Cultural Identities and Integration of the Hakkas in Buu Long （Bien Hoa, Vietnam） Through the Transformation of the Clan Worships

East Asia during 17th to early 20th century witnessed many mass migration flows of South Chinese into Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, including Vietnam. They are the Cantonese, Hokkiens, Hainanese, Chiuchow Hoklo Clan, and Hakkas. Over the course of long history and with the impact of the natural environment and historical-social backgrounds of each country in Southeast Asia, the South Chinese communities have settled and created their livings under different forms. This long process includes the obvious ＂fossilization＂ of immigrant culture and the interesting cultural transformation to achieve harmonious and sustainable development. The Hakkas in Buu Long （Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, and Vietnam） migrated from the Stone-Carfting Prefecture of Huiyang, Guangdong Province （South China） to live preferably in Buu Long granite mountain area to continue their traditional professions and maintain their migrant culture. They brought to Vietnam the cult of three Professional Masters： Gods of stone-crafting, carpenter, and Blacksmithing. However, under the strong impacts of French colonial policies and local social movement in the early 20th century, the Hakkas changed the form of the cult of three Professional Masters into the cult of Goddess Tian Hou in order to attain the full integration with the other Chinese communities and with the local Vietnamese, socially and economically. Throughout the cultural shift, both the continuity and the change have been proven as the inevitable way to balance two opposite poles： Cultural identities and social integration.

客家长桌宴与“成都洛带·HAKKA50”饮食文化创新

成都洛带古镇作为西部客家第一镇,具有丰富的客家文化和巴蜀文化。洛带古镇依托体育赛事在“成都洛带·HAKKA50”活动中融入了客家长桌宴,开创了西部客家文化跨界传播新篇章。长桌宴作为赛事活动中的特色餐饮,它在中国很多地区和民族饮食文化中皆有所传承,洛带客家人的长桌宴既是文化的移植又是文化融合的产物,因时空的改变而被人为建构。随着世界饮食文化的冲击,区域饮食文化面临融合发展的困境,洛带古镇在打造体育赛事时将客家长桌宴融入赛事服务中,突出其在西部客家饮食文化的地位,形成客家体育赛事饮食文化符号。

On Characteristics and Cultures of the Hakka's Enclosed Houses in South Jiangxi Province

General situation and distribution of round houses of the Hakka in south Jiangxi were introduced, such architectural styles as enclosed house with a square yard (kouzi wei, in the shape of 口), enclosed house with a yard of three transverse and one longitudinal constructions (guozi wei, in the shape of 国), and enclosed house with a round house in its yard (tao wei) were taken to analyze features of the Hakka's enclosed houses. It was highlighted that the Hakka's enclosed houses in south Jiangxi has diversified architectural styles and outstanding defensive and living functions. Construction art and religious culture shown by the enclosed houses were interpreted, and the branch of Han people with unique dialects, cultures, folk customs and emotional attitudes was proposed as a miniature of the culture in south Jiangxi. Moreover, it was stressed that more attention of the public and more efforts for the protection should be given to the Hakka's cultures in south Jiangxi, carriers of the locals' history over the past thousands of years.

Artistic Analysis of Ding’s Manor

Ding's Manor is a Hakka's folk dwelling characterized by both Hakka's cultures on the Central Plain and also cultures of north Sichuan, and a typical Hakka's architecture in Sichuan Province. Design of the manor concentrates rich cultures, arts and beliefs of the Hakka, thus exploration of Ding's Manor, specifically, its site layout showing Fengshui doctrines of the Hakka, architectural style and watchtower with strict structures, and exquisite decorative arts, show architectural technology and wisdom of the Hakka, and also artistic characteristics of the Hakka's folk dwellings in a certain historical environment, which provides a favorable reference for the construction of modern folk dwellings.

Looking at the Effects of Language Contact With Hakka as Reflected by the Characteristics of the Pingshan Zhanmi Dialect

The special Economic Zone of Shenzhen has been endowed with plentiful of language resources. Apart from various Yue dialects in the west and Hakka dialect in the east, there are also many indigenous Chinese dialects such as the Dapeng dialect (大鹏话), the Danjia dialect (疍家话) and also the Zhanmi dialect (占米话). The last one is not ever reported. Out of curiosity, we went to investigate the dialect which is spoken in isolate patches in the easternmost townships of Pingshan (坪山), Kengzi (坑梓) and Pingdi (坪地). The Pingshan Zhanmi dialect (PZD)seems to be an intermediate between Yue and Hakka dialects. According to our observation, PZD is quite similar to the Dongguan-Baoan Yue dialects (DBYD, 莞宝片粤语) in the western part of the city and has obvious correspondence with them, such as having the onset [m] in the Middle Chinese (MC) Wei (微) characters, little literal/colloquial discrepancies in the Fei Group (非组), [a/?] contrast, literal/colloquial readings in the Geng rime group all with [?/k] as codas, etc. However, because of long term contact with the surrounding Hakka dialects, PZD has also a lot of characteristics of Hakka, such as aspirated readings in all MC voiced stops and affricates onsetsafter devoicing, lack of rounded frontal vowels, no Ying-yang contrast in the Shang tone. More influences of Hakka can be found in the vocabulary, which PZD has been borrowing for centuries.

Human GSTs Polymorphisms in the Hakka Population of South China and Their Associations with Family History of Several Chronic Diseases

Objective To investigate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in GSTs genes of the Hakka population of south China with family histories of certain chronic diseases.Methods Five hundred and thirty‐nine healthy Hakka natives of Meizhou city of Guangdong province in south China were involved.The genotypes of GSTM1,GSTT1,GSTP1,GSTM3,and GSTA1 were determined using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.The observed polymorphisms were analyzed by Chi‐square and Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium tests.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations of the distributions of GST genotypes with family history of certain chronic diseases.Results The distributions of polymorphisms in GSTP1,GSTM3,and GSTA1 conformed to the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.Compared to the Cantonese,the Hakka had a lower distribution of the GSTM3 deletion genotype （3.15% vs.11.9%）.A weak association was observed between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and family history of hypertension.Alcohol drinkers had a higher frequency of the null‐GSTM1 genotype,while smokers had a higher frequency of a variant GSTP1 genotype.Conclusion The results suggest that the Hakka is a special and distinctive Han Chinese ethnic group with different GSTs genetic polymorphisms.Smoking and drinking might be related to the distribution of GST genotypes.

Who Are Hakka People?A Discussion of the Redistribution and Reco of the Hakka People in the Hakka Policies During Shui-Bian Chen’s Term as President

This study discusses the contents and methods of the implementation of Hakka policies during Shui-Bian Chen’s term as president from the viewpoint of redistribution and recognition proposed by Nancy Fraser, and finds that the Hakka people mostly feel inferior and are not willing to identify themselves as Hakkas. The issue of “‘who’ are Hakka people” thus emerged during the implementation of the Hakka policies.

Hakka Ethnic＇ s History of Pioneering Analysis of Women＇s Entrepreneurship --In Miaoli County

People pay much more attention on females who start their own business in the past two decades. One reason is that the notion of gender equality is brought into practice, therefore, starting a business is no longer for male only. Another reason is that female entrepreneurs can also improve their social status and drive the economy by starting their own enterprises. The purpose of microfinanee programs is to encourage women to start an enterprise. Moreover, women can get financial sustainability, poverty alleviation, and more female empowerment through their business. The research applies the conception of microfinance programs to discuss if 10 Hakka female entrepreneurs can achieve the effect of empowerment through the promotion of economic ability. Furthermore, the research focuses on Hakka female entrepreneurs in Miaoli area, and probes into entrepreneurial situations and difficulties in order to find out what can be empowered for expanding their business.

Hakka Genealogical Metadata Principles and Practicalities

Genealogy (Zupu in Chinese) is the history of families. Genealogy has been widely used for the tracing of their lineages and history. Hakka is a special Chinese ethnic group. To explore the origin and history of Hakka people and their culture, this study starts with the genealogy. After several Hakka genealogies collected, the content analysis is performed in this study. According to the qualitative data analyses, this study designs the pedigree metadata standards for Hakka to implement the union catalog. The Hakka Pedigree Metadata is comprised of many individual family and ancestors, each of which has a process in place for archiving and distribution of genealogy. Hakka genealogical metadata contains the following types of constructs. 1) Pedigree: use given name and lines expressed the genetically related. 2) Individual: describe the personal information. 3) Family History: the story of the ancestors is narrated. 4) Bibliography: description of the genealogical book. 5) Miscellany: included the unique documents that could not categorized in the above four classification. Results of this study can be applied to genealogies integration and implement the union catalog.

Culture shock： Indirect communication A foreign teacher＇s teaching experience in a Chinese university located in a Hakka region

Culture shock is unavoidable for foreign teachers in China. Using qualitative method, this paper reports a case study of culture shock--a foreign teacher＇s teaching experience in a Chinese university located in an area with a unique local population. The city involved in this study is Meizhou, located in Guangdong Province, which is considered ＂the capital of Hakka＂. The study found that indirect communication is a big shock for foreign teachers who teach in this area. The paper explores the reasons from the perspectives of Hakka culture and points out that culture shock can be an important aspect of foreign teachers＇ professional development, cultural learning and personal growth. Finally, the study provides implications for language teaching and learning in a similar area, such as Meizhou.

Architectural Culture of Hakka Walled Villages in Gannan: A Case Study of Yanyi Wei

This paper took Yanyi Wei for example to explore the architectural culture of Hakka walled vil ages in Gannan, including clan culture, defense culture, sacrificial culture, and feng shui culture. It pointed out that there exist problems in Yanyi Wei, such as the disharmony between newly established houses and original buildings, the lack of proper maintenance, and the lack of heirs of walled village culture, and proposed reasonable suggestions about architectural conservation and cultural heritage.

Ethical Implication of Spatial Design of Hakka Enclosed-castled-houses in Southern Jiangxi

The Hakka enclosed-castled-houses in southern Jiangxi are the historical treasure of Hakka culture,and are the material carrier of Hakka traditional excellent ethics.This article combs the historical development of Hakka enclosed-castled-houses from the perspective of design,and explores the ethical implication of respecting ancestors,respecting social rank,and valuing harmony in space design,in order to provide new ideas and basic theoretical support for the protection and inheritance of Hakka enclosed-castled-houses in southern Jiangxi.

Tourism Marketing of the Hakka Genealogical Digital Archive

Family history can be a very interesting research field which has not yet been much explored. The genealogy is one kind of digital archives. There are many researches focusing on the digitization of family history and genealogical material. There are three types of genealogy tourism in Hakka ethnic group, including homeland tourism, family temple names tourism, and common ancestor tourism. According to the genealogy curious and return intention to homeland, there are four kinds of ancestral tourists. The recognition of the role of technology and the increasing use of the internet for genealogy development has offered new opportunities to sell accommodation and other tourism-related products. The genealogy tourism marketing matrix has four alternatives of marketing strategies： well-developed genealogy tourism, enhance ancestral connection, improve tourism infrastructure, and potential genealogy tourism. Responding to this, this study proposed four key factors which are identified to have facilitated the development of genealogy tourism, including information communication technology, resources, search for identity, and postmodern forms of tourism. There are several challenging issues in linking genealogy and tourism including interpretation, marketing built genealogy, planning for genealogy, and the interdependencies between genealogy tourism and the Hakka cultural industry.

Inheritance and Promotion of Hakka Sports in Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi

In the long-term production and life practice, Hakka ethnic group has created its own unique culture, and the sports culture is an important part of Hakka culture. Hakka sports culture has attained constant development and integration along with the migration of the Hakka ethnic group. In the meantime, it has been fully inherited promoted.

Legend:Hakka Mud Houses in Nanjing of Fujian

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A Small Universe of Circles and Squares--Hakka Folk Buildings in China

At the common boundary of Min, Yue and Ga lies a world of mountains, brooks, forests and bamboos that hide some of China's best kept architectural secrets:the legendary folk buildings of the Hakka. Inspiring awe in all who have stumbled upon them, these fortresses are home

Physical characteristics of Chinese Hakka

Using standard and internationally validated methods,86 anthropologic characteristics were determined in 650 male(305 from urban areas and 345 from rural areas) and 704 female(331 from urban areas,373 from rural areas) Chinese Hakka adults living in Guangdong and Jiangxi.The data were used to calculate 24 anthropologic indices,which were analyzed statistically.The physical characteristics of Hakka subjects were analyzed and compared with reference ethnic data.There were four main findings of this study.First,a small proportion of Hakka adults had an eye fold on the upper eyelid,but a large proportion had a mongoloid fold.The eye slits were narrow in most adults,had a medium nasal root height and straight bridges,and most of the external angles were prominent.The nasal base was upturned in most men.The distributions of the three types of nasal base in women were similar.The proportions of subjects with middle and high alae nasi heights were high and similar.Males with a maximum nostril diameter were mostly classified as transverse and oblique,while many women were classified as transverse and had relatively wide alae nasi.The round lobe type was the most common.Upper lip skin height was mostly classified as medium.Lips were classified as thin.The hair was black,eyes were brown,and the skin was yellowish.Second,the head length was long in male Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Meanwhile,head breadth,morphological facial height,nose breadth,mouth breadth,and nose height were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Head length was long in female Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Head breadth,nose breadth,and mouth breadth were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Third,the stature of male and female Hakka in urban and rural areas was classified as medium.The proportions of male and female Hakka classified as mesocephaly(length-breadth index of the head),hypsicephalic type,metriocephalic type(breadth-height index of the head) mesorrhiny,long trunk,subbrachyskelic type,broad shoulder breadth,and narrow distance between iliac crests were higher than those of other types.Finally,principal component analyses showed that the physical characteristics of Hakka were between those of South-Asian and North-Asian ethnic populations,but were generally closer to those of North-Asian populations in China.

Ethnic and Religious Violence in South China： The Hakka-Tiandihui Uprising of 1802

In 1802 the second major Tiandihui （Heaven and Earth Society） uprising erupted in the mountains of Huizhou prefecture near Canton. Before it was suppressed over a year later, the disturbances came to involve several tens of thousands of people and nearly a quarter of Guangdong province. This study, which is based on extant historical sources and fieldwork, takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining the methodologies of history, anthropology, and folklore. The areas where the uprising occurred were predominantly Hakka, an ethnic Chinese minority who came into conflict with the earlier settlers, known as the Punti. As violence escalated, both sides organized their own paramilitary units： Hakka formed Tiandihui groups and Punti formed Ox Head Societies. Significantly too, the Tiandihui groups in Huizhou belonged to a much wider network of secret society and sectarian organizations that spread across the Hakka heartland on the Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong border. This article addresses key issues concerning the social, political, and religious contexts and motivations of this Hakka-led uprising.