Coupled DEM-FDM analyses of the effects of falling rock’s shape and impact angle on response of granular cushion and rock shed

Rock shed is an effective protection measure against rockfall.To investigate the influences of falling rock’s shape and impact angle on the impact effect of the cushioned rock shed,a modeling approach for a rock shed with a cushion layer using PFC-FLAC.The granular cushion is modeled as an aggregate of discrete non-cohesion particles,while the concrete plate and the beam are modeled as zones.The falling rock with different sphericities and impact angles is modeled as a rigid assembly.The numerical model is validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental and numerical results from previous literature.This model is applied to analyze the effects of rock shape and impact angle on the dynamic interaction effects between falling rock and cushioned rock shed,including the impact force,transmitted bottom force,penetration depth,and plate deflection.The numerical results show that the variation in the falling rock’s shape has different effects on the falling rock with different impact angles.These findings could support rock shed design by revealing the limitations of the assumptions in the past research,which may result in unsafe rock sheds for some rockfall cases.

A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle (Method 2)

This paper presents an alternate graphical procedure (Method 2), to that presented in earlier publications entitled, “A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle” and “A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem”. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be nottrisectable and the 45˚ benchmark angle that is known to be trisectable, in each case produced a construction having an identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, as in Section 2 on THEORY of this paper, where the required trisection angle was found to be one-third of its respective angle (i.e. DE’MA = 1/3 DE’CG). For example, the trisection angle for the 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚ angles were 10.00000˚, 15.00000˚, and 20.00000˚, respectively, and Section 5 on PROOF in this paper. Therefore, based on this identical angular relationship and the numerical results (i.e. to five decimal places), which represent the highest degree of accuracy and precision attainable by The Geometer’s Sketch Pad software, one can only conclude that not only the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ and 60˚ angle (which have been “proven” to be not-trisectable) have been met, but also, the construction is valid for any arbitrary acute angle, despite theoretical proofs to the contrary by Wantzel, Dudley, and others.

骨性Angle′s Ⅲ类错患者正畸手术前后下颌角矢量点位置的变化及意义

目的观察骨性Angle′sⅢ类错患者下颌角矢量点(Gov点)位置变化,并探讨其临床意义。方法取天津地区健康人29例为对照组,接受正手术治疗的骨性Angle′sⅢ类错畸形患者15例为观察组。均拍摄头颅侧位X线片,测量Gov点的座标。结果观察组术前、术后及对照组Gov点横坐标分别为(-4.54±0.51)、(-5.10±0.69)、(-5.02±0.35)cm,纵坐标分别为(-7.76±0.40)、(-7.65±0.57)、(-7.50±0.43)cm,观察组术前Gov点横、纵坐标与术后及对照组比较P均<0.05,观察组术后与对照组Gov点横、纵坐标比较P均>0.05。对照组下颌神经孔与Gov点间距为(1.35±0.16)cm,观察组术前为(1.27±0.19)cm,两组相比P>0.05。结论骨性Angle′sⅢ类错患者Gov点位置向前下移位,正手术后得以纠正。Gov点位置可能与下颌功能状态存在内在联系,可以作为正手术术前制定手术计划及术后评估矫治效果的指标。

Modified viscocanalostomy in the Chinese population with open angle glaucoma: a 10-year follow-up results

AIM: To study the long-term efficacy and safety of modified viscocanalostomy in Chinese people with open angle glaucoma(OAG).METHODS: This retrospective study included a total of 100 eyes from 100 Chinese patients with medically uncontrolled OAG. All the patients underwent modified viscocanalostomy with injection of viscoelastic material in the surgically created ostia of Schlemm's canal(SC). The modifications included peeling of the inner wall of SC and the juxtacanalicular meshwork, use of mitomycin C, and loosely suturing the superficial scleral flap. Intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity, number of medications, laser goniopuncture data and complications were recorded. The definition of complete(qualified) success was an IOP equal to or lower than 21, 18, 16 mm Hg without(with or without) anti-glaucoma medications. RESULTS: The mean IOP was 33.5±9.9 mm Hg before surgery, 15.2±3.6 mm Hg(mean IOP reduction of 51%) at 5 y after surgery, and 15.6±2.8 mm Hg(mean IOP reduction of 49.9%) at 10 y after surgery(P<0.001). The number of anti-glaucoma medications dropped from 2.39±0.5 preoperatively to 0.47±0.8 at 5 y and 0.67±0.8 at 10 y postoperatively(P<0.001). The follow-up period was 104.5±37.0 mo. The qualified success rate for an IOP of 21, 18 or 16 mm Hg or less was 84% [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.80-0.88], 73%(95%CI: 0.68-0.78), and 59%(95%CI: 0.52-0.66) after 5 y, and 80%(95%CI: 0.76-0.84), 69%(95%CI: 0.64-0.74), 51%(95%CI: 0.44-0.58) after 10 y, respectively. There was a relationship between age, preoperative IOP and success rate(P<0.01, P<0.05). A total of 31 eyes(31.3%)in 31 patients underwent laser goniopuncture, decreasing the IOP from 22.9±4.3 mm Hg to 16.3±2.5 mm Hg(P<0.01). Neither blebitis nor endophthalmitis occurred.CONCLUSION: Modified viscocanalostomy could be performed to lower IOP, decrease multiple anti-glaucoma drops use as well. It's a safe procedure with less complications over 10 y in Chinese individuals with OAG.

Elevated urine formaldehyde in elderly patients with primary open angle glaucoma

AIM：To investigate the risk factor of primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）,which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.An abnormally high level of endogenous formaldehyde（FA） has recently been found correlated with cell death and neurodegenerative disease,raising the possibility of a putative correlation of abnormal endogenous FA with POAG.· METHODS：Thirty-four elderly patients with POAG and sixteen healthy controls were enrolled.Glaucomatous visual defects were present at both the functional（visual field） and structural[retinal nerve fiber layer（RNFL）thickness]levels.Morning urine samples were obtained and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） to detect the endogenous FA level in a double blind manner.· RESULTS：Patients with POAG（P 〈0.05） had significantly higher urine FA levels.The urine FA level of patients with severe visual field defects[mean deviation（MD）≥12 dB]was significantly（P〈0.001） greater than that of patients with mild to moderate defects（MD〈12 dB）.By optical coherence tomography（OCT）,the superior and inferior RNFL thickness of POAG group was significantly（P〈0.001） thinner than in controls.Furthermore,the superior and inferior thinning of the RNFL was correlated with the elevation of urine FA concentration.CONCLUSION：Endogenous FA level is positively correlated with the neuronal defects of POAG.

A Simplified Graphical Procedure for Constructing a 10˚or 20˚Angle

This paper presents a simplified graphical procedure for constructing, using an unmarked straightedge and a compass only, a 10˚ to 20˚ angle, which is in other words, trisecting a 30˚ or 60˚ angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be not trisectable, produced a construction having the identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, in which the required trisection angles were found to be 10.00000˚ and 20.00000˚ respectively (i.e. exactly one-third of the given angle or ∠E’MA = 1/3∠E’CG). Based on this identical angular relationship as well as the numerical results obtained, one can only conclude that the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ or 60˚ angle, and therefore the construction of a 10˚ or 20˚ angle, have been met, notwithstanding the theoretical proofs of Wantzel, Dudley, and others. Thus, the solution to the age-old trisection problem, with respect to these two angles, has been accomplished.

On China＇s Economy： A Tentative Research from a Dual Visual Angle

Most economists approach the economy of China from a single visual angle considering it as a special economic modality of transition economy. Based on the analysis from the single visual angle, the paper puts forward a dual visual angle treating China＇s economy as one of both transition and transformation features, and attempts to research it from this dual visual angle.

The Possibility of Angle Trisection （A Compass-Straightedge Construction） Kimuya M Alex

The objective of this paper is to provide a provable solution of the ancient Greek problem of trisecting an arbitrary angle employing only compass and straightedge （ruler）. （Pierre Laurent Wantzel, 1837） obscurely presented a proof based on ideas from Galois field showing that, the solution of angle trisection corresponds to solution of the cubic equation; x3 - 3x - 1 = 0, which is geometrically irreducible [1]. The focus of this work is to show the possibility to solve the trisection of an angle by correcting some flawed methods meant for general construction of angles, and exemplify why the stated trisection impossible proof is not geometrically valid. The revealed proof is based on a concept from the Archimedes proposition of straightedge construction [2, 3].

A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem

This paper describes the methodology (or approach) that was key to the solution of the angle trisection problem published earlier in article entitled, “A Procedure For Trisecting An Acute Angle.” It was an approach that required first, designing a working model of a trisector mechanism, second, studying the motion of key elements of the mechanism and third, applying the fundamental principles of kinematics to arrive at the desired results. In presenting these results, since there was no requirement to provide a detailed analysis of the final construction, this information was not included. However, now that the publication is out, it is considered appropriate as well as instructive to explain more fully the mechanism analysis of the trisector in graphical detail, as covered in Section 3 of this paper, that formed the basis of the long sought solution to the age-old Angle Trisection Problem.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Droplet Spreading Motion after Impingement Considering Dynamic Contact Angle with CCUP （CIP-Combined Unified Procedure） Method

The contact angle is one of important parameters to simulate droplet spreading and impingement phenomena on the surface. In the most numerical research, it is assumed constant value and it is implemented as boundary condition. However, contact angle is changed according to contact line velocity and time. Hence, for accurate simulation, dynamic contact angle which has various values as time elapsed is adopted. In the present study, the numerical analysis is performed on the droplet spreading phenomena considering dynamic contact angle function which is obtained from single droplet spreading experiment on the flat and bare surface. The CIP （cubic interpolated pseudo-particle） method by Yabe is used for analysis of interface between liquid and gas phases. The numerical results considering contact angle function which newly modeled as time and contact angle are compared with numerical results considering Hoffman＇s function and experimental data for range of Weber number which are 4.427 and 11.334. In contrast of numerical result considering Hoffman＇s function, the numerical result shows good agreement with experimental data as time elapsed in contact angle evolution, deformation of droplet spreading radius and height. Indeed, overall, the results display the increasing maximum spreading radius and the decreasing height as Weber numbers increased.

Clinical significance of Baumann's angle in the percutaneous pinning fixation for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children

To evaluate the clinical significance of Baumann’s angle in the closed reduction and percutaneous pinning fixation for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.Methods There were 97 children (male 59,female 38,mean age of 6.8 years) with displaced supracondylar fracrtures of the humerus were treated in this hospital.Under fluoroscopy guidance,three-dimensional displacement of fractures was corrected by closed reduction.The percutaneous Kirschner wire pinning was applied only if the radiographs demonstrated that Baumann’s angle was less than 4 degree compared to that on the normal side.All of them were followed up for 34.5 months (range,12 to 48 months).Results There was one case with ulnar nerve palsy associated with the pinning.There were no Volkmann’s contracture in this group.X-ray examinations revealed an average 73.7 degrees of Baumann angle on the injured and 72.8 on uninjured side.An average 7.6 degrees of the carrying angle on the injured and 9.7 on uninjured side were also demonstrated by radiography.Five patients developed slight cubitus varus deformity.The result according to Flynn criteria were excellent in 85 patients (87.6%),good in 12 patients (12.4%).Conclusion The satisfactory results can be gained in children with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus by restoration of the normal Baumann angle and percutaneous pinning fixation.18 refs,2 figs.

S弯收扩喷管过膨胀状态下流动分离特性研究

为了研究S弯收扩喷管过膨胀状态下的流动分离特性,数值模拟了不同落压比(NPR)下S弯收扩喷管内的流动特征。结果表明:在落压比为2.0时,喷管内发生非对称分离,出现非对称的双“λ”激波结构,喷流整体向上偏转,上侧出现限制性流动分离RSS,下侧出现自由性流动分离FSS,并产生三维分离涡,喷流出现明显的三维效应。随着落压比从高度过膨胀状态下开始增加,喷管下侧保持FSS不变,喷管上侧RSS逐渐向后移动,直至与外界大气相连,转变为FSS,之后随着落压比增加,上下侧分离结构逐渐对称。推力矢量角随着落压比的增加先增加,后在极小的落压比变化范围内快速降低,直至变为0°,之后保持0°不变。

Astronomic background of global huge earthquakes at beginning of 21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century,major earthquakes have frequently occurred worldwide.To explore the impact of astronomical factors on earthquakes,in this study,the statistical analysis method of correlation is used to systematically analyze the effects of astronomical factors,such as solar activity,Earth’s rotation,lunar declination angle,celestial tidal force,and other phenomena on M≥8 global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.With regard to solar activity,this study focuses on the analysis of the 11-year and century cycles of solar activity.The causal relationship of the Earth’s rotation is not obvious in this work and previous works;in contrast,the valley period of the solar activity century cycle may be an important astronomical factor leading to the frequent occurrence of global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.This topic warrants further study.

雷诺数和侧风对S型垂直轴风力机气动特性的影响

相较于工作在郊外良好风场的大型风力机,小型风力机易受城市风环境如低风速、高湍流度以及时变风速风向的影响。采用数值模拟手段研究了雷诺数和来流倾角对小型S型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响。研究结果表明:S型风力机的气动性能对雷诺数不敏感,功率系数几乎不随雷诺数变化;侧风导致S型风力机的气动性能变差,静扭矩系数和功率系数降低,并且随着侧风来流倾角的增大,气动性能越差,侧风影响的流动机理一方面是来流倾角降低了水平速度分量,另一个方面是竖直速度分量减小了前进叶片的压力差,增加回转叶片的压力差,进一步加剧了气动性能的恶化。

“S”形试件的五轴数控机床综合动态精度检测特性研究

以ISO国际标准试件、NAS979系列试件、NCG试件等为例,比较了目前国内外常用机床精度检测试件的检测性能与特点,计算了"S"形检测试件的开闭角、扭曲角、曲线曲率以及曲面法曲率等特征,研究了"S"形检测试件在几何造型方面的特性,证明了"S"形试件能基本体现和覆盖机床的各种复杂姿态,以及在机床多轴联动精度检测和机床动态刚度特性检测等方面更具全面性。为基于"S"形检测试件的五轴数控机床动态精度检测提供相应的科学依据,为五轴数控机床精度检测试件的型面构造研究提供理论参考,有助于"S"形试件国际标准草案的制定与推广。

谐振子系统的量子-经典轨道、Berry相及Hannay角

从量子-经典轨道和几何相两方面,研究了二维旋转平移谐振子系统的量子-经典对应.通过广义规范变换得到了Lissajous经典周期轨道和Hannay角.另外,使用含时规范变换解析推导了旋转平移谐振子系统Schr?dinger方程的本征波函数和Berry相,得出结论:原规范中的非绝热Berry相是经典Hannay角的-n倍.最后,使用SU(2)自旋相干态叠加,构造一稳态波函数,其波函数的概率云很好地局域于经典轨道上,满足几何相位和经典轨道同时对应.

GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性与重庆地区汉族人群中原发性闭角型青光眼易感性的关系

目的探讨中国汉族人群中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1(glutathione S-transferase M1,GSTM1)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶T1(glutathione S-transferase T1,GSTT1)基因多态性与原发性闭角型青光眼易感性的关系。方法收集211例汉族原发性闭角型青光眼患者(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)以及422例健康志愿者的血液标本(对照组),并根据诊断标准将PACG组分为急性(acute primary angle-closure glaucoma,APACG)和慢性(chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma,CPACG),并采用多重等位基因特异聚合酶链反应(multiplex PCR)技术检测GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性。结果 GSTT1缺失基因型在PACG组中分布频率为53.1%,在对照组中的分布频率为53.8%,2组间无统计学差异(χ2=0.028 6,P=0.866);将PACG组分为APACG组和CPACG组后,GSTT1缺失基因型的分布频率分别为46.3%和55.4%,APACG组与对照组相比,无统计学差异(χ2=0.126 7,P=0.722),CPACG组与对照组相比,差异也无统计学意义(χ2=0.036 2,P=0.849)。在PACG组中GSTM1的缺失基因型的频率为58.3%,对照组中GSTM1缺失基因型的频率为56.3%,2组间的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.206 3,P=0.650)。GSTM1在APACG组以及CPACG组中的分布频率分别为61.1%及56.3%,APACG组与对照组相比,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.027 9,P=0.867);CPACG组与对照组相比,其差异也无统计学意义(χ2=0.006 4,P=0.936)。此外,将GSTT1和GSTM1基因型联合进行分析,发现其4种基因型在各个病例组与对照组的比较中都没有统计学差异。结论在重庆地区的中国汉族人群中,未发现GSTT1缺失基因型和GSTM1缺失基因型与原发性闭角型青光眼的易感性相关,联合比较GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性与原发性闭角型青光眼的易感性,也未发现明显相关性,而且与原发性闭角型青光眼的分类也不相关。

基于Matlab的S曲线加减速控制算法研究

当数控加工型线为折线,路径段与路径段之间存在的夹角使得必须在拐点处进行加减速控制,以保证轨迹精度。目前,数控加工对单个坐标运动的控制方法有多种,其中较有代表性的是基于S型曲线的加减速控制方法,文中在S型加减速控制曲线基础上建立S曲线加减速控制新算法,利用该算法给出路径段几何元素转接矢量夹角数学模型,并在此基础上给出许用速度与夹角的关系式,并得出第i路径段的转接速度Vi的大小不仅受到转接矢量夹角αi的影响,还与第i-1路径段和i+1路径段的转接速度以及第i路径段和第i+1路径段的路径长度有关。利用此算法经Matlab编程仿真得出当相邻两折线段夹角为90°和135°时,通过折线交点时对应各坐标运动速度的变化。

采用S变换相位差及能量相对熵的换流变零序差动保护新判据

针对换流变压器零序差动保护误动现象,提出一种采用S变换相位差及能量相对熵算法的换流变零序差动保护新判据。通过分析换流变压器区内各类故障、区外故障及外部故障切除时零序电流的特点,利用零序差动保护两侧自产零序电流和中性线上零序电流的相位和能量概率分布差异进行识别。当发生区外故障时,零序差动保护两侧零序电流的波形极为相似,其相位差和能量相对熵值都基本为0。当发生区内故障时,零序差动保护两侧零序电流相位相反且波形相似度小,其相位差接近180°且能量相对熵值增大。仿真验证表明,该判据可准确迅速识别区内与区外故障,其性能不受故障类型和过渡电阻的影响,且具有一定的抗电流互感器饱和的能力。

基于S变换暂态能量与方向的无整定配电网选线新方法

为了提高配电网单相接地故障时选线的准确性和可靠性,提出了一种基于S变换暂态能量与方向的无整定配电网选线新方法。通过S变换计算各条线路故障特征频率下的暂态能量参数与综合相角参数,利用欧氏距离算法融合二维信息得到每条线路的特征距离,比较实时特征样本的故障距离和健全距离大小实现基于无整定保护判别的配电网故障选线。仿真结果表明,该方法受故障位置、故障合闸角、故障电阻、网络结构等因素影响较小,且判据裕度较高。该方法相比单一判据方法更加适用于结构复杂的配电网系统,同时不必人为规定继电器的动作特性,即无需人为设定判别整定值,具有很高的选线准确性和鲁棒性。