Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,tra...Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,transaction performance and scalability has become the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain.Due to its inability to meet the demands of high-frequency trading,blockchain cannot be adopted in many scenarios.To improve the transaction capacity,researchers have proposed some on-chain scaling technologies,including lightning networks,directed acyclic graph technology,state channels,and shardingmechanisms,inwhich sharding emerges as a potential scaling technology.Nevertheless,excessive cross-shard transactions and uneven shard workloads prevent the sharding mechanism from achieving the expected aim.This paper proposes a graphbased sharding scheme for public blockchain to efficiently balance the transaction distribution.Bymitigating crossshard transactions and evening-out workloads among shards,the scheme reduces transaction confirmation latency and enhances the transaction capacity of the blockchain.Therefore,the scheme can achieve a high-frequency transaction as well as a better blockchain scalability.Experiments results show that the scheme effectively reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio to a range of 35%-56%and significantly decreases the transaction confirmation latency to 6 s in a blockchain with no more than 25 shards.展开更多
Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on...Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on the blockchain scheme to design the traceability scheme of TCM to trace its origin.Although these schemes can ensure the integrity,sharability,credibility,and immutability of TCM more effectively,many problems are exposed with the rapid growth of TCM data in blockchains,such as expensive overhead,performance bottlenecks,and the traditional blockchain architecture is unsuitable for TCM data with dynamic growth.Motivated by the aforementioned problems,we propose a novel and lightweight TCM traceability architecture based on the blockchain using sharding(LBS-TCM).Compared to the existing blockchain-based TCM traceability system,our architecture utilizes sharding to develop a novel traceability mechanism that supports more convenient traceability operations for TCM requirements such as uploading,querying,and downloading.Specifically,our architecture consists of a leader shard blockchain layer as its main component,which employs a sharding mechanism to conveniently TCM tracing.Empirical evaluations demonstrated that our architecture showed better performance in many aspects compared to traditional blockchain architectures,such as TCM transaction processing,TCM transaction querying,TCM uploading,etc.In our architecture,tracing TCM has become a very efficient operation,which ensures the quality of TCM and provides great convenience for subsequent TCM analysis and retrospective research.展开更多
Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things...Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things(IoT).Nevertheless,the traditional random allocation between validator groups and transaction pools ignores the differences of shards,which reduces the overall system per-formance due to the unbalance between computing capacity and transaction load.To solve this prob-lem,a load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled IoT is proposed,where the allocation between the validator groups and transaction pools is implemented reasonably by deep reinforcement learning(DRL).Specifically,based on the theoretical analysis of the intra-shard consensus and the final system consensus,the optimization of system performance is formed as a Markov decision process(MDP),and the allocation of the transaction pools,the block size,and the block interval are jointly trained in the DRL agent.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the scalability of the sharded blockchain system for IoT.展开更多
主从区块链是一种面向领域的、采用高效密码学原理进行大数据可信化通信及存储的新型信息处理技术.随着领域数据规模的指数级增长,现有主从区块链系统存在的查询效率低、溯源时间长等问题愈发严重.针对这些问题,提出一种面向主从区块链...主从区块链是一种面向领域的、采用高效密码学原理进行大数据可信化通信及存储的新型信息处理技术.随着领域数据规模的指数级增长,现有主从区块链系统存在的查询效率低、溯源时间长等问题愈发严重.针对这些问题,提出一种面向主从区块链的多级索引构建方法(multi-level index construction method for master-slave blockchain,MSMLI).首先,MSMLI引入权重矩阵,基于主链结构将整个主从区块链进行分片,并对各个分片进行权重赋值;其次,针对每个分片内的主区块链,提出基于跳跃一致性哈希的主链索引构建方法(master chain index construction method based on jump consistent Hash,JHMI),输入节点关键值和索引槽位数量,输出主链索引;最后,引入布隆过滤器,改进基于列的选择函数,对各个主区块对应的从属区块链构建2级复合索引.在3种约束条件和2类数据集上的实验结果表明,MSMLI对比现有方法,平均能够缩减9.28%的索引构建时间,提升12.07%的查询效率,同时降低24.4%的内存开销.展开更多
高效安全的数据共享对于智能车联网的深度应用至关重要,在相互不信任的车辆之间实现可信的数据共享成为当前研究的热点.区块链技术以其防篡改、可追溯等特点,成为支撑智能车联网数据共享流通的主要途径之一.现有基于区块链的车联网数据...高效安全的数据共享对于智能车联网的深度应用至关重要,在相互不信任的车辆之间实现可信的数据共享成为当前研究的热点.区块链技术以其防篡改、可追溯等特点,成为支撑智能车联网数据共享流通的主要途径之一.现有基于区块链的车联网数据共享方案,存在吞吐量小、安全性低等不足.引入区块链分片方法,提出基于机器学习的分片算法,将地理位置相近的路侧单元(road side unit,RSU)划分到同一分片,并迭代单个分片的数据共享最优负载,降低了片内通信延迟进而提高了吞吐量,平衡了不同分片之间的数据共享负载.为避免单个分片的贿赂攻击,提出了基于声誉的片内共识协议与监督人机制.选举具有高声誉的RSU参与片内共识过程,并动态计算RSU的最新声誉.设定声誉度高的RSU担任监督员,监督员可定期对不同分片产生的区块进行合法性验证.通过性能评估和安全性分析,证明方案有助于提升智能车联网数据共享的高效性和安全性.展开更多
区块链面临可拓展性问题.分片通过将区块链网络划分成多个子网络,并行处理交易,从而提升系统性能.但分片易导致恶意节点聚集,发动51%攻击,影响系统安全,现有的单维信誉方案存在重分配过程开销大和分片间共识不足的问题,性能与安全无法保...区块链面临可拓展性问题.分片通过将区块链网络划分成多个子网络,并行处理交易,从而提升系统性能.但分片易导致恶意节点聚集,发动51%攻击,影响系统安全,现有的单维信誉方案存在重分配过程开销大和分片间共识不足的问题,性能与安全无法保证.针对上述问题,提出基于多维信誉的区块链安全分片方案.首先,综合节点多维指标,保证分片信誉与计算通信能力均衡,识别恶意节点.其次,提出双阶段重分配方案,通过第1阶段部分重分配和第2阶段全部重分配,减少重分配频次,降低开销.最后,设计基于多维信誉的快速拜占庭容错共识(multi-dimensional reputation based fastByzantinefault-tolerantconsensus,MRFBFT),将投票权与信誉结合,并在分片领导节点间增设一次共识,防止恶意行为.实验结果表明,各分片信誉和计算通信水平更均衡,共识时延大约降低20%,吞吐量提升15%左右.展开更多
基金supported by Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China(2021CXGC010107,2020CXGC010107)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2020KF035)the New 20 Project of Higher Education of Jinan,China(202228017).
文摘Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,transaction performance and scalability has become the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain.Due to its inability to meet the demands of high-frequency trading,blockchain cannot be adopted in many scenarios.To improve the transaction capacity,researchers have proposed some on-chain scaling technologies,including lightning networks,directed acyclic graph technology,state channels,and shardingmechanisms,inwhich sharding emerges as a potential scaling technology.Nevertheless,excessive cross-shard transactions and uneven shard workloads prevent the sharding mechanism from achieving the expected aim.This paper proposes a graphbased sharding scheme for public blockchain to efficiently balance the transaction distribution.Bymitigating crossshard transactions and evening-out workloads among shards,the scheme reduces transaction confirmation latency and enhances the transaction capacity of the blockchain.Therefore,the scheme can achieve a high-frequency transaction as well as a better blockchain scalability.Experiments results show that the scheme effectively reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio to a range of 35%-56%and significantly decreases the transaction confirmation latency to 6 s in a blockchain with no more than 25 shards.
基金supported by the research and innovation program for graduate students of the Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineThis work is also partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1710402)the research on tracing TCM Electronic Medical Records Based on the Lightweight Blockchain of Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine(20222045).
文摘Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on the blockchain scheme to design the traceability scheme of TCM to trace its origin.Although these schemes can ensure the integrity,sharability,credibility,and immutability of TCM more effectively,many problems are exposed with the rapid growth of TCM data in blockchains,such as expensive overhead,performance bottlenecks,and the traditional blockchain architecture is unsuitable for TCM data with dynamic growth.Motivated by the aforementioned problems,we propose a novel and lightweight TCM traceability architecture based on the blockchain using sharding(LBS-TCM).Compared to the existing blockchain-based TCM traceability system,our architecture utilizes sharding to develop a novel traceability mechanism that supports more convenient traceability operations for TCM requirements such as uploading,querying,and downloading.Specifically,our architecture consists of a leader shard blockchain layer as its main component,which employs a sharding mechanism to conveniently TCM tracing.Empirical evaluations demonstrated that our architecture showed better performance in many aspects compared to traditional blockchain architectures,such as TCM transaction processing,TCM transaction querying,TCM uploading,etc.In our architecture,tracing TCM has become a very efficient operation,which ensures the quality of TCM and provides great convenience for subsequent TCM analysis and retrospective research.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61901011)the Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Edu-cation(No.KM202010005017,KM202110005021).
文摘Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things(IoT).Nevertheless,the traditional random allocation between validator groups and transaction pools ignores the differences of shards,which reduces the overall system per-formance due to the unbalance between computing capacity and transaction load.To solve this prob-lem,a load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled IoT is proposed,where the allocation between the validator groups and transaction pools is implemented reasonably by deep reinforcement learning(DRL).Specifically,based on the theoretical analysis of the intra-shard consensus and the final system consensus,the optimization of system performance is formed as a Markov decision process(MDP),and the allocation of the transaction pools,the block size,and the block interval are jointly trained in the DRL agent.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the scalability of the sharded blockchain system for IoT.
文摘主从区块链是一种面向领域的、采用高效密码学原理进行大数据可信化通信及存储的新型信息处理技术.随着领域数据规模的指数级增长,现有主从区块链系统存在的查询效率低、溯源时间长等问题愈发严重.针对这些问题,提出一种面向主从区块链的多级索引构建方法(multi-level index construction method for master-slave blockchain,MSMLI).首先,MSMLI引入权重矩阵,基于主链结构将整个主从区块链进行分片,并对各个分片进行权重赋值;其次,针对每个分片内的主区块链,提出基于跳跃一致性哈希的主链索引构建方法(master chain index construction method based on jump consistent Hash,JHMI),输入节点关键值和索引槽位数量,输出主链索引;最后,引入布隆过滤器,改进基于列的选择函数,对各个主区块对应的从属区块链构建2级复合索引.在3种约束条件和2类数据集上的实验结果表明,MSMLI对比现有方法,平均能够缩减9.28%的索引构建时间,提升12.07%的查询效率,同时降低24.4%的内存开销.
文摘高效安全的数据共享对于智能车联网的深度应用至关重要,在相互不信任的车辆之间实现可信的数据共享成为当前研究的热点.区块链技术以其防篡改、可追溯等特点,成为支撑智能车联网数据共享流通的主要途径之一.现有基于区块链的车联网数据共享方案,存在吞吐量小、安全性低等不足.引入区块链分片方法,提出基于机器学习的分片算法,将地理位置相近的路侧单元(road side unit,RSU)划分到同一分片,并迭代单个分片的数据共享最优负载,降低了片内通信延迟进而提高了吞吐量,平衡了不同分片之间的数据共享负载.为避免单个分片的贿赂攻击,提出了基于声誉的片内共识协议与监督人机制.选举具有高声誉的RSU参与片内共识过程,并动态计算RSU的最新声誉.设定声誉度高的RSU担任监督员,监督员可定期对不同分片产生的区块进行合法性验证.通过性能评估和安全性分析,证明方案有助于提升智能车联网数据共享的高效性和安全性.
文摘区块链面临可拓展性问题.分片通过将区块链网络划分成多个子网络,并行处理交易,从而提升系统性能.但分片易导致恶意节点聚集,发动51%攻击,影响系统安全,现有的单维信誉方案存在重分配过程开销大和分片间共识不足的问题,性能与安全无法保证.针对上述问题,提出基于多维信誉的区块链安全分片方案.首先,综合节点多维指标,保证分片信誉与计算通信能力均衡,识别恶意节点.其次,提出双阶段重分配方案,通过第1阶段部分重分配和第2阶段全部重分配,减少重分配频次,降低开销.最后,设计基于多维信誉的快速拜占庭容错共识(multi-dimensional reputation based fastByzantinefault-tolerantconsensus,MRFBFT),将投票权与信誉结合,并在分片领导节点间增设一次共识,防止恶意行为.实验结果表明,各分片信誉和计算通信水平更均衡,共识时延大约降低20%,吞吐量提升15%左右.