Atmospheric Circulation and Dynamic Mechanism for Persistent Haze Events in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

In this study, regional persistent haze events（RPHEs） in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei（BTH） region were identified based on the Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events for the period 1980–2013. The formation mechanisms of the severe RPHEs were investigated with focus on the atmospheric circulation and dynamic mechanisms. Results indicated that：（1） 49 RPHEs occurred during the past 34 years.（2） The severe RPHEs could be categorized into two types according to the large-scale circulation, i.e. the zonal westerly airflow（ZWA） type and the high-pressure ridge（HPR） type. When the ZWA-type RPHEs occurred, the BTH region was controlled by near zonal westerly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere.Southwesterly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere, and near-surface wind speeds were only 1–2 ms^-1. Warm and humid air originating from the northwestern Pacific was transported into the region, where the relative humidity was 70% to 80%, creating favorable moisture conditions. When the HPR-type RPHEs appeared, northwesterly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere controlled the region. Westerly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere and the moisture conditions were relatively weak.（3） Descending motion in the mid-lower troposphere caused by the above two circulation types provided a crucial dynamic mechanism for the formation of the two types of RPHEs. The descending motion contributed to a reduction in the height of the planetary boundary layer（PBL）, which generated an inversion in the lower troposphere. This inversion trapped the abundant pollution and moisture in the lower PBL, leading to high concentrations of pollutants.

Meteorological conditions for the persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in January 2013

In January 2013,a severe fog and haze event(FHE)of strong intensity,long duration,and extensive coverage occurred in eastern China.The present study investigates meteorological conditions for this FHE by diagnosing both its atmospheric background fields and daily evolution in January 2013.The results show that a weak East Asian winter monsoon existed in January2013.Over eastern China,the anomalous southerly winds in the middle and lower troposphere are favorable for more water vapor transported to eastern China.An anomalous high at 500 hPa suppresses convection.The weakened surface winds are favorable for the fog and haze concentrating in eastern China.The reduction of the vertical shear of horizontal winds weakens the synoptic disturbances and vertical mixing of atmosphere.The anomalous inversion in near-surface increases the stability of surface air.All these meteorological background fields in January 2013 were conducive to the maintenance and development of fog and haze over eastern China.The diagnosis of the daily evolution of the FHE shows that the surface wind velocity and the vertical shear of horizontal winds in the middle and lower troposphere can exert dynamic effects on fog and haze.The larger(smaller)they are,the weaker(stronger)the fog and haze are.The thermodynamic effects include stratification instability in middle and lower troposphere and the inversion and dew-point deficit in near-surface.The larger(smaller)the stratification instability and the inversion are,the stronger(weaker)the fog and haze are.Meanwhile,the smaller(larger)the dewpoint deficit is,the stronger(weaker)the fog and haze are.Based on the meteorological factors,a multi-variate linear regression model is set up.The model results show that the dynamic and thermodynamic effects on the variance of the fog and haze evolution are almost the same.The contribution of the meteorological factors to the variance of the daily fog and haze evolution reaches 0.68,which explains more than 2/3 of the variance.

Characteristics of Boundary Layer Structure during a Persistent Haze Event in the Central Liaoning City Cluster, Northeast China

The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter（PM） concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer（ABL）. During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM_（2.5） and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility（VIS） in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed（WS） within the ABL（〈 2 km） decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time（LT） 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height（ABLH） estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_（2.5） in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event.The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.

Climatology of the Meteorological Factors Associated with Haze Events over Northern China and Their Potential Response to the Quasi-Biannual Oscillation

An upswing in haze weather during autumn and winter has been observed over North and Northeast China in re- cent years, imposing adverse impacts upon local socioeconomic development and human health. However, such an increase in the occurrence of haze events and its association with natural climate variability and climate change are not well understood. To investigate the climatology of the meteorological factors associated with haze events and their natural variability, this study uses a meteorological pollution index called PLAM （Parameter Linking Air-qual- ity to Meteorological conditions） and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The results suggest that high PLAM values tend to occur over southern parts of northem China, implying the weather conditions over this area are favorable for the occurrence of haze weather. For the period 1979-2014, the regional mean PLAM shows an overall increase across Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, and parts of Shanxi Province. Also, a periodicity of 28-34 months is found in the temporal variation of PLAM, which implies a potential association of PLAM with the stratospheric Quasi-Bian- nual Oscillation （QBO）. By using the QBO index during the autumn and winter seasons in the preceding year, an in- crease in PLAM is found for the westerly phases of the QBO, relative to the easterly phases. An upper-tropospheric warming is also found in the westerly phases, which can induce a stable stratification that favors the increase in PLAM across the midlatitudes. The modulations of large-scale environmental factors, including moist static stability, vertical velocity, and temperattu＇e advection, also act to enhance PLAM in the westerly phases. However, the baro- clinic term of moist potential vorticity at 700 hPa tends to decrease over the south, and an increase in low-level as- cent is found over the north. These factors can reduce PLAM and possibly limit the statistical significance of the in- creased PLAM in the westerly phases of the QBO.

Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Heavy Haze in Changchun City in Northeast China

Northeast China has been reported as having serious air pollution in China with increasing occurrences of severe haze epi- sodes. Changchun City, as the center of Northeast China, has longstanding industry and is an important agricultural base. Additionally, Changchun City has a long winter requiring heating of buildings emitting pollution into the air. These factors contribute to the complex- ity of haze pollution in this area. In order to analyze the causes of heavy haze, surface air quality has been monitored from 2013 to 2015. By using satellite and meteorological data, atmospheric pollution status, spatio-temporal variations and formation have been analyzed. Results indicated that the air quality in 88.9% of days exceeding air quality index （AQI） level-1 standard （AQI 〉50） according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard （NAAQS） of China. Conversely, 33.7% of the days showed a higher level with AQI 〉 100. Ex- treme haze events （AQI 〉 300） occurred frequently during agricultural harvesting period （from October 10 to November 10）, intensive winter heating period （from Late-December to February） and period of spring windblown dust （April and May）. Most daily concentra- tions of gaseous pollutants, i.e., NO2 （43.8 gg/m3）, CO （0.9 mg/m3）, SO2 （37.9 gg/m3）, and 03 （74.9 gg/m3） were evaluated within level-1 concentration limits of NAAQS standards. However, particulate matter （PM2.5 and PMI0） concentrations （67.3 ~tg/m3and 115.2 ~g/m3, respectively） were significantly higher than their level-1 limits. Severe haze in spring was caused by offsite transported dust and windblown surface soil. Heavy haze periods during fall and winter were mainly formed by intensive emissions of atmospheric pollutants and steady weather conditions （i.e., low wind speed and inversion layer）. The overlay emissions of widespread straw burning and coal combustion for heating were the dominant factors contributing to haze in autumn, while intensive coal burning during the coldest time was the primary component of total emissions. In addition, general emissions including automobile exhaust, road and construction dust, residential and industrial activities, have significantly increased in recent years, making heavy haze a more frequent occurrence. There- fore, both improved technological strategies and optimized pollution management on a regional scale are necessary to minimize emis- sions in specified seasons in Changchun City, as well as comprehensive control measures in Northeast China.

2016年冬季四川盆地一次重度灰霾事件形成机制研究

深入理解重度灰霾污染事件的形成和演化机制对于区域尺度空气质量的管控以及霾污染防治政策的制定具有重要的意义。本文应用中尺度气象模式WRF和区域空气质量模型CMAQ,结合实际观测数据,研究了2016年12月23日至2017年1月7日发生在四川盆地成都地区的一次重度灰霾事件。主要分析了在此污染期间气象要素场的时间变化,PM_(2.5)浓度和通风系数的时空变化,量化了各个物理化学过程对PM_(2.5)的相对贡献以及污染源区的分布,以研究此次重污染霾事件的形成和演化机制。研究表明:(1)霾事件期间低温和低风速的环境条件为污染物的积累创造了有利条件。(2)盆地北侧的偏北气流和南侧的偏西南气流以及较低的通风系数(大气的湍流扩散能力弱)是污染物积累的主要原因,成都地区PM_(2.5)浓度在东北气流的作用下达到峰值。污染物的消散主要是因为偏北气流的加强和较高的通风系数(大气的湍流扩散能力强)。(3)此次霾事件中气溶胶过程和排放源的正贡献加强,PM_(2.5)的增加主要在夜间(平流过程和扩散过程的负贡献减弱)且增加幅度更大,使得PM_(2.5)总体上逐渐增加。(4)PSCF和CWT分析表明,在此次霾事件期间,致使成都地区PM_(2.5)浓度升高的主要气流为其东北方向和西南方向的气流,潜在的污染源区在总体上呈东北-西南向的分布状态。

黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度与微雨事件的权衡−协同关系演化

基于权衡−协同关系视角,从长时间序列和多层次空间尺度探讨1998—2017年黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度与微雨事件的作用关系、时空演化及地域分异。结果表明:①黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件均表现出以5 a或4 a为周期的“三峰三谷”波动小幅上升趋势。②PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件间的作用关系呈现出“过程上的协同性+增量上的权衡性”特征;从过程演化来看,协同关系是研究期内黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件的主导关系,但从基于倾斜率的增量变化上看,二者以异向的权衡关系为主导,表明微雨事件的强化在黄土高原未来的雾霾治理中具有重要意义。③不同微雨事件指标与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的空间关系和演化趋势存在差异;冬春季节微雨事件,尤其是冬春微雨天数与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的作用关系明显强于年尺度。④PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件权衡−协同关系及演化在不同治理分区差异显著,城镇化和工业化水平较高的河谷平原区和土石山区是二者关系敏感区。

2013年1月京津冀地区强雾霾频发成因初探

基于2001-2013年的气象观测数据和环境空气质量监测数据,针对京津冀地区1月同期的雾霾天数、能见度、环境空气污染物浓度等展开分析,结果表明:2013年1月京津冀地区平均雾霾天数发生了21.7 d;污染物浓度超标严重,高浓度的颗粒物成为强雾霾频发的重要原因,PM10月均浓度为0.317 mg/m3,PM2.5为0.219 mg/m3;1月份京津冀地区气象要素表现为地面风速小、相对湿度高、大气层结稳定,更加促进大气污染物累积,并有利于颗粒物吸湿增长,致使空气质量恶化,强雾霾事件频发。

1981-2013年京津冀持续性霾天气的气候特征

近年来我国不断增多的霾天气的一个显著特征就是持续性增强,为此,本文利用1981—2013年京津冀霾日统计资料,对京津冀持续性霾事件(定义为连续2 d及以上有烟或霾发生的天气)的基本时空分布特征和变化趋势进行了详细分析,结果表明:京津冀地区1981—2013年非持续性霾日数没有显著的变化趋势,持续性霾日数及其所占百分率均呈显著增加趋势,持续性霾日数的增加是总的霾天气增加的主要原因。持续性霾天气主要集中在北京、天津北部和河北西南部,年平均持续性霾日数占到霾的年总日数一半以上。持续性霾高发区的范围呈现年代际增大趋势,2000年之后扩展趋势显著加速。

秸秆焚烧导致湖北中东部一次严重霾天气过程的分析

利用地面气象要素、火点信息及污染物资料,研究了2014年6月12～13日湖北省中东部地区一次重度霾天气的成因及污染特征。结果表明：导致此次霾天气的主要原因是安徽省北部大面积秸秆焚烧所形成污染气团受偏东北气流输送的影响,12日在湖北中东部形成了两条＂带状＂的能见度低值区,最低能见度仅为2.1 km。秸秆焚烧污染物输送气流由北向南影响湖北,主要作用于孝感—武汉—咸宁一带,3个地区细颗粒物（PM2.5）峰值浓度均超过了600μg/m^3,且武汉和孝感的PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比值在12日增加到0.76和0.77,并出现了0.96和0.93的最大值,随着污染气团的传输,其中PM2.5所占比例会出现明显下降。SO2质量浓度的变化特征不显著,NO2质量浓度在污染物质量浓度达到峰值前1～3 h达到峰值,而CO是秸秆焚烧产生的主要污染气体,其质量浓度变化与PM2.5和PM10呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.66和0.67。风矢量和分析表明：6月12日湖北省中东部存在明显的东北来向气流输送,污染物的输送是该时段霾天气发生的主要影响因子,而6月13日湖北省东北边界处的输送气流已经明显减弱消失,东南部风矢量和异常偏小导致的污染物堆积是该地区污染持续的主要原因。

吉林省雾霾和雾霾事件的时空特征及评估方法

利用1961~2013年吉林省50站逐日资料,建立了雾霾事件综合指数。在此基础上,采用百分位数、累计距平、耿贝尔极值分布等方法分析了吉林省雾霾和雾霾事件的时空分布特征,建立雾霾事件评估指标。结果表明:吉林省年平均雾霾日数呈由西北向东南增加的空间分布特征;雾霾和雾霾事件8~9月发生频率较高,强雾霾事件主要出现在10~11月;雾霾和雾霾事件1967~1995年为偏多阶段,1996~2013年处于偏少阶段;1990年代以后雾霾和雾霾事件呈减少趋势。利用历史排位、等级评估及历史气候重现期评估指标等方法对雾霾事件进行的评估结果较为客观,便于业务应用。

1970—2013年石家庄地区霾变化特征

利用1970—2013年石家庄地区17个县市的地面气象观测资料分析了霾的空间变化特征。结果表明:1970—2013年石家庄年霾日数的区域分布变化较大,由中东部平原霾日数多、西北部山区霾日数少的分布转变为西南部地区霾日数多、中东部地区霾日数少,这种空间分布在2010年后更显著。随着经济快速发展,石家庄市西部山区丰富的矿产资源被开采,大量排放的SO2、NOX和VOCS等污染物发生光化学反应,有利于气溶胶的转化形成;除本地污染物排放外,受太行山阻挡,在一定天气背景下东南部地区污染物向山前汇聚,区域性污染输送也是西部山区污染严重的成因。石家庄地区持续性霾事件日数占霾总日数的50%以上,霾持续日数超过4d和8d分别为中等持续性霾事件与极端持续性霾事件;中等持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为9.8次,极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为1.6次。以南—东北向铁路线为分界,石家庄区域呈中东部和南部县市(无极、正定、藁城、栾城、赵县)极端持续性霾事件较多、西北部3县市(平山、行唐、灵寿)和东部3县市(晋州、深泽、辛集)极端持续性霾事件少的分布。石家庄市中等持续性霾事件在12月和1月发生次数最多,6—8月中等持续性霾事件发生最少;极端持续性霾事件主要出现在11月至翌年2月,其中1月极端持续性霾事件发生的可能性最大,年平均发生次数为0.4次,其他月份极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数不足0.2次,极端持续性霾事件的发生概率较小。

雾霾天气对天津市太阳辐射影响的量化研究

基于2005—2016年天津市13个地面气象观测站的观测资料,探讨了近12 a天津市雾霾天气的空间分布,同时以西青站为例,基于西青站太阳辐射观测数据定量分析了雾霾天气对天津市太阳辐射的影响。结果表明:2005—2016年天津市雾霾天气总体呈北多南少的空间分布特征,雾霾日数高值区分布在宝坻蓟州地区,而滨海新区南部地区雾霾天气发生最少。2005—2016年天津市雾霾日数总体呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,秋季和冬季易形成逆温,不利的扩散条件使雾霾天气频发,因此秋季和冬季应重点防治雾霾天气。近12 a天津地区冬季雾霾天气对太阳辐射的影响率最大。随着雾霾天气持续日数的递增,天津地区雾霾天气发生频次呈幂函数的形式递减,但雾霾天气对太阳辐射的削弱作用逐渐增加,持续6 d的雾霾天气使太阳辐射比背景值下降57.14%。雾霾天气持续发生发展对冬季北方地区设施农业生产及太阳能发电等行业影响较大,应采取适当的应对策略,尽可能减小灾害损失。

采用二流式算法的GOCI／AOT反演方法及其应用

针对静止海洋水色传感器(GOCI)2.1μm短波红外通道缺失和高太阳天顶角的特点,采用二流式算法,并考虑气溶胶的折射率、地球曲率等因素,重新计算地表反射率、表观反射率以及反演GOCI气溶胶光学厚度(AOT).结果表明:参数重新计算后的GOCI\AOT反演精度明显增高;根据目前广泛使用的实测AOT(440nm)>1.00霾判定阈值,采用线性内插方法,建议GOCI\AOT以AOT(555nm)>0.81作为霾判定阈值;中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)是业务化的极轨卫星,GOCI\AOT整体略大于MODIS\AOT,拟合精度R2=0.82.以2015年11月27日至同年12月2日华北地区发生的霾事件为例,结合具有大范围观测能力的MODIS卫星,多源遥感监测方法有效地反映了该霾事件的动态发展过程.

中国灰霾事件及霾日健康影响研究

综述近年我国灰霾事件或霾日的健康效应研究现况。通过CNKI、万方、维普、Pub Med、Web of Science、Springer Link和Science Direct等数据库检索2000年1月—2016年3月已发表的中英文文献,简要概述我国霾污染及2013年灰霾事件的发生情况,总结分析我国灰霾事件及霾日门急诊量、应急呼救、住院情况、死亡风险和其他健康风险的研究结果,提出我国灰霾与健康目前亟须解决的科学问题,为今后的相关研究提供参考。

2012年冬季北京三种高影响天气的关联与成因分析

2012年冬季,北京地区经历了12月持续低温寒冷、2013年1月持续雾霾和1月31日突发冻雨三种高影响天气。这三种高影响天气给北京这座特大型城市带来了许多不利影响,一度成为全社会关注的焦点。文章利用常规气象观测资料和大气成分观测资料,分析了这三种高影响天气的成因以及它们之间的内在联系,结果表明:(1)冷空气活动频繁并且强度偏强是持续低温的主要原因,并且此次持续低温寒冷是导致后期雾霾频发和冻雨的重要原因。(2)从大气稳定度角度对雾霾的发生所作的气象学分析,发现:水平稳定度上,冷暖平流表现出的水平稳定度对应了污染物浓度的高低,暖平流对应了污染物浓度增加,并在暖平流转为冷平流时堆积到最大值,而冷平流对应了污染物浓度的降低,冷平流转为暖平流时浓度最低;垂直稳定度上,前期低温寒冷导致的边界层气温偏冷和空中干暖平流共同造成的边界层顶强逆温极强地抑制了污染物垂直方向的扩散,对于雾霾堆积起了很大作用。(3)从大气温湿层结角度对冻雨的发生做了分析,发现:低空偏冷和空中回暖造成了1月31日08时空中逆温的层结结构,而温湿层结正好使饱和层的温度在-10～0℃之间,并且有足够厚的-4～0℃的饱和层使得过冷水含量很高,是冻雨发生的充分条件。上述三种天气虽然是极端天气,但关注前期低温寒冷导致的低空偏冷和空中快速回暖都能使雾霾和冻雨具有一定的预报性。而一个极端天气的出现,其可能引发的其他极端天气事件也要引起关注。

桂林市霾天气的潜势预报模型研究

利用2012年1月~2015年12月桂林国家基本气象站观测到的地面、高空气象观测资料及大气成分观测资料,从污染物浓度、水汽、风速、大气层结、降水等几个方面初选了29个预报因子,根据这些因子与霾天气相关程度,选取相关显著的因子,分别用事件概率回归、逻辑回归、指数叠加等3种方法建立桂林霾天气的潜势预报模型。结果表明:3种潜势预报模型中Logistic无论是在回报还是预报检验中效果都最好,其中在预报检验中空报率、漏报率、TS评分、准确率分别为32.0%、34.5%、50.2%、80.3%,事件概率回归、指数叠加建立模型效果稍差,但事件概率模型漏报率只有21.4%。整体而言,3种模型预报效果稳定,TS预报评分都在50%左右,准确率均超过74%,在实际预报中有较好地参考价值。

北京上甸子典型天气个例的大气气溶胶数谱分布特征

使用差分淌度粒径分析仪(TDMPS)和空气动力学粒径分析仪(APS)对上甸子区域本底站气溶胶(直径3nm^10μm)数谱分布特征进行观测。利用2008年的观测结果,分析了不同天气(包括沙尘天气、干洁天气和雾霾天气)条件下大气气溶胶数谱分布及其与气象要素和气团来源的关系。结果表明,沙尘天气条件下,上甸子站受西北方向的气团控制,风速较大,粗粒子数浓度明显增加,PM10的质量浓度可以迅速增加到毫克每立方米(mg·m-3)的量级。典型的"香蕉型"新粒子生成事件通常发生在比较干洁晴朗的天气条件下,西北气团主导,大气中背景气溶胶数浓度较低,核模态气溶胶数浓度迅速增长,气溶胶的粒径呈现明显的增长过程,核模态可以平稳地增长到约80nm,达到成为云凝结核的尺度。雾霾天气通常是在西南气团影响下,细颗粒物(1μm以下)不断累积、相对湿度不断升高的条件下发生的。雾霾天气条件下数谱分布的几何中值粒径出现在积聚模态,积聚模态数浓度也高于非雾霾天。个例研究表明,雾霾天气条件下,PM2.5质量浓度可以达到非雾霾天的10倍左右,其中以细颗粒物的贡献为主。在雾霾天气条件下,上甸子站数浓度较高的积聚模态颗粒物主要来自城区的传输,因此对背景地区气溶胶数谱的研究可以为解析城区气溶胶复杂来源提供依据。

1981～2015年华北地区持续霾事件的特征及其环流分类研究

根据1981~2015年华北地区地面基本气象要素定时值数据集和地面气候日值数据集站点资料,分别利用14时实测值法和目标区域极端事件的客观识别方法挑选霾日数和持续霾事件,并分析了它们的特征;然后对持续霾事件进行了分类研究。结果表明:(1)华北地区霾日数空间分布极不均匀,有4个大值区:吕梁山和太行山之间的河谷地区、沿太行山以东的平原、河南北部、环黄海和渤海地区。(2)华北地区共挑选出111个持续霾事件,其中,持续3~5 d的事件最多,占了总数的86.5%,最长的事件可达12 d。(3)持续霾事件和霾日数的空间分布特征相似,且存在明显的年、季变化。1981~2015年持续霾事件数呈增加趋势,冬季增加最显著,其次是秋季和春季,夏季最少。(4)结合地形、霾日数、持续霾事件的分布和环流特征把持续霾事件分为7类,对发生频次较多的4类(华北地区型,河南北部及太行山以东的平原型,河南北部型,河南北部及环渤海、黄海地区型)的环流进行了对比分析。其环流形势的主要特征包括:对流层的中低层华北地区为纬向西风气流或脊前西北气流,我国南部或东南部地区高压西部的西南气流与华北地区的偏西气流产生弱辐合下沉气流;近地面层由于地形的影响形成垂直环流圈,霾最严重的地区一般出现在地形的东坡和垂直环流圈的下沉支。近地面东南气流和低层的西南气流向该地区输送了暖湿空气和污染物。华北地区霾发生位置的不同,主要由低层我国东部或者南部高压的位置和强度,以及局地垂直环流的下沉支的位置决定。这些研究结果可以为华北地区持续性霾的防控提供参考。

1980～2014年中国中东部持续性霾天气的多尺度变化特征

对1980~2014年中国中东部地区324个台站的持续性霾天气的时空变化和相关气象影响因子进行分析,结果表明:中东部地区年平均持续性霾事件和其在所有霾事件的贡献比例逐年增加,增长率分别为0.79(10 a)^-1和2.7%(10 a)^-1。主要表现为3个大值区:华北平原地区(包括山西省、京津冀地区)、长江三角洲和四川盆地东部,增加最显著的区域位于黄淮地区,增长率分别为6.3(10 a)^-1、13.95 d(10 a)^-1。1月是持续性霾事件的高发月,月均2.56 d。夏季和秋季持续性霾事件增加最为明显,增长率分别为0.38(10 a)^-1和0.46(10 a)^-1。不利的气象条件,如静风日数的增加,风速和大风日数的减少,以及不利的环流形势,如东亚冬季风的减弱,都可能造成持续性霾天气的增加和异常维持。