The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.

Frontier of Military Defense Buildings in the Western Regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties Based on CiteSpace

Under the guidance of the “the Belt and Road” policy, the academic community continues to study the historical relics of the western regions and military facilities along the silk road in recent years. Focusing on the military defense buildings in the western regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties, CiteSpace software is used to conduct statistical and visual analysis on the hot issues of relevant literature in the military buildings on the silk road. Based on the analysis of frontier hot issues, the research trend of future topics is analyzed and predicted. The research shows that the frontier hot spots of military architecture in the western regions of Han and Tang Dynasties are extensive, and the research trend is steadily rising.

Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of archaeological sites and natural environment from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area

The temporal-spatial distribution features including time distribution,horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area are analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis.The successive pollen record of deposited peat stratum since the Paleolithic Age in the Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia is used in combination with the research of the historical environmental evolution to reconstruct the Paleoenvironment in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area.Through the comparison of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment,the relation between the distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment evolution and disaster changes from the Neolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties has been discussed.Study shows that 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites are distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The analysis suggests:(1)the human beings of every times would like to choose the first or the second river terrace as living sites which are nearer to the water source and are easier to with- stand flood.The pre-historical sites of earlier ages are often located at the higher altitude place because of the tectonic uplift and downcutting of rivers since Holocene.(2)Due to the rugged terrain in Chongqing area,most of the sites are located along the river sides,for example,the wide river valley and terrace,which could provide wider living space caused by the lateral erosion and deposition of the river course.(3)The early residents mainly relied on fishing,hunting and agriculture,and the rugged terrain of the mountainous area restricted the development of farming.However,in the confluence region,the fertilized plain provided an ideal location for farming and fishing.(4)The temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is significantly affected by the climate condition.

The Influence of Thesis Writing of Imperial Examinations on Prose in Tang and Song Dynasty

The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .

半夏曲传统制作工艺沿革探讨

该文对半夏曲传统制作工艺的沿革进行了探讨。宋代半夏曲的制作方法包括半夏姜汁制饼与制饼后发酵两种,以半夏姜汁制饼为主流。金元时沿袭宋代工艺,半夏曲的应用具有一定的局限性。明代医家对半夏曲的炮制机理进行了阐发,认为“片则刀峻,曲则力柔。”明代李时珍对半夏饼与半夏曲的混淆问题进行了澄清,韩懋的《韩氏医通》收载了5首半夏曲方,对半夏曲配方的扩充具有划时代的意义。清代医家在继承《韩氏医通》半夏曲方的基础上,总结为韩飞霞制曲十法;当时的半夏曲与神曲的制作工艺相互影响。建国后,半夏曲的地方炮制经验深受清代影响,地方炮制规范逐渐趋同。该文同时对半夏曲炮制工艺中的“半夏”与“曲”孰重孰轻、半夏的前期处理、半夏饼与半夏曲的概念区分、面粉用量与添加时机、神曲粉的加入、白矾在半夏曲中的作用等问题进行了思考。

Bianjing Spectacle: Soundscapes of Bianjing and Identities in Song Dynasty Literature

By closely examining the literary works of the Song Dynasty,such as prose,poetry,rhyme-prose,lyrics,notes,and miscellaneous theses,this paper combines historical and literary evidence to rediscover the 13 types of soundscapes and their corresponding spaces in the Bianjing City,the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty,and it reveals the causes and historical-cultural significance of these soundscapes.Focusing on the key issues of soundscapes,this paper analyzes the sound spaces,identities,discourses,and literary achievements depicted in the writings about Bianjing.It argues that the“Bianjing Spectacle”of vendors’cries described by the Southern Song people can be used as a summary of the soundscape characteristics of Bianjing.Furthermore,it interprets the special silence,crying,and the absence of the sounds of production from an aesthetic perspective.By rediscovering,analyzing,and interpreting the soundscapes of Bianjing,this paper reveals significant differences between the Tang and Song dynasties at the sound level and differentiates various“auditory communities.”It thereby demonstrates the portrayal of Bianjing in Song literature,addresses theoretical hot topics in literature and geography,and builds on Marx’s arguments to propose that a thorough understanding of history,the world,and ourselves requires an in depth study of the soundscapes in literature.

收入分配视角下唐宋之际两税法的制度变迁及启示

两税法改革开启了“以资产为宗”的新格局,其税制层面的公平性较“以人丁为本”的租庸调制有了明显改进,但政策实践中的赋税不均问题却依然突出。与此同时,“田制不立”和“不抑兼并”成为新的政策取向:一方面,土地交易更加活跃,土地占有趋于集中,富民阶层崛起;另一方面,租佃关系愈加发达,人身依附关系松弛,农民获得更多自由,在一定程度上促进了社会生产力的提高和农商经济的繁荣。当然,富民阶层存在着逃避赋税的强烈动机,而获得更多自由的农民在生产生活上也面临更大的风险。所以,国家需要采取土地清丈和建立以贫民下户为重点的因灾减免救济制度等措施来解决赋税不均问题。历史经验表明,在一定条件下,完备的产权保护制度与税收发挥调节收入分配作用是可以相兼容的,关键在于保护民众发展生产和创造财富的积极性的同时,采取有力措施来维护和落实税收公平原则。

唐代歌录考辨

唐人作有不少歌录,两《唐书》未录唐人歌录的原因是缘于其追求雅正的修史标准,这从其对唐代燕射歌录和燕射歌辞的有意舍弃就已清晰反映。而这样的收录原则也直接影响到了后世歌录的编撰,如郭茂倩在编撰《乐府诗集》时就在燕射歌辞一类中对唐代燕射歌辞一首未录,而将其大量归入专收隋唐以来杂曲的近代曲辞。唐代歌录的留存样态较为复杂,唐人有时会把歌录叫作乐录,而有些收录歌辞的诗集却又不以歌录命名,有些名为乐府的典籍虽然也载录了一些唐人乐府诗,但又不一定是唐代歌录。

西夏与唐宋盗窃法比较研究——兼谈西夏对中华法系的继承与发展

“盗窃”是中国最古老的犯罪之一,历代皆有严格法律予以规制,以期维护社会稳定。文章对比研究了《天盛改旧新定律令》《亥年新法》《唐律疏议》《宋刑统》及《庆元条法事类》中关于盗窃罪的条文,发现这些法典均设置了亲属内外有别、宽宥弱者、严惩官盗僧窃以及团伙共谋作案等主体处置措施,涵盖了牲畜、人员、佛神祀物以及官府文书等盗窃对象,量刑上均依据慎刑恤刑、告赏、邻里互助以及重盗重罚等原则。同时,西夏法典融入了大量具有党项民族特色的法律元素,完善了群盗、重盗等制度。概言之,西夏法典在充分吸收中原王朝立法精髓的同时,结合本民族社会经济状况以及司法实践的需要进行了创制和发展,在中华法制史上极具特殊地位。

论唐宋之际的贡奉

唐代中期出现具有赋税性质的进奉,贡奉之弊由此而生,这一现象反映了唐宋之际君臣关系及中央与地方关系。五代承唐末藩镇割据之余绪,尽管朝廷致力于藩镇州县化,但实际上地方与中央财政关系仍然遗留藩镇特征。以后梁时期“四镇”、魏博、镇、定来看五代财政中央集权路径:朱温据有“四镇”,易代后直接州县化,属易代型;魏博依附朱温,通过集权和武力手段州县化,为依附型;镇、定是以武力征服州县化的,属贡献型。以上州县化路径不同,大体反映出五代财政中央集权的基本情形。而五代藩镇州县化形成了上供和贡奉互济的中央财政模式,加强了中央集权,但同时也遗留下不同程度的藩镇性,这表明五代并没有解决唐末遗留的历史问题。宋初成功地革除贡奉之弊,走出唐末五代历史的“逆向”,重建中央集权,开辟了一个新的王朝时代。

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡“围城效应”的文学书写

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡政治、经济、文化多层面分化促使生活于两大空间的人们在生存发展的价值判断、取舍基础上,出现了城乡“围城效应”,促成了城乡空间双向奔赴的文学书写。由乡向城奔赴的文学书写包括学而优入城的政治性和文化性流动、富而入城与入城而富的商业性流动、村民入城的生活性空间位移,由城向乡奔赴的文学书写包括文人归田梦的精神性奔赴、衣锦还乡的炫耀性奔赴、归园田居的生活性和精神性双重奔赴。唐宋城市转型释放了城市发展的活力,使得城市在物质经济、社会文化等方面相对于乡村的优越性渐趋加强。城乡关系逐渐失衡也带来城乡“围城效应”的失衡,文学书写中相应地隐含了对城乡文化差异的认同。所以,城乡“围城效应”不仅是物理空间上的双向奔赴,更是城乡在政治地位、经济方式、文化功能等深层次博弈的反映。

唐宋时期古词语在山西阳城方言中的遗存

山西阳城历史悠久,方言中保留了一些唐宋时期的古词语。其中,有不少词语完全继承下来,没有发生变化;但也有一些词语词形、义位或语法义出现了一些变化。新词形的出现体现了汉语单音词发展为双音词的变化规律以及当地的民俗文化,义位的变化有义位增加以及词义的扩大、缩小、转移等现象,通常是词义引申的结果。

技术与权力:汉唐时期胎孕知识的性别选择

中国传统医学在汉唐时期已经积累了比较丰富的胎孕知识,主要集中在《胎产书》《产经》《诸病源候论》和《千金方》等医书之中。除了不孕症和孕期疾病的治疗、孕妇营养、养胎和接生的方法之外,还包括与生男生女有关的理论、医方、方术和胎孕禁忌等。受父权制社会结构和文化观念的影响,汉唐时期的胎孕知识带有明显的男性中心色彩,存在着强烈的性别选择倾向,本质上反映了权力与知识建构之间的关系。

汉唐文脉下的“古代和田艺术模式”考析

大夏美术造型样式沿丝绸之路进入塔里木盆地后形成古代和田派艺术模式,这种艺术样式在尼雅、达玛沟、约特干等遗址中都有着生动的体现。丝绸之路使得汉唐文脉下的造型艺术体系得以确立,中原文化对西域的影响从视觉图式扩展至风俗礼仪的各个环节之中。20世纪80年代出土于和田的布扎克彩棺,棺上面绘制的青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武反映出西域与中原地区密切的文化交流。和田木雕在装饰范围、表现形式及雕刻技艺等方面都有了很大发展,镂雕、平雕等技法被广泛应用,作品中渗透了现实气息,造型上趋向真实,并在二维平面的基础上强化装饰风格,体现出鲜明的汉风风格。

中国粮谷酿酒技艺或发端于凤翔流考证

中国酿酒技艺及其传承,整体呈现一体多元的特征,即以酒曲作用于粮谷、自然发酵生香为主体,各地不同生态环境下,形成了各自的酿造风格。从西周到唐代持续向全国各地延展,并根据各地的酿酒生态环境,融汇当地已有的酿酒技艺传统而形成基本要素。

唐宋时期五台山文殊道场中的龙神信仰——兼论唐宋中印文化交流

唐宋时期,作为文殊道场的五台山,龙神信仰十分兴盛。山中有大量有关龙的灵迹,龙的形象较为丰满,职能也较为强大。五台山文殊菩萨与龙神的关系既表现为镇压与被镇压之对抗性,又表现为代表与被代表之可调和性。二者之间的关系集中反映了唐宋时期印度文化与中国文化之间的交融与互动。异质文化间的双向交流,最终形成独具特色的五台山区域文化。

中原黄河漕路与秦汉隋唐帝国

中原黄河漕路是以现在郑州桃花峪以西至三门峡灵宝段的黄河河道为主干的漕粮运输通道,由灵宝至三门峡段、三门峡至孟津段、孟津至郑州桃花峪段等数段构成,敖仓、荥阳故城等地是中原黄河漕路上的关键节点。作为关中与关东之间唯一有效的运输渠道,其畅通与否和秦汉隋唐帝国的国运兴衰息息相关。在秦、汉、隋大一统的过程中,中原黄河漕路有着重要的战略地位。桃花峪以西的中原黄河漕路转输军粮物资之便,帮助秦人在兼并统一战争中占得先机;而关中以东中原黄河漕路的畅通及其对敖仓之粟的控制,几乎成为刘邦战胜项羽的决定性因素。汉代时,经由中原黄河漕路转输的漕粮数额一直呈现攀升之势,最高在元封年间达六百万石,约为当今的18万吨。隋帝国借助中原黄河漕路控制了当时东亚大陆上最富庶的区域,更是以郑州桃花峪西至三门峡灵宝段黄河漕路为主轴,西引渭水,东连黄河下游与后来的隋唐大运河通济、永济两渠,构建了南至淮水、北达海河流域的水上交通运输系统。唐代关中长安对中原黄河漕路的依赖则超过了汉、隋,经由中原黄河漕路西输至关中长安的漕粮数量与规模随着唐帝国国运盛衰而不断起伏变化,可以说中原黄河漕路畅通、漕运制度不断完善,唐帝国蒸蒸日上;中原黄河漕路断绝,唐王朝政权亦随之衰亡。因此,中原黄河漕路足以称为秦汉隋唐帝国的生命线。

汉唐赋税制度比较及其对税收现代化的启示——理想、技术与效能

阐述了汉代的“税赋役”和唐代的“租庸调”及“两税法”,并从理想、技术与效能三个方面比较分析了汉唐的赋税制度,发现汉唐赋税征管组织体系松散,税收征管成本过高,治理效能偏低,其原因主要在于税收治理幅员太大,地理阻隔导致物流成本过高,税收征管技术有限。汉代和唐代的赋税制度演化史对现代税收治理的启示在于:税收制度理想必须根植于社会现实的土壤,所有的制度均要在实践中接受检验;税收制度体系必须有税收治理技术配套,变通执行可能会带来严重的秩序失范问题;税收基础必须建立在具有弹性的标的上,税收治理应当随着社会条件而动态调整;税收治理必须考虑治理规模与治理成本,在既有约束条件下实现治理成本最小化。

从引《诗》看唐宋《诗》学的转型——以两《唐书》与《宋史》为例

作为唐宋儒学转型的重要一环,唐宋《诗》学转型之内在理路与真实面貌可由正史引《诗》得以彰显。在文本层面上,两《唐书》与《宋史》引《诗》对汉代以来的引《诗》规范进行了不同程度的打破与理论批判,彰显了经学式微背景下经典权威性的动摇。在取义层面上,两《唐书》引《诗》与新《春秋》学相结合,在日常运用与学术研究两个向度上体现了唐代《诗》学对春秋《诗》学的复归,并与“诗史”观念的产生相联系,显示了唐代《诗》学从注重礼乐教化的外学逐步转向探索儒家精义的内学。在此基础上,宋人进一步从理论上提取“圣人之意”作为统贯群经之本源,并在具体的《诗》学方法层面将春秋用《诗》之法与孔、孟《诗》学相结合,昭示了宋代《诗》学子学化承传与确立的轨迹。