Hardy-Weinberg定律在专科教学中的课堂设计

Hardy-Weinberg定律是群体遗传学的第一理论基石,也是现代进化论、现代优生学和群体育种的理论基础,是遗传学教学中的重难点内容,但通过合理的教学设计可帮助学生全面理解、掌握并应用该定律,为后续学习奠定基础。

The Equilibrium Range of Wind Wave Spectra: an Explanation Based on White Noise

Laboratory experiments and field observations show that the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra presents a – 4 power law when it is scaled properly. This feature has been attributed to energy balance in spectral space by many researchers. In this paper we point out that white noise on an oscillation system can also lead to a similar inverse power law in the corresponding displacement spectrum, implying that the – 4 power law for the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra may probably only reflect the randomicity of the wind waves rather than any other dynamical processes in physical space. This explanation may shed light on the mechanism of other physical processes with spectra also showing an inverse power law, such as isotropic turbulence, internal waves, etc.

Characteristics of Convection Heat Transfer in Power⁃Law Fluid Saturated Porous Media Channel

Considering Brinkman⁃Forchheimer extended Darcy flow and local thermal non⁃equilibrium effect,a general model of forced convection with viscous dissipation in power⁃law fluid saturated porous media channel was established.The dimensionless temperature profiles and Nusselt number were numerically solved using the classical fourth⁃order Runge Kutta method under a constant heat flux boundary condition.The conclusion showed that the fluid⁃solid temperature distributions were significantly affected by dimensionless Bi,k,Da,Br,and F,and the effects of power⁃law indexes on convection heat transfer characteristics were also non⁃negligible.

Study on Game Theory of Social Law Enforcement

Based on the basis of the two stage dynamic game of complete information and purely tactful perfect equilibrium theory, the non cooperative gaming between the police department and the criminals is analyzed. Dynamic game can be proved to forecast and explain potential tactful choices of the police department and the criminals at various stages, so as to analyze the essence of the law enforcement by the theoretical models.

Coherent Application of a Contact Structure to Formulate Classical Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

This contribution presents an outline of a new mathematical formulation for Classical Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (CNET) based on a contact structure in differential geometry. First a non-equilibrium state space is introduced as the third key element besides the first and second law of thermodynamics. This state space provides the mathematical structure to generalize the Gibbs fundamental relation to non-equilibrium thermodynamics. A unique formulation for the second law of thermodynamics is postulated and it showed how the complying concept for non-equilibrium entropy is retrieved. The foundation of this formulation is a physical quantity, which is in non-equilibrium thermodynamics nowhere equal to zero. This is another perspective compared to the inequality, which is used in most other formulations in the literature. Based on this mathematical framework, it is proven that the thermodynamic potential is defined by the Gibbs free energy. The set of conjugated coordinates in the mathematical structure for the Gibbs fundamental relation will be identified for single component, closed systems. Only in the final section of this contribution will the equilibrium constraint be introduced and applied to obtain some familiar formulations for classical (equilibrium) thermodynamics.

Henry’s Equilibrium Partitioning between Ground Water and Soil Air: Predictions versus Observations

Humans spend 64% - 94% of their time indoors;therefore, indoor air quality is very important for potential exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC). The source of VOC in the subsurface may come from accidental or intentional releases, leaking landfills or leaking underground and above-ground storage tanks. Once these contaminants are present near or beneath buildings, they may move as a vapour through soil gas and enter the building. A large number of vapour intrusion (VI) algorithms have been published in peer-reviewed publications that link indoor VOC concentrations to the contamination of soils. These models typically include phase partitioning calculations of VOC based on Henry’s law to estimate the concentration of a particular contaminant in soil gas. This paper presents the results from a series of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the Henry’s Law constant for the calculation of toluene concentrations in equilibrium between ground water and soil air. A series of column experiments were conducted with various toluene concentrations in artificial (ground) water to contrast the predicted and observed (soil) air concentrations. The experiments which exclude soil material show a toluene fugacity behaviour roughly in line with Henry’s law whereas the experiments which include soil material result in equilibrium soil concentrations which were around one order-of-magnitude lower than was expected from a Henry Law-based estimation. It is concluded that for toluene inclusion of Henry’s Law in VI algorithms does not provide an adequate description of volatilisation in soils and may lead to an overestimation of health risk. Instead, a model based on a simple description of the relevant intermolecular interactions could be explored.

Existence of Equilibrium Points in the R3BP with Variable Mass When the Smaller Primary is an Oblate Spheroid

The paper deals with the existence of equilibrium points in the restricted three-body problem when the smaller primary is an oblate spheroid and the infinitesimal body is of variable mass. Following the method of small parameters;the co-ordinates of collinear equilibrium points have been calculated, whereas the co-ordinates of triangular equilibrium points are established by classical method. On studying the surface of zero-velocity curves, it is found that the mass reduction factor has very minor effect on the location of the equilibrium points;whereas the oblateness parameter of the smaller primary has a significant role on the existence of equilibrium points.

Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant of Hexane in High-Viscosity Polymer Systems

The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.

The Role of Friction in the Static Equilibrium of a Fixed Ladder: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Test

In a recent publication the author derived and experimentally tested several theoretical models, distinguished by different boundary conditions at the contacts with horizontal and vertical supports, that predicted the forces of reaction on a fixed (i.e. inextensible) ladder. This problem is statically indeterminate since there are 4 forces of reaction and only 3 equations of static equilibrium. The model that predicted the empirical reactions correctly used a law of static friction to complement the equations of static equilibrium. The present paper examines in greater theoretical and experimental detail the role of friction in accounting for the forces of reaction on a fixed ladder. The reported measurements confirm that forces parallel and normal to the support at the top of the ladder are linearly proportional with a constant coefficient of friction irrespective of the magnitude or location of the load, as assumed in the theoretical model. However, measurements of forces parallel and normal to the support at the base of the ladder are linearly proportional with coefficients that depend sensitively on the location (although not the magnitude) of the load. This paper accounts quantitatively for the different effects of friction at the top and base of the ladder under conditions of usual use whereby friction at the vertical support alone is insufficient to keep the ladder from sliding. A theoretical model is also proposed for the unusual circumstance in which friction at the vertical support can keep the ladder from sliding.

Theorem of Necessity and Sufficiency of Stable Equilibrium for Generalized Potential Equality between System and Reservoir

The literature reports that equality of temperature, equality of potential and equality of pressure between a system and a reservoir are necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium of the system-reservoir composite or, in the opposite and equivalent logical inference, that stable equilibrium is a sufficient condition for equality. The aim and the first novelty of the present study is to prove that equality of temperature, potential and pressure is also a sufficient condition for stable equilibrium, in addition to necessity, implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality. The second novelty is that the proof of the sufficiency of equality (or the necessity of stable equilibrium) is attained by means of the generalization of the entropy property, derived from the generalization of exergy property, which is used to demonstrate that stable equilibrium is a logical consequence of equality of generalized potential. This proof is underpinned by the Second Law statement and the Maximum-Entropy Principle based on generalized entropy which depends on temperature, potential and pressure of the reservoir. The conclusion, based on these two novel concepts, consists of the theorem of necessity and sufficiency of stable equilibrium for equality of generalized potentials within a composite constituted by a system and a reservoir.

A Generalized Statement of Highest-Entropy Principle for Stable Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium in Many-Particle Systems

Among all statements of Second Law, the existence and uniqueness of stable equilibrium, for each given value of energy content and composition of constituents of any system, have been adopted to define thermodynamic entropy by means of the impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind (PMM2) which is a consequence of the Second Law. Equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure in many-particle systems are proved to be necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium. The proofs assume the stable equilibrium and derive, by means of the Highest-Entropy Principle, equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure as a consequence. A first novelty of the present research is to demonstrate that equality is also a sufficient condition, in addition to necessity, for stable equilibrium implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality of temperature potential and pressure addressed to as generalized potential. The second novelty is that the proof of sufficiency of equality, or necessity of stable equilibrium, is achieved by means of a generalization of entropy property, derived from a generalized definition of exergy, both being state and additive properties accounting for heat, mass and work interactions of the system underpinning the definition of Highest-Generalized-Entropy Principle adopted in the proof.

基于博弈论的弹目攻防决策方法研究

针对空战环境中弹目攻防双方的对抗特性,提出了一种基于博弈论的弹目攻防决策方法。基于导弹目标运动数学关系得到状态方程,根据弹目攻防对抗机理建立“一对一导弹-目标”动态博弈模型,确定弹目双方策略集与收益矩阵,提出混合策略纳什均衡求解方法,并结合模型滚动预测方法获得该策略空间的纳什均衡点。算例仿真结果表明,基于混合策略下导弹制导律为该策略空间的纳什均衡点,且该方法可以减小导弹对目标的脱靶量,提高导弹的命中精度,为导弹攻防作战提供了依据。

日本Twitter转发案与侵犯著作权等罪的违法性阻却

Twitter转发案中各转发者的转发行为是否侵犯了向公众传播权、保护作品完整权及署名权,存在较大争议。东京地方法院、知识产权高等法院、日本最高法院对此案作出了不尽相同的判决,这一案件在日本引起了广泛而深入的讨论。日本著作权法上没有区分民事侵权与刑事犯罪,如何以现行著作权法的条文构造为前提,对民事侵权与刑事犯罪进行界分,充分发挥实质违法性阻却的作用,值得研究。就侵犯著作权等罪而言,能够从刑法上实质违法性的立场来限定处罚范围,这不同于有关“权利内容”的著作权法上个别规定的限定性和相对解释。通过同类行为的累积实现社会利益的观点能够重构目的手段框架,而根据这一框架分析,本案各转发行为的实质违法性被阻却。

间断均衡理论下中国《能源法》的立法僵局及破局

《能源法》在能源转型中扮演着关键角色,但中国《能源法》历经三次立法草案和四次立法议程启动,至今仍未通过立法。《能源法》为何会陷入立法僵局?从法律外部视角探析该问题,利用间断均衡理论剖析中国《能源法》的动态立法过程,发现随着立法者对《能源法》的认识变化,中国《能源法》的立法围绕平衡能源安全、能源低碳和能源正义的三难困境出现了三次立法僵局。焦点事件的冲击为《能源法》启动提供了结构机会,但立法分歧和立法主体的注意力转移导致《能源法》议程陷入僵局。而迫切的立法需求与决策层的关注使《能源法》立法议程得以重新启动。因此,在间断均衡理论的启示下,中国《能源法》的制定应进行以下探索:第一,在立法理念的确定上,应综合国内外能源局势与能源立法背景,抓住能源立法契机,加速以能源安全为重心的《能源法》立法;第二,涉及立法模式的选择,应明确《能源法》为基本法的立法定位,协调其与能源单行法的冲突与衔接,凝聚共识减少立法阻力,集中注意力加速立法;第三,有关立法制度的设计,应逐层分类满足化解能源三难困境,满足立法需求,既完成决策高层制定的顶层设计的法律化,又满足公众期待,从而有效化解《能源法》立法僵局。

公共卫生法中均衡原则的确立与展开

《中华人民共和国宪法》第一条确立的社会主义基本原则,在社会层面的规范内涵为“社会平衡”。在“社会平衡”的统摄下,国家对健康权的均衡保障构成其保障义务的本质内容,而实现均衡保障的最佳路径便是确立均衡原则。在实践需求上,我国公共卫生实践中存在严重的“健康鸿沟”,不同群体所能获得的健康权保障差距较大,相比零散、具体的纠偏制度和措施,将均衡原则确立为公共卫生法基本原则,有利于更好地系统弥合“健康鸿沟”。均衡原则应当在《基本卫生法》总则中予以明确,并区分为内涵确立条款、弱势群体和特殊群体保障条款与政策指引条款,以更好指引未来的公共卫生活动。

交警非现场执法之优化路径——以平衡论为分析视角

发轫于道路交通管理领域的非现场执法模式,在擢升行政执法效能,加速行政权扩张的同时,不当缩减正当法律程序,肇致相对人的权利保护水准降低,打破了传统行政法律关系图谱中公权与私权之均衡状态。“平衡论”主张激励与制约机制并举,公平与效率价值兼顾,从而达到行政机关与相对人一方的权利义务在总体上对等。因应自动化行政处罚公权力与私权利之失序,以平衡论为视角展开分析恰如其分,系由国家层面的统一立法课予行政机关适度负担性义务与修复相对人合法程序性权利,达致电子警察执法兼顾行政管理目标与相对人权利保护之愿景。

最大信息熵原理与群体遗传平衡

建立了用最大信息熵原理推导群体遗传平衡定律的统一数学模型 ,并给出了模型的统一解 ,此解正是Hardy Weinberg定律所给出的平衡群体的基因型频率 ,说明当群体信息熵达到最大时 ,群体基因型频率不再变化 ,即达到“平衡”。这证明了最大熵分布就是Hardy Weinberg平衡分布。Hardy Weinberg平衡定律与最大信息熵原理的内在一致性说明 ,杂交和随机交配是一个不可逆过程 ,使群体基因型信息熵增大 ,无序性增加 ,而选择和近亲交配使群体的信息熵降低 ,有序性增加 ,育种过程实际就是调节群体信息熵的过程。信息熵的含义是表示一个概率分布的不确定性 ,最大熵原理意味着在一定的约束条件下 ,选择具有最大不确定性的分布 ,从而其分布是最为随机的。最大熵原理在信息、工程、天文、地理、图像处理、模式识别等自然科学和社会科学领域都有广泛的成功应用 ,本文从群体遗传学角度证明了这一原理具有普遍适用性。熵是描述系统状态的函数 ,而最大熵原理则表明了系统发展变化的趋势 ,系统的最终状态必然是熵增加至最大值的状态 ,对于任何系统都是如此。因此 ,群体遗传系统的平衡定律可以统一用最大熵原理进行判定和描述 :任意群体的基因型信息熵在随机交配世代传递时有不断增加的趋势 ;在一定约束条件下基因型信息熵达到?

油纸绝缘微水扩散的暂态分布模型

用费克(Fick)第二扩散定律推导油纸绝缘中微水扩散的方程,通过分析边界条件并用数值分析法求解该偏微分方程,得到不同时刻绝缘纸中微水浓度随厚度变化的分布曲线,通过对这些分布曲线的积分计算获得绝缘纸中平均微水浓度随时间的变化曲线,数学分析和实验结果都表明该曲线符合指数函数,但该指数函数的平衡时间受温度、油纸绝缘中微水的稳态浓度、绝缘纸的厚度和透水方式等因素的影响,计算机仿真表明这几种因素对平衡时间的影响是互相独立的。最后通过求取所有单个因素下的平衡时间计算式,综合得到多个因素下的平衡时间的计算方程式。

关于最大信息熵原理与群体遗传平衡一致性的探讨

汪小龙等建立了用最大信息熵原理推导一个基因座上群体遗传平衡的统一数学模型,并给出了模型的最大值解,此解正是Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律所给出的基因型频率。这说明当群体基因型信息熵最大时,群体基因型频率不再变化,达到平衡状态,从而证明了最大信息熵原理与Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律具有一致性,同时指出这一结论可以推广至有迁移、突变、选择、遗传漂变、近亲交配的群体以及多个基因座情形。概括地说就是:最大信息熵原理与群体遗传平衡具有一致性。但是,他们仅仅证明了最大信息熵原理与一个基因座上Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律具有一致性,该文在这个范围内将其推广至多个基因座,且每一个基因座均为复等位基因情形。至于最大信息熵原理是否与其他的群体遗传平衡具有一致性,他们的结论仅仅是猜想,并未严格推导。事实上,要想将这种一致性推广到迁移、突变、随机漂变和近亲交配等群体,则不见得正确。

从激励悖论看我国的环境执法问题

通过案例分析提出了我国目前普遍存在的环境执法问题,在此基础上建立了执法人员和排污企业之间基于完全信息的静态博弈模型,解出了混合策略纳什均衡解,分析了执法人员和排污企业选择策略的概率分布,得出与通常直观相反的结论:要想长期改善和保持环境,加大对执法人员的惩罚比加大对排污企业的惩罚更有效,对解决我国目前的环境执法问题提出了相应对策。