Catch organism assemblages along artificial reefs area and adjacent waters in Haizhou Bay

To better understand the community patterns mediated by connectivity in artificial reefs of coastal areas, it is necessary to understand the distribution and coexistence of organisms with artificial reefs area and adjacent waters. This study was conducted to examine main catches assemblages collected by trawls in Haizhou Bay,which included five habitats: the artificial reef area(AR), aquaculture area(AA), natural area(NA), estuary area(EA) and comprehensive effect area(CEA). The result shows that the total abundances of species in the five habitats were highly different(univariate PERMANOVA: P = 0.001, n = 24), but some species were also unique in their habitat(e.g. Scapharca subcrenata and Glossaulax didyma in AA). The body size distribution of specific species between habitats are different. For Collichthys lucidus, their body size in AR(14.63 cm ± 1.64 cm) and EA(14.3 cm ± 0.85 cm) is higher than that in NA(10.65 cm ± 1.64 cm), CEA(11.28 cm ± 1.85 cm) and AA(12.1 cm ±0.43 cm), which indicates the potential connection from AR to EA mediated by their adult population. We concluded that artificial reefs in AR can be considered key components that have the ability to support species assemblages in adjacent habitats. This study has implications for the conservation and monitoring of species assemblages in coastal areas in terms of that artificial reefs can be applied in different stages of habitat protection implementation and in different combinations of scenarios.

Growth and Mortality of Small Yellow Croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) Inhabiting Haizhou Bay of China

Length frequency data of small yellow croaker （Larimichthys polyactis） were acquired from the survey vessel in May, July, September and December, 2011 in Haizhou Bay of China. In this study, 921 fish individuals were analyzed for the estimation of growth and mortality parameters. Between length and weight, the power coefficient b was 2.7321, 2.9703, 3.0418 and 2.7252 for the 4 surveying months, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were 230mm （L∞） and 0.26yr-1 （K） as were calculated with ELEFAN method equipped in FiSAT computer package. With length-converted catch curve analysis, the total mortality rate （Z） and its 95% confidence interval were 2.16 （1.69-2.64） yr-1, 0.59 （0.15-1.04） yr-1, 1.16 （0.80-1.52） yrl and 0.96 （0.70-1.23） yr1 for the 4 surveying months, respectively, with the pooled data the value was 1.15 （0.81-1.48） yr1. The natural mor- tality rate （M） was 0.516 yr 1 as was calculated with Pauly＇s equation （the annual average sea water temperature was 11 ℃）. Therefore, fish mortality rate was 0.634 yrz. The yield-per-recruit analysis indicated that when tc was 1, Fmax, was 0.7 and F01 was 0.55. Cur- rently, the age at first capture is about 1 year and Fcurrent was 0.634. Therefore, Fcurrent was larger than F0.1 and less than Fmax. This indicates that current fish mortality is at a dangerously high level. With Gulland method, the biological reference point for fishery （Fopt） was estimated as 0.516 yr1, lower than current fish mortality. Accordingly, reducing catch in the region was strongly recom- mended.

Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Ichthyoplankton Assemblages in the Haizhou Bay and Its Adjacent Waters of China

Surveys were conducted in five voyages in Haizhou Bay and its adjacent coastal area from March to December 2011 during full moon spring tides. The ichthyoplankton assemblages and the environmental factors that affect their spatial and seasonal patterns were determined. Totally 35 and 12 fish egg and larvae taxa were identified, respectively. Over the past several decades, the egg and larval species composition has significantly changed in Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, most likely corresponding with the alteration of fishery resources, which are strongly affected by anthropogenic activities and climate change. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index identified four assemblages: near-shore bay assemblage, middle bay assemblage and two closely related assemblages(near-shore/middle bay assemblage and middle/edge of bay assemblage). The primary species of each assemblage principally reflected the spawning strategies of adult fish. The near-shore bay assemblage generally occurred in near-shore bay, with depths measuring <20 m, and the middle bay assemblage generally occurred in the middle of bay, with depths measuring 20 to 40 m. Spatial and seasonal variations in ichthyoplankton in each assemblage were determined by interactions between biological behavioral traits and oceanographic features, particularly the variation of local conditions within the constraint of a general reproductive strategy. The results of Spearman's rank correlation analysis indicated that both fish egg and larval abundance were positively correlated with depth, which is critical to the oceanographic features in Haizhou Bay.

Influence of Spatial-Temporal and Environmental Factors on Larimichthys polyactis, Octopus variabilis, and Species Aggregated Set-Net CPUEs in Haizhou Bay, China

Set-nets are common alongshore fishing gear used in Haizhou Bay, which rely on flow to catch fish. The catch per unit effort(CPUE) of set-net is affected by spatial-temporal and environmental factors but no research has been conducted on this subject. In this study, we used generalized additive models(GAMs) to explore the influence of spatial-temporal and environmental factors on CPUEs of species aggregated, small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis), and octopus(Octopus variabilis) based on logbooks investigations conducted at 4 stations in an alongshore area of Haizhou Bay from 2011 to 2012. The results showed that all CPUEs exhibited significant spatial-temporal differences at various scales. Aggregated CPUE was high when the sea surface temperature(SST) was 15-18℃ and 20-23℃, which was mainly determined by life history traits of the octopus and small yellow croaker(optimal SSTs 14-17℃ and 19-24℃, respectively). Chlorophyll-a concentration had significant influences on the aggregated, small yellow croaker and octopus CPUEs at optimal ranges of 3.8-6.2 mg m^(-3), 4.2-4.8 mg m^(-3) and 4.5-5.5 mg m^(-3), respectively. Flow through the net had positive relationships with CPUEs. The approximate logarithmic trends in regression curves had a critical point of 2.5 Mm^3 d^(-1), which was the dividing point that differentiated whether the major factor affecting CPUEs was the flow velocity or the fishery resource. Our results from this study will help guide fishery production and improve catch rate of set-net fishing in Haizhou Bay.

Optimization of environmental variables in habitat suitability modeling for mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters

Habitat suitability index(HSI)models have been widely used to analyze the relationship between species abundance and environmental factors,and ultimately inform management of marine species.The response of species abundance to each environmental variable is different and habitat requirements may change over life history stages and seasons.Therefore,it is necessary to determine the optimal combination of environmental variables in HSI modelling.In this study,generalized additive models(GAMs)were used to determine which environmental variables to be included in the HSI models.Significant variables were retained and weighted in the HSI model according to their relative contribution(%)to the total deviation explained by the boosted regression tree(BRT).The HSI models were applied to evaluate the habitat suitability of mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent areas in 2011 and 2013–2017.Ontogenetic and seasonal variations in HSI models of mantis shrimp were also examined.Among the four models(non-optimized model,BRT informed HSI model,GAM informed HSI model,and both BRT and GAM informed HSI model),both BRT and GAM informed HSI model showed the best performance.Four environmental variables(bottom temperature,depth,distance offshore and sediment type)were selected in the HSI models for four groups(spring-juvenile,spring-adult,falljuvenile and fall-adult)of mantis shrimp.The distribution of habitat suitability showed similar patterns between juveniles and adults,but obvious seasonal variations were observed.This study suggests that the process of optimizing environmental variables in HSI models improves the performance of HSI models,and this optimization strategy could be extended to other marine organisms to enhance the understanding of the habitat suitability of target species.

Spatio-seasonal patterns of fish diversity,Haizhou Bay,China

Spatial-seasonal patterns in fish diversity in Haizhou Bay were studied based on stratified random surveys conducted in 2011.Principal component analysis was conducted to distinguish different diversity components,and the relationships among 11 diversity indices were explored.Generalized additive models were constructed to examine the environmental effects on diversity indices.Eleven diversity indices were grouped into four components:(1) species numbers and richness,(2) heterogeneous indices,(3) evenness,and(4) taxonomic relatedness.The results show that diversity indices among different components are complementary.Spatial patterns show that fish diversity was higher in coastal areas,which was affected by complex bottom topography and spatial variations of water mass and currents.Seasonal trends could be best explained by the seasonal migration of dominant fish species.Fish diversity generally declined with increasing depth except for taxonomic distinctness,which increased with latitude.In addition,bottom temperature had a significant effect on diversity index of richness.These results indicate that substrate complexity and environmental gradients had important influences on fish diversity patterns,and these factors should be considered in fishery resource management and conservation.Furthermore,diversity in two functional groups(demersal/pelagic fishes) was influenced by different environmental factors.Therefore,the distribution of individual species or new indicators in diversity should be applied to examine spatio-seasonal variations in fish diversity.

Ecosystem Development of Haizhou Bay Ecological Restoration Area from 2003 to 2013

Two Ecopath mass-balance models were implemented for evaluating the structure and function of Haizhou Bay Ecological Restoration Area ecosystem using 14 ecological indicators in two distinctive years(2003 and 2013). The results showed that the size of HZERA ecosystem became larger as total biomass was increased in last decade, especially in primary producer and zooplankton groups. Total system throughput increased from 7496.00 t km^(-2) yr^(-1) to 9547.54 t km^(-2) yr^(-1). The P/R(production/respiration) ratio decreased over the decade. Finn's cycling index and Finn's mean path length increased over the decade. No keystone species(KS) occurred during ten years; however, evidences of top-down control in 2003 and 2013 models were demonstrated by high KS value belonging to Lophius litulon group in food web. Drawing upon Odum's theory of ecosystem maturity, the structured, web-like ecosystem of 2013 model had developed into a highly mature system compared with that of 2003 model.

Growth and Distribution of Amphioctopus fangsiao(d'Orbigny, 1839–1841) in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea

Octopus fisheries have prospered in many areas of the world ocean over the last six decades. Despite degradation and overexploitation of Chinese coastal ecosystems, octopus has become a stable Chinese domestic fishery species. Among the octopus species in the Bohai and Yellow, East and South China Seas, Amphioctopus fangsiao(d'Orbigny [in Férussac & d'Orbigny], 1839–1841) plays an increasingly important role both economically and ecologically. However, no systematic research has been conducted on its biology and population dynamics in the China Seas. In this study, we characterized the growth and distribution of A. fangsiao in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea based on four years of trawl survey data. As the results, A. fangsiao is characterized by allometric growth and an overall sex ratio of 0.97 with a slight male bias. Small octopus can be observed through a whole year, suggesting that A. fangsiao may have an extended or continuous spawning season. A. fangsiao may migrate short distances along with seasonal changes and coastal currents, considering they overwinter in the offshore water and spawn in the inshore water. In addition to fishing pressure, annual variations in the population structure and biomass appeared to be influenced by ambient water temperature. These results provide basic biological information for a better understanding of the population dynamics and the ecological importance of A. fangsiao.

Newly recorded bloom-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium impudicum in Haizhou Bay,Yellow Sea,China

With the development of industrialization and aquaculture in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces along the South Yellow Sea coast,China,eutrophication has greatly intensified in the region,resulting in frequent occurrence of diverse harmful algal blooms.An algal bloom formed by a chain-forming dinofl agellate species was recorded in the Haizhou Bay,South Yellow Sea,in September 2020.The causative species was isolated and studied in morphology,molecular phylogeny,pigment profile,presence of paralytic shellfish toxins,and acute toxicity.The loop-shaped apical groove running anticlockwise around the apex,the presence of peridinin as characteristic pigment,as well as a single phylogenic clade of 28S ribosomal DNA(100%posterior probability),defined this species as Gymnodinium impudicum,a non-toxic species that exhibited no obvious biotoxicity to the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis,the copepod Artemia salina,and the shrimp Neomysis awatschensis.Gymnodinium impudicum is typically distributed in coastal waters with high nitrate concentrations,where it reaches a maximum density of 2.6×10~5 cells/L.This is the first report of a G.impudicum bloom in the Yellow Sea;however,G.impudicum blooms may have been misidentified or underreported in Haizhou Bay due to the species morphological similarity with G.catenatum.A combination of multiple methods is recommended to accurately identify new algal bloom species.

Spatio-Temporal Variations in Co-Occurrence Patterns of Fish Communities in Haizhou Bay, China: Null Model Analysis

Co-occurrence pattern of fish species plays an important role in understanding the spatio-temporal structure and the stability of fish community.Species coexistence may vary with time and space.The co-occurrence patterns of fish species were examined using the C-score under fixed-fixed null model for fish communities in spring and autumn over different years in the Haizhou Bay,China.The results showed that fish assemblages in the whole bay had non-random patterns in spring and autumn over different years.However,the fish co-occurrence patterns were different for the northern and southern fish assemblages in spring and autumn.The northern fish assemblage showed structured pattern,whereas the southern assemblage were randomly assembled in spring.The co-occurrence patterns of fish communities were relatively stable over different years,and the number of significant species pairs in northern assemblage was more than that in the southern assemblage.Environmental heterogeneity played an important role in determining the distributions of fish species that formed significant species pairs,which might affect the co-occurrence patterns of northern and southern assemblages further in the Haizhou Bay.

Functional groups and seasonal diversity of crustacean zooplankton in adjacent waters of Haizhou Bay,South Yellow Sea

Zooplankton are important linkages in the food web and can respond nonlinearly to environmental changes.Marine organisms thrive from spring to summer.Thus,it is crucial to understand how ecological functions of zooplankton communities may shift under seasonal environmental changes during this period.Samples were collected from May to August(May,June-Ⅰ,June-Ⅱ,July-Ⅰ,July-Ⅱ,and August)in 2018 in Haizhou Bay,Jiangsu,East China for zooplankton and environmental variables.Crustaceans accounted for 75 out of 134 zooplankton taxa and 91.8%of total zooplankton abundance.The average abundance of crustacean varied between 2824.6±635.4 inds./m3 in July-Ⅱand 6502.7±1008.8 inds./m3 in June-Ⅱ.Multivariate analyses results showed that the dissimilarity of community increased gradually in the time series.Body length,feeding type,trophic group,and reproduction mode were used to investigate crustacean community functions.Trait-based functional groups contained species with similar ecological roles.Functional diversity fused the differences of species and trait.The proportion of large-sized species(2-5 mm)decreased with the increasing proportion of medium-sized species(1-2 mm).The proportion of current feeders increased with the drop in the proportion of mixed feeders.Parthenogenesis species increased with decreasing free spawners,and omnivores-carnivores increased with decreasing omnivoresherbivores.Generalized additive models suggested that temperature was the main driver of variations in crustacean zooplankton function.Seven identified functional groups varied with increasing temperature.Omnivorous-herbivorous copepods declined(90.0%-68.0%),whereas the parthenogenetic cladocerans increased(0-24.1%).The small egg-brooding ambush copepods fluctuated(6.5%-9.3%)with increasing water temperature.The other functional groups changed slightly.Functional diversity also varied according to temperature changes.The community structure and ecological function of crustacean zooplankton community showed gradual changes with increasing temperature from spring to summer.

Weather Typing and Dissipation Forecast of Fog in Haizhou Bay

[ Objective] The research aimed to study weather typing and dissipation forecast of the fog in Haizhou Bay. [ Method] Based on the me- teorological observation data of three representative stations in Lianyungang, we analyzed weather situation before fog occurrence as well as the meteorological elements of coastal fog in Haizhou Bay, and established dissipation rating forecast equation of the fog. [ Result] From the surface weather chart, the fog in Haizhou Bay was divided into four types： low-pressure inverted trough type, prefrontal warm-zone type, high-pressure rear type and high-pressure bottom type. FOg formation was closely related to stratification stability, temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and wind velocity. By using multiple linear regression method, dissipation rating prediction equation of the fog was established. Via test, prediction was correct basically, and it reached 77% that forecast rating error was below level 0.5.[Conclusion] The research could provide favorable reference for forecast and warninq of the fo_q in Haizhou Bay.

Red Tide Information Extraction Based on Multi-source Remote Sensing Data in Haizhou Bay

[Objective] The aim was to extract red tide information in Haizhou Bay on the basis of multi-source remote sensing data.[Method] Red tide in Haizhou Bay was studied based on multi-source remote sensing data,such as IRS-P6 data on October 8,2005,Landsat 5-TM data on May 20,2006,MODIS 1B data on October 6,2006 and HY-1B second-grade data on April 22,2009,which were firstly preprocessed through geometric correction,atmospheric correction,image resizing and so on.At the same time,the synchronous environment monitoring data of red tide water were acquired.Then,band ratio method,chlorophyll-a concentration method and secondary filtering method were adopted to extract red tide information.[Result] On October 8,2005,the area of red tide was about 20.0 km2 in Haizhou Bay.There was no red tide in Haizhou bay on May 20,2006.On October 6,2006,large areas of red tide occurred in Haizhou bay,with area of 436.5 km2.On April 22,2009,red tide scattered in Haizhou bay,and its area was about 10.8 km2.[Conclusion] The research would provide technical ideas for the environmental monitoring department of Lianyungang to implement red tide forecast and warning effectively.

海州湾小眼绿鳍鱼微塑料污染特征及潜在风险评估

随着海洋污染的日益加剧,微塑料的危害逐渐被人们关注,其不仅可以随洋流运动,还可以沿着食物链在生态系统中进行传递和累积。为探究海州湾渔业生物的微塑料污染特征,并对聚合物潜在风险进行评估,本研究对海州湾海域小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys spinosus)体内的微塑料污染特征进行分析,并对其潜在风险进行了评估。研究显示,小眼绿鳍鱼的鳃部和胃肠道普遍存在微塑料,小眼绿鳍鱼体内微塑料平均丰度为(1.98±2.02)个/个体。微塑料尺寸主要集中在500μm以内,颜色以黑色为主,绝大多数为纤维状。在小眼绿鳍鱼鳃部和胃肠道共检测出8种聚合物类型,以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为主。相关性分析表明,小眼绿鳍鱼胃肠道内的微塑料丰度与全长呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),而鳃部微塑料丰度、总微塑料丰度与小眼绿鳍鱼全长、体质量、胃肠质量均无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。利用聚合物危害指数(PHI)进行风险评估表明,海州湾小眼绿鳍鱼聚合物危害总体上处于中低风险水平。

连云港海州区蔬果产业可持续发展困境与对策

在介绍海州区番茄等蔬果产业发展现状基础上,分析了蔬果产业可持续发展面临的问题,探讨了进一步促进蔬果产业发展的对策,以期为海州区蔬果产业提档升级提供助力,推动乡村振兴和农文旅结合,进而促进农民增收。

海州湾及邻近海域金乌贼的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

研究根据2013—2020年在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源和栖息环境综合调查数据,采用支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)模型,通过交叉验证,结合赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)等评判指标,构建了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)的空间分布模型,并分析环境因子对其空间分布的影响,旨在探究海州湾金乌贼的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,水深对金乌贼空间分布的影响最大,底层盐度次之,其次是底层水温和离岸距离。金乌贼的相对资源密度随水深的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随盐度的升高而增大,随底层水温的升高而减小。在海州湾水深约27 m,离岸距离约40 km的海域,金乌贼的相对资源密度较高,其分布格局呈现出在东部和中北部海域丰度高,而西南部近岸海域丰度低的特点。研究将有助于深入了解海州湾金乌贼的空间分布规律,为其资源的合理利用和科学养护提供参考依据。

海州湾人工鱼礁区和河口区食物网结构与功能的比较

近年来,在快速变化的近海环境和人类活动的共同影响下,渔业资源的管理和可持续利用对保护和恢复海洋生态系统越来越重要。基于2020—2021年的渔业资源数据构建了海州湾海域人工鱼礁生态系统(ARE)和河口生态系统(EE)的生态系统能量通道模型(Ecopath),比较和分析了两个区域食物网结构与功能的差异性和相似性。结果显示,ARE的生物量流动直接或间接来自碎屑食物链。I—III营养级占生态系统总生物量流量的97.98%以上;EE的生物量流动来自于初级生产力食物链。I—III营养级占生态系统总生物量流动的99.88%以上。浮游生物是具有自下而上控制效应的重要结构功能类群,顶级捕食者则控制着两个生态系统的自上而下的效应。总体而言,EE的Finn循环指数(FCI)、Finn平均路径长度(FMPL)、连通性指数(CI)、系统杂食性指数(SOI)和优势度/容纳量(A/C)较高,比ARE更成熟,但ARE的自由度/容纳量(O/C)和多样性指数(H)较高,食物网结构更多样化、更稳定。研究认为,人工鱼礁建设的持续进行,将有助于增强渔业资源的养护并推动海州湾生态系统走向更加成熟、稳定和健康的状态。

百年来海州湾沉积物中黑碳分布特征及环境意义

沉积物中黑碳记录了百年来区域生物质燃烧特征变化。本文以海州湾入海潮滩采集的岩芯沉积物样品为研究对象,采用热光反射法(TOR)分别对沉积物黑碳、焦炭和烟炱进行测定,分析探讨海州湾近百年来生物质燃烧演变过程。利用相关性分析、主成分分析和特征比值法分析黑碳含量的历史变化和可能来源,试图揭示该区域百年来能源结构的转变过程。结果表明,近百年来沉积物黑碳、焦炭、烟炱质量分数垂直变化幅度较大,分别在0.507~1.281 mg·g^(-1),0.395~1.080 mg·g^(–1),0.112~0.389 mg·g^(-1)范围内变化。其中,黑碳质量分数高值出现在20世纪80年代中后期(0.873~1.029 mg·g^(-1)),而低值出现在20世纪20年代到20世纪中叶期间(0.675~0.751 mg·g^(-1))。不同区域黑碳分布比较发现,我国东部边缘海地区比青藏高原和瑞典湖泊高出10倍,但发达国家黑碳通量峰值出现时间早,反映了黑碳沉积与区域工业化水平和人类活动相关性显著。黑碳特征比值法(char/soot)的源解析结果表明,黑碳的来源中化石燃料燃烧占48.8%,是生物质燃烧的4.2倍。根据相关性分析、主成分分析和char/soot比值结果分析,黑碳在1950年以前主要来源是生物质燃烧,在1950年以来煤炭燃烧、工业源、交通源比重增加,主要和区域人口、工业总产值、能源消费等因素有关,人类活动占据主导。研究结果为进一步理解该区域黑碳污染状况及制定未来海州湾地区的生态环境管理政策提供参考。

7—13世纪海(宁)州的海上交通与对外交往

唐宋元三代是我国“海上丝绸之路”的繁荣期,政府和民间都热衷于航海活动。唐宋海州与元代海宁州位于东部沿海脐部,与日本列岛和朝鲜半岛隔海相望。唐政府为征伐高丽,从海州征集粮草和水手,通过海路运往前线。新罗移民通过北路航线来到宿城世代居住,日本使节入唐和回国会选择直通日本和海州的航线。北宋海州修建“高丽馆”,接待高丽使节和商旅。南宋海州处于战争前线,海上军事活动较多,港口军事地位突出,港口规模持续扩大。元代,海宁州成为皇粮海运的停靠点。

海州湾岸线蚀淤演变及预测

基于2013-2021年间海州湾18期Lansat 8遥感影像,利用海岸线类型多样性指数、岸线变化率(EPR)和净海岸移动量(NSM)对海州湾各类型岸线蚀淤演变情况进行分析,并基于Prophet时间序列预测模型对2025年岸线进行定量预测。结果表明,9年间基岩岸线整体较稳定;琴岛栈桥到临洪河口淤泥质岸线不稳定,岸线明显向海淤积;砂质岸线整体较稳定,无明显蚀淤倾向。预测2025年海州湾淤泥质岸线呈向海延伸趋势,临洪河口附近岸线呈向海延伸趋势,其余岸线均无明显淤蚀变化,较为稳定。