A comparative study on the levels of serum cytokines and cortisol among post-traumatic stress disorder patients of Li and Han ethnicities in Hainan

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） is a mental disorder with delayed or chronic onset caused by unusual,threatening,or disastrous psychological trauma,and it is an important manifestation of post-disaster mental and behavioral disorders.Studies have shown that IL-6 is a cytokine associated with PTSD occurrence.This study aimed to explore the role of cytokine and ethnicity in the pathogenesis of PTSD by examining levels of serum cytokines IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,and cortisol in PTSD patients of Li and Han ethnic groups.Methods Levels of serum cytokines IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,and cortisol were examined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay （ELISA） method and assessed by PCL-C scale among 30 PTSD patients of Han ethnicity and 30 of Li ethnicity,and compared with 30 normal controls of Han and Li ethnicity,respectively.Results PTSD patients of Li ethnicity scored higher than PTSD patients of Han ethnicity,and normal controls of Li and Han ethnic groups in each of the re-experiencing,avoidance/numbing,and hyperarousal symptoms.The differences reached statistical significance （P 〈0.05）.In PTSD patients of Li ethnicity compared to patients of Han ethnicity and normal controls of either Li or Han ethnicity,the levels of IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-α were higher,and the level of cortisol was lower.Conclusions There are ethnic differences in re-experiencing,avoidance/numbing,and hyperarousal symptoms among PTSD patients.The levels of serum cortisol and cytokines are strongly associated with the race.

Preliminary study of the urinary proteome in Li and Han ethnic individuals from Hainan

Biomarkers indicate changes associated with disease. Blood is relatively stable due to the homeostatic mechanisms of the body;however, urine accumulates metabolites from changes in the body, making it a better source for early biomarker discovery. The Li ethnic group is a unique minority ethnic group that has only lived on Hainan Island for approximately 5,000 years. Studies have shown that various specific genetic variations are different between the Li and Han ethnic groups. However, whether the urinary proteome between these two ethnic groups is significantly different remains unknown. In this study, differential urinary proteins were identified in the Li and Han ethnic groups using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).In total, 1,555 urinary proteins were identified. Twenty-five of the urinary proteins were statistically significantly different, 16 of which have been previously reported to be biomarkers of many diseases, and that these significantly different proteins were caused by ethnic differences rather than random differences. Ethnic group differences may be an influencing factor in urine proteome studies and should be considered when human urine samples are used for biomarker discovery.

从汉族与少数民族的历史关系认识“中华民族共同体”的共同性

A crucial issue in comprehending the commonality of"Community for the Chinese Nation"is finding an appropriate way to understand the relationship between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.This article explores the formation,development,nature,and characteristics of the Han ethnic group,as well as its inherent connections with ethnic minorities in China from both historical and contemporary perspectives.It posits that the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in China are intertwined and interdependent,with elements of both groups mutually present in each other.There is no clear boundary between the two,and their relationship is close,both historically and in reality.The Han ethnic group is a unity resulting from the integration of diverse ethnicities,and its composition and tremendous inclusiveness make it the cohesive core of the Chinese nation.Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities,due to their difference in geographical environments,have different economic types;however,their differences in economic types and the resulting economic complementation between the two have become the very reason for the high dependence and close connection between Han and ethnic minorities,which also demonstrate the commonality of"community for the Chinese nation".The Chinese nation has gradually become an organic whole with commonality and diversity through the mutual absorption,integration,and interdependence between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in the long historical process.Therefore,it is necessary to shift away from the mindset of separating or opposing the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.

Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in Uygur and Han populations from the Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, China

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV) is the infectious etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma(KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. It has been shown that high KSHV prevalence and high incidence of both classic KS and AIDSassociated KS are found mostly among people of Uygur ethnicity in Xinjiang, while people of Han ethnicity in Xinjiang have a higher KSHV seroprevalence than those of other Han populations in China's Mainland. However, it is still unclear why there is such geographical and population variation in KSHV distribution in China. In this work, we focused on the populations in the Kashgar region and Urumqi area, where a total of 1294 research subjects were randomly selected to investigate the potential correlation between KSHV prevalence and different ethnicities in endemic areas of Xinjiang, and to determine risk factors that may affect KSHV infection rates or KS incidence. We identified a high seroprevalence of KSHV and high peripheral blood DNA infection in the general Uygur and Han populations in both Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, and determined that advancing age, low education level, and stationary population status affect KSHV infection rates. Further, KSHV-positive Uygur participants were shown to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers than KSHV-positive Han participants.