ma.The spatial and temporal occurrences of intrusions imply that the strong post-rift magmatism in ZJNB was associated with the Hainan mantle plume arising from the core-mantle boundary.Furthermore,these forced folds could produce several types of hydrocarbon traps,due to accommodation through bending and uplift of the overlying rock and free surface,but it is critical to evaluate the effect of such emplacement when setting exploration targets.

Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of wild adult rats from nine district areas in Hainan,China

BACKGROUND Wild rats have the potential to hold zoonotic infectious agents that can spread to humans and cause disease.AIM To better understand the composition of gut bacterial communities in rats is essential for preventing and treating such diseases.As a tropical island located in the south of China,Hainan province has abundant rat species.Here,we examined the gut bacterial composition in wild adult rats from Hainan province.METHODS Fresh fecal samples were collected from 162 wild adult rats,including three species(Rattus norvegicus,Leopoldamys edwardsi,and Rattus losea),from nine regions of Hainan province between 2017-2018.RESULTS We analyzed the composition of gut microbiota using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.We identified 4903 bacterial operational taxonomic units(30 phyla,175 families,and 498 genera),which vary between samples of different rat species in various habitats at various times of the year.In general,Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla,followed by Bacteroidetes(15.55%),Proteobacteria(6.13%),and Actinobacteria(4.02%).The genus Lactobacillus(20.08%),unidentified_Clostridiales(5.16%),Romboutsia(4.33%),unidentified_Ruminococcaceae(3.83%),Bacteroides(3.66%),Helicobacter(2.40%)and Streptococcus(2.37%)were dominant.CONCLUSION The composition and abundance of the gut microbial communities varied between rat species and locations.This work provides fundamental information to identify microbial communities useful for disease control in Hainan province.

One Health practice in Hainan,China

The devastating COVID-19 pandemic over the past three years has made One Health a trending philosophy not only as a regional and national initiative but also as transboundary efforts calling for multilateral cooperations.Mwatondo et al.presented One Health Networks in a recent article published in The Lancet,calling for further promotion of the One Health approach[1].Likewise,recent studies in developing countries described the rapid adoption of One Health concepts globally and the major advances in practice of One Health in the past two decades[2-4].In this perspective,we highlight a pilot One Health program China spearheaded by the World Bank and the provincial government of Hainan.This pilot program aims to boost our awareness of preventing and combating emerging infectious diseases using the One Health approach[5].

Zoning Evaluation of Hourly Precipitation in High-resolution Regional Numerical Models over Hainan Island

This study assesses the performance of three high-resolution regional numerical models in predicting hourly rainfall over Hainan Island from April to October for the years from 2020 to 2022.The rainfall amount,frequency,intensity,duration,and diurnal cycle are examined through zoning evaluation.The results show that the China Meteor-ological Administration Guangdong Rapid Update Assimilation Numerical Forecast System(CMA-GD)tends to forecast a higher occurrence of light precipitation.It underestimates the late afternoon precipitation and the occurrence of short-duration events.The China Meteorological Administration Shanghai Numerical Forecast Model System(CMA-SH9)reproduces excessive precipitation at a higher frequency and intensity throughout the island.It overestimates rainfall during the late afternoon and midnight periods.The simulated most frequent peak times of rainfall in CMA-SH9 are 0-1 hour deviations from the observed data.The China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Weather Numerical Forecasting System(CMA-MESO)displays a similar pattern to rainfall observations but fails to replicate reasonable structure and diurnal variation of frequency-intensity.It underestimates the occurrence of long-duration events and overestimates related rainfall amounts from midnight to early morning.Notably,significant discrepancies are observed in the predictions of the three models for areas with complex terrain,such as the central,southeastern,and southwestern regions of Hainan Island.

Differential expression analysis of coronary heart disease related genes in Hainan residents

Objective:To explore the correlation between coronary heart disease related genes and coronary heart disease in hospitalized patients in Hainan,and to provide theoretical basis for enriching the screening methods of high-risk groups of coronary heart disease in Hainan,and optimizing the prevention and treatment strategies.Methods:We select hospitalized patients born in Hainan and aged>30 years old from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical Unversity between January 1,2020 and June 30,2022,and divided the patients into the coronary heart disease group and the non-coronary heart disease group.PCR real-time fluorescence was used to measure gene expression,and Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between gene expression and coronary heart disease.Results:A total of 55 whole blood samples were collected from non-coronary heart disease patients(including 26 women and 29 men),with a median age of 57 years,and 170 whole blood samples from coronary heart disease patients(including 44 women and 126 men),with a median age of 63.17.Apolipoprotein B gene(ApoB)was highly expressed in patients with coronary heart disease(P<0.001);AGT gene(P=0.0158),ApoE gene(P=0.0126),FGB gene(P=0.005),GNB gene(P=0.0151),MTFHR gene(P=0.0119),SEL gene(P=0.005),TNF gene(P=0.0298)were significantly overexpressed in the non-coronary heart disease group.The expression of NOS3 gene(P=0.3047),IL6 gene(P=0.7239),ACE gene(P=0.7852)was not different between the two groups.Coronary heart disease was negatively correlated with AGT gene(r=-0.163,P=0.011,P<0.05),positively correlated with APOB gene(r=0.75,P=0,P<0.01),negatively correlated with FGB gene(r=-0.163,P=0.011,P<0.05),negatively correlated with GNB gene(r=-0.165,P=0.011,P<0.05),negatively correlated withSEL gene(r=-0.171,P=0.007,P<0.01),negatively correlated with MHTHR gene(r=-0.210,P=0.001,P<0.01)and negatively correlated with TNF gene(r=-0.131,P=0.04,P<0.05),but coronary heart disease was not correlated with APOE,NOS3,ACE,IL6 and other genes(P>0.05).The ApoB gene of coronary heart disease was negatively correlated with triglyceride(r=-0.461,P=0),positively correlated with age(r=0.173,P=0.009),positively correlated with total cholesterol(r=0.499,P=0),negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein(r=-0.181,P=0.007),and negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein(r=-0.143,P=0.031).Conclusion:(1)The detection of apolipoprotein B gene expression may be used as an indicator for screening coronary heart disease in the coronary population in Hainan.It may increase the risk of coronary heart disease by affecting the level of total cholesterol.A larger sample of research is still needed.(2)AGT,ApoE,FGB,GNB,MTFHR,SELE,TNF and other genes may be the protective genes of non-coronary heart disease population in Hainan,and the high expression of these genes may reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease,which still needs further study.

Hainan releases standards system on rural revitalization

In order to exert the fundamental,supporting and leading role of standardization in promoting the rural governance system and social development in Hainan province,and facilitate rural revitalization and high-quality development,the standards system for rural revitalization of Hainan province was released by Hainan Administration for Market Regulation,Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hainan Province,and Bureau of Rural Revitalization of Hainan Province.

Granite thermal reservoirs in Lingshui area of Hainan Island and their significance to geothermal resources,China

Hainan Island located at the southernmost tip of the continental crust of the South China Plate,has high terrestrial heat-flow values,widely-distributed hot springs,and rich geothermal resources.Intensified researches on the origin and potentials of geothermal resources can promote Hainan Island's development into a clean energy island.To determine the geological conditions for the formation of geothermal resources in southern Hainan Island,we collected core samples of granites from the Baocheng batholith in southern Hainan Island and conducted systematic analysis in respect of petrology,geochronology,geochemistry,and petrophysical property.The results of this study are as follows.The Baocheng batholith in the southern Hainan Island has a crystallization age of 98.42±0.56 Ma,making it the product of magmatism in the early stage of the Late Cretaceous.It mainly consists of high-K calc-alkaline granites,which were intruded by intermediate-to-mafic veins.The Baocheng batholith has a high radioactive heat generation rate of 2.712-6.843μW/m^(3),with an average of 3.846μW/m^(3),a radioactive heat-flow value of 30.768 μW/m^(2)and a heat-flow contribution rate of 38.95%-43.95%.As shown by the results of their thermophysical property analysis,the granites have high thermal conductivity and can serve as highquality geothermal reservoirs.In combination with previous geological and geophysical data,the geothermal model of the Lingshui area was established in this study.The deep structure indicates the presence of high-conductivity and low-resistivity layers in the basement of the Baocheng batholith.It can be inferred thereby that asthenospheric upwelling may occur and that there exist two magma vents at depth in the batholith.Therefore,magmatic heat at depth and granites with high radioactive heat generation rate serve as the main heat sources in the Lingshui area.

The Opening-up of Hainan

What will independent customs operations in Hainan bring to China and the world?The hashtag"Hainan prepares to establish independent customs"has been among the hottest ones recently.As of March 29,it had generated 330 million views on Weibo,China’s equivalent of Twitter,in one week.Establishing independent customs is part of the island province’s drive to build itself into a free trade port(FTP).

Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park

Located in Hainan Province in south China,the park covers an area of 4,269 square km and is home to China’s largest rainforest,with a primitive forest covering 95.85 percent of the entire park.

Molecular Detection and Identification of Candidatus Ehrlichia Hainanensis,A Novel Ehrlichia Species in Rodents from Hainan Province,China

Ehrlichia(Anaplasmataceae family)are obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect humans and animals.They are hosted by mammals such as canines,bovines and wild rodents,and are vectored by ticks.In this study,we collected 121 rodent samples comprising 67 Niviventer fulvescens,27 Rattus tanezumi,24 Chiromyscus sp.,2 Rattus nitidus and 1 Leopoldamys edwardsi from Hainan province,which includes the second largest island in China.The presence and genetic diversity of Ehrlichia species was evaluated and characterized by amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA,groEL and gltA genes.An Ehrlichia species was detected in 5 of the 67 Niviventer fulvescens samples(7.46%).The 16S rRNA,groEL and gltA genes showed the highest identity to known Ehrlichia sequences(99.20%,89.87%and 83.86%,respectively).In the phylogenetic trees they formed a cluster distinct from all other species.We propose that this species is a putative novel Ehrlichia species,which we suggest be named Candidatus Ehrlichia hainanensis.Its pathogenicity to humans remains to be further researched,and molecular surveillance in local populations is needed.

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of the crust beneath Hainan Island and its adjacent regions,China

Using over 3 500 first P arrival times recorded by nine digital seismic stations from Hainan Digital Seismic Net-work during 1999～2005,a 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust under Hainan Island and adjacent regions has been determined. The results show that the pattern of velocity anomalies in the shallower upper crust is somewhat associated with the surface geological tectonics in the region. A relative low-velocity anomaly appears north of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone and a relative high-velocity anomaly appears south of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone,corresponding to the depressed areas in north Hainan Island,where many volcanoes are frequently active and geothermal values are relatively higher,and the uplifted and stable regions in central and south of the Hainan Is-land. In the middle and lower crust velocities are relatively lower in east Hainan than those in west Hainan,possi-bly suggesting the existence of the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle in east Hainan. The pattern of veloc-ity anomalies also indicates that NW faults,i.e.,the Puqian-Qinglan fault,may be shallower,while the E-W Wangwu-Wenjiao fault may be deeper,which perhaps extends down to Moho depth or deeper.

Exploring suitability for tropical crop cultivation in Hainan Island by SOTAL methodology

A SOTER-based automatic procedure for qualitative land evaluation is developed. This procedure was created in the automated land evaluation system (ALES). The objective was to design a procedure that allows for a quick separation of potentially suitable from non-suitable SOTER units for the intended land use, indicating constraints to different kinds of land use. Different kinds of land are unequal1y suited to various uses, land eva1uation is the assessment of the suitability of a tract of land for a specified kind of land use. In practice this implicates the comparison (matching) between the requirements of a specified land use and the properties of the land. Land evaluation concepts and definitions are treated in the paper. The ALES is a computer program that allows land evaluators to build their own knowledge-based system with which they can compute the physical and economical suitability of map units in accordance with FAO framework for land evaluation. The ALES program works with so-called decision trees, being hierarchical multiway keys in which the leaves are results (e.g., severity levels of land qualities), and the interior nodes of the tree are decision criteria (e.g., land characteristic values). These trees are traversed by the program to compute an evaluation using actual land data for each map unit. SOTAL is a SOTER-based qualitative model developed in ALES for physical land evaluation in which presently three land utilization types (LUTs) are distinguished, i.e., cultivated banana, coffee and rubber under different input and technological conditions. These LUTs are characterized by 11 landuse requirements and evaluated by matching the land use requirements with the corresponding land qualities. The paper elaborates on the criteria used in SOTAL for land quality assessment and how a final suitability rating is achieved on the basis of the rated land qualities. Results are visualized through G1S-generated maps as products in response to the specific information and data needs of decision and policy makers.

FEEDING HABITS OF HAINAN ELDI'S DEER

Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988,we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is aeuryphangous herbivore.They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strongselectivity for woody plants,especially tending to eat the tender parts of plants and some fruits andflowers.Like other species of deer,they also like to lick the alkaline soil.This paper reports the re-search and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer,and onthe palatability of the main plants in the reserve.

Three-dimensional crustal movement and the activities of earthquakes,volcanoes and faults in Hainan Island,China

Hainan Island is a seismic active region, where Qiongshan M7.5 earthquake occurred in 1605 and several seismic belts appeared in recent years, especially the NS trending seismic belt(NSB) located in the northeast part of the island. Here is also a magmatic active region.The lava from about 100 volcanoes covered more than 4000 km^2. The latest eruptions occurred on Ma'anlinge Lei Huling volcanoes within 10,000 years. The neotectonic movement has been determined by geological method in the island and its adjacent areas. In the paper, the present-day 3D crustal movement is obtained by using Global Positioning System(GPS) data observed from 2009 to 2014 and leveling observations measured in 1970s and 1990s respectively. The results show the horizontal movement is mainly along SEE direction relative to the Eurasian Plate. The velocities are between 4.01 and 6.70 mm/a. The tension rate near the NSB is less than 1 mm/a. The vertical movement shows the island uplifts as a whole with respect to the reference benchmark Xiuyinggang. The average uplifting rate is 2.4 mm/a. The rates are 2-3 mm/a in the northwest and 3-5mm/a in the northwest. It shows the deformation pattern of the southwest island is upward relative to the northeast, which is different from the result inferred from the coastal change and GPS.Haikou and its adjacent region present a subsidence in a long time. The southern part of the middle segment of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault uplifts relative to the northern. Meanwhile, the western part uplifts relative to the eastern NSB. The vertical crustal motion and the two normal faults nearly correspond to the terrain. The NSB is located along the Puqiangang-Dazhibo fault, which is assessed as a segmented fault with a dip of 80°-90° and partly exposed. The 3D deformations and other studies reveal the present activities of earthquakes, volcanoes and the faults. The small earthquakes will still occur in the NS belt and the volcanoes are not active now.

Effect of Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Production Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Growing Hainan Black Goats

[Objective] The paper was to investigate effects of pelleted total mixed ration on production performance and serum biochemical index of growing Hainan black goats.[Method] Twenty-four growing Hainan black goats with the same genetic backgrounds and similar initial weight of(10.05±0.049) kg were randomly assigned into two treatments, and supplied with Juncao + concentrate(control group), pelleted total mixed ration(experimental group), respectively. The trial lasted 50 d.[Result] The final weight, daily gain and feed intake of experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05), but the feed/gain ratio of experimental group was markedly lower than that of control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the gross profit of experimental group significantly increased( P <0.05).[Conclusion] Pelleted total mixed ration led to better production performance of growing Hainan black goat.

海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)的食性研究

1986年9月至1987年7月作者在海南省大田保护区面积约95公顷的封闭性围栏内,随机设立灌木及草本植物样方各39个。检查了296个坡鹿的采食场。结果表明坡鹿采食灌木31种,草本43种。x^2检验证明,坡鹿喜欢在中生性热带草食生境中采食,避开砂生灌丛林生境。坡鹿对植物种类及取食部位具有明显的选择,这种选择有季节变化。坡鹿的采食频率与喜食不完全一致。采食频率高的植物并不一定是坡鹿最喜食的,但这些植物对坡鹿的生存具有重要意义。