Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity.However,the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear.Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements（SEMO） that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface.Consequently,the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window.Thus,their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently.These analyses demonstrate that,contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface,there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface：a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism.That is,the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media.Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method,such as head wave travel-time tomography,and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas,such as the Tibetan Plateau.

Characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space

In this article, we analyze the dynamic characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space media models with high-velocity layer or low-velocity layer, and the model with a continuous transition-zone between the crust and the mantle by using synthetic seismogram. It is concluded that the dynamic characteristics of head wave are sensitive to the thickness and velocity of the high-velocity layer. There is obvious diffraction phenomenon of seismic wave if the thickness of high-velocity layer is very small compared with the characteristic wavelength. In this case, the high-velocity layer cannot shield the head wave propagating along the upper interface of the media below it, and the amplitude of this head wave is proportional to the thickness or the velocity of the high-velocity layer. When the thickness of high-velocity layer is nearly identical to the characteristic wavelength of seismic wave, the wave phases reflected from the bottom of the high-velocity layer and the head wave phase may have very close arrival and weaken each other because of destructive interference. As to low-velocity layer, the amplitude of the head wave is weak and decreases with the velocity of this layer. It is also found that if a continuous transition-zone between the crust and the mantle is introduced, we can get a strong apparent head wave phase in synthetic seismogram and the amplitude of this phase increases with the thickness or velocity gradient of the transition-zone.

Effect of Ship Bow Overhang on Water Shipping for Ship Advancing in Regular Head Waves

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation dealing with the effect of bow overhang extensions on the quantity of shipping water over the foredeck in case of ships advancing in regular head waves. To perform this investigation, a series of free-running tests was conducted in regular waves using an experimental model of a multipurpose cargo ship to quantify the amount of shipping water. The tests were performed on five bow overhang variants with several combinations of wavelength and ship speed conditions. It was observed that the quantity of shipping water was affected by some parameters such as wavelength, ship speed, and bow shape in terms of an overhang extension. The results show the significant influence of an overhang extension, which is associated with the bow flare shape, on the occurrence of water shipping. These results involve the combined incoming regular waves and model speed.

Investigation of the Effect of Bulbuos Bow of Containership in Head Waves Using CFD

Reynold＇s averaged Navier-Stokes based CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique WISDAM developed at The University of Tokyo is used to investigate and compare the hydrodynamic loads on container ship models SR108 and KCS in 120 degree regular oblique wave conditions. WISDAM has the capability of handling 6DOF （six degrees of freedom） in ship motions. Finite volume method with structured and overlapping grid system is employed. The flow variables are described in staggered manner, i.e., velocity components arc defined at the face center while pressure is at the cell center. Computational results agree favorably well with existing towing tank results especially for ship motions. Computational results also show that ship with bulbous bow experience higher hydrodynamic loads on bow section.

Leaky modes and their contributions to the compressional head wave in a borehole excited by a dipole source

A method of studying the contributions of leaky modes to the wave field is presented based on the analysis of the Riemann surface structure of the characteristic function, and the sensitivities of con- tributions to various factors of interest are examimed. Numerical results show that their contributions to the compressional head wave are related to the distributions of complex poles on (-1, -1) and (0, -1) Riemann sheets on the frequency-wavenumber (ω - k) plane. For fast formations, their contributions are small, while for slow formations with large Poisson’s ratio, their contributions are large because of those complex poles with small imaginary parts near the compressional vertical branch cut. The decaying factor of the contributions of leaky modes is approximately proportional to 1/distance2.

GENERAL SOLUTION FOR INTERACTION OF SOLITARY WAVES INCLUDING HEAD-ON COLLISIONS

A general solution of the Boussinesq equation is presented which solves the problem of interaction of any number of right-going and left-going solitary waves.The solution relies on the exact solu- tion of Gardner,Greene,Kruskal,and Miura(1967),and has the same degree of accuracy as that solution, but has a wider scope of application.It is much simpler than,but as accurate as,Hirota's exact solu- tion(1973)of the Boussinesq equation,to which the present solution is compared for the simplest case of two solitary waves in head-on collision.

ON HEAD-ON COLLISION BETWEEN TWO GKDV SOLITARY WAVES IN A STRATIFIED FLUID

In this paper,using the reductive perturbation method combined with the PLK method and two-parameter expansions,we treat the problem of head-on collision between two solitary waves described by the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation (the gKdV equation) and obtain its second-order approximate solution.The results show that after the collision,the gKdV solitary waves preserve their profiles and during the collision,the maximum amplitute is the linear superposition of two maximum amplitudes of the impinging solitary waves.

Phase difference and interference between reflected cylindrical wave and head wave at a liquid/solid interface

The reflected field of pulsed cylindrical waves from a liquid-solid interface is studied by the numerical method and the experimental method. The reflected field is calculated and shown in gray pictures. The calculated incident angles θn (n=1, 2, 3, ...) of a series of minimums (or nulls) on the reflected wavefront are presented. The measured angle of the minimum from Schlieren photograph is consistent with that by calculation. The appearance of minimums is explained by the interference between the reflected wave and the head wave, and by the radiated dissipation of the head wave. The leading phase angle of the head wave to the reflected wave is proved to be about 3π/4 by the numerical calculation.

A Practical Speed Loss Prediction Model at Arbitrary Wave Heading for Ship Voyage Optimization

This paper proposes a semi-empirical model to predict a ship’s speed loss at arbitrary wave heading.In the model,the formulas that estimate a ship’s added resistance due to waves attacking from different heading angles have been further developed.A correction factor is proposed to consider the nonlinear effect due to large waves in power estimation.The formulas are developed and verified by model tests of 5 ships in regular waves with various heading angles.The full-scale measurements from three different types of ships,i.e.,a PCTC,a container ship,and a chemical tanker,are used to validate the proposed model for speed loss prediction in irregular waves.The effect of the improved model for speed loss prediction on a ship’s voyage optimization is also investigated.The results indicate that a ship’s voyage optimization solutions can be significantly affected by the prediction accuracy of speed loss caused by waves.

HEAD-ON COLLISION BETWEEN TWO mKdV SOLITARY WAVES IN A TWO-LAYER FLUID SYSTEM

In this paper, based on the equations presented in [2], the head-on collision between two solitary waves described by the modified KdV equation (the mKdVequation, for short) is investigated by using the reductive perturbation method combined with the PLK method. These waves propagate at the interface of a two-fluid system, in which the density ratio of the two fluids equals the square of the depth ratio of the fluids. The second order perturbation solution is obtained. It is found that in the case of disregarding the nonuniform phase shift, the solitary waves preserve their original profiles after collision, which agrees with Fornberg and Whitham's numerical result of overtaking collision[6] whereas after considering the nonuniform phase shift, the wave profiles may deform after collision.

Head-on collision between two hydroelastic solitary waves with Plotnikov-Toland's plate model

Head-on collision between two hydroelastic solitary waves propagating at the surface of an incompressible and ideal fluid covered by a thin ice sheet is analytically studied by means of a singular perturbation method. The ice sheet is represented by the Plotnikov-Toland model with the help of the special Cosserat theory of hyperelastic shells and the Kirchhoff-Love plate theory,which yields the nonlinear and conservative expression for the bending forces. The shallow water assumption is taken for the fluid motion with the Boussinesq approximation. The resulting governing equations are solved asymptotically with the aid of the Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo method,and the solutions up to the third order are explicitly presented. It is observed that solitary waves after collision do not change their shapes and amplitudes. The wave profile is symmetric before collision, and it becomes, after collision, unsymmetric and titled backward in the direction of wave propagation. The wave profile significantly reduces due to greater impacts of elastic plate and surface tension. A graphical comparison is presented with published results, and the graphical comparison between linear and nonlinear elastic plate models is also shown as a special case of our study.

Analytical Solution for the Transient Response of A Sloping Seabed Induced by A P-Wave Line Source

Many offshore marine structures are built on the seabed that are slightly or considerably sloping.To study the sloping seabed transient response during marine earthquakes,an analytical solution induced by a P-wave line source embedded in the solid is presented.During the derivation,the wave fields in the fluid layer and the semi-infinite solid are firstly constructed by using the generalized ray method and the fluid-solid interface reflection and transmission coefficients.Then,the analytical solution in the transformed domain is obtained by superposing these wave fields,and the analytical solution in the time domain by applying the analytical inverse Laplace transform method.The the head wave generation conditions and arrival times at the fluid-solid interface are derived through this solution.Through the use of numerical examples,the analytical solution is proved right and the impacts of the sloping angle on the hydrodynamic pressure in the sea,the seismic wave propagation in the seabed,the head wave,and the Scholte wave at the seawater-seabed interface are also addressed.

Prospects and Current Studies on the Fault Zone Seismic Waves

Deep structure and material properties of faults can be understood by observing and simulating the particular phase in a fault fracture zone. This paper reviews the development of fault-zone seismic waves in the seismological domain. The present research status of fault-zone head wave and trapped wave are summarized systematically. Based on recent progress in this field,the paper discusses the prospect on the utilization of seismic wave in fault structure research.

基于UG/WAVE的柴油机缸盖参数化设计

本文根据企业近年来对缸盖、气缸体等复杂零部件快速设计的需求,以缸盖为例介绍了这类复杂零部件快速设计的一般要求和方法。然后利用UG/WAVE技术对某柴油机缸盖进行了自顶向下的参数化设计,缩短了缸盖的改型和研发周期,提高了产品的市场竞争力。

高水压高应力岩石声波时域传播特性试验研究

地下工程岩体普遍处于水压力和地应力环境中,水压力和地应力共同控制着岩石的物理力学特性,研究高水压和高应力对岩石声波传播的影响特性,有利于揭示深部岩体工程开挖时围岩损伤演化、动态力学响应以及水压力和地应力的反演。基于自主研发的高水压高应力岩石声波测试系统,设置多组水压力和轴向静应力等级用于模拟地下水压力和地应力环境,对红砂岩和石灰岩进行声波传播试验。选取岩石声波首波波形,研究岩石声波波速、首波幅值和能量随水压力和轴向静应力的变化关系,构建岩石声学参数的演化经验模型。研究结果表明,当承受的轴向静应力确定时,红砂岩声波波速随水压力的增大呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,2者呈良好高斯函数关系,石灰岩声波波速随水压力的增加先快速升高后缓慢降低。当承受的水压力确定时,2种岩石声波波速随轴向静应力的增大均呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,红砂岩声波波速与轴向静应力呈高斯函数关系,且红砂岩声波波速变化显著,石灰岩变化较小。确定轴向静应力工况下,红砂岩首波幅值和能量随水压力的增加先平缓发展后快速降低,首波幅值与水压力呈指数函数的变化关系;石灰岩首波幅值和能量随水压力的增加先快速增加后平稳发展或略有降低。确定水压力工况下,红砂岩首波幅值和能量随轴向静应力的增加先升高后下降;石灰岩首波幅值和能量随轴向静应力的增大先快速上升后急剧减小。研究成果对深部高水压环境下岩体工程开挖围岩赋存状态表征、应力波传播以及邻近结构的稳定性分析提供理论基础。

井下电力电缆故障定位研究

针对传统井下电力电缆故障定位方法依赖主观参数选择和抗噪性能较差,无法满足强噪声背景下井下电力电缆故障精确定位要求的问题,提出了一种基于樽海鞘群算法(SSA)优化变分模态分解(VMD)并结合改进型Teager能量算子(NTEO)的井下电力电缆故障定位方法。针对VMD在信号分解上存在的模态混叠、过分解和欠分解问题,采用SSA以模糊熵为适应度函数对VMD模态数K和惩罚因子α2个参数进行优化,得到更能反映故障特征信息的本征模态函数;采用NTEO对本征模态函数进行首波波头标定,得到首末两端的波头到达时刻,根据双端测距法得出故障位置。采用PSCAD/EMTDC进行井下电力电缆故障仿真,模拟具有强背景噪声的井下故障信号,结果表明:①在理想电流信号中加入9,12 dB噪声后,SSA-VMD的信噪比最低,皮尔逊相关系数最大,说明SSA-VMD在最大程度降噪的同时,能很好地保留信号的特征信息。②在不同过渡电阻下,SSA-VMD-NTEO的定位精度较高。③在不同故障相角下,SSA-VMD-NTEO在采样点上出现不同,但定位位置没有改变,依旧保持较高的定位精度。④在不同故障距离下,SSA-VMD-NTEO均能保证较高的定位精度。⑤在井下较大噪声和10 MHz采样频率下,SSA-VMD-NTEO较小波模极大值和VMD+NTEO 2种方法的定位精度具有明显优势。

适用于直流保护的数学形态学降噪与噪声干扰识别方法

柔性直流输电系统是调节我国能源分布不均问题的重要手段,直流保护是保证柔直系统安全的重要技术。现有工程中多采用行波保护作为主保护,然而行波保护存在易受噪声影响、故障波头不易捕捉等问题,制约了其广泛应用。针对上述问题,提出数学形态学降噪与噪声干扰识别方法,并根据直流保护采样信号特点进行参数设计,用于直流保护采样信号降噪和噪声干扰的识别。首先,确定基于自适应多尺度形态滤波的直流信号降噪方法,并设计结构元素长度和形态学滤波器类型、自适应多尺度形态滤波器的滤波器阶数和步长。其次,确定基于形态学梯度变换的噪声干扰识别方法,并设计形态学梯度变换的阈值。接着,从不同角度对形态学降噪方法与现有典型信号处理方法的滤波效果进行对比分析。最后,对形态学降噪与噪声干扰识别方法和保护的配合效果进行验证。形态学降噪与噪声干扰识别方法所需采样频率较低,运算量适中,滤波效果好,对直流保护适用性好。

基于IPOA-LSSVM模型的高压直流输电线路故障定位

故障定位在长距离高压直流输电系统中起着至关重要的作用.针对线路衰减系数计算不准和二次波头难以捕捉的问题,提出了一种改进鹈鹕优化算法(IPOA)优化最小二乘支持向量(LSSVM)的故障定位模型.根据行波衰减原理,推导故障距离和线路两端线模分量模极大值比的计算公式,发现二者具有非线性关系.使用LSSVM泛化二者之间的关系,将改进后的POA算法对LSSVM的关键参数进行寻优,建立IPOA-LSSVM故障定位模型.通过在两端采集故障信号,对其进行小波变换得到首波头幅值比作为模型的输入量,故障距离作为输出量进行仿真验证.仿真结果表明,该模型不受过渡电阻和故障类型的影响,能够可靠准确地定位.

仙灵骨葆胶囊治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效观察

目的探讨仙灵骨葆胶囊联合冲击波对早期股骨头缺血性坏死患者血清细胞因子水平和骨密度的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将2020年6月—2022年6月河北中医学院附属医院收治的100例早期股骨头缺血性坏死患者分为A组和B组,各50例。两组均给予冲击波治疗,B组在此基础上给予仙灵骨葆胶囊。两组持续治疗1个月。比较两组治疗1个月后的临床疗效,治疗前、治疗1个月后的髋关节活动度、髋关节功能、疼痛程度、骨密度、影像学指标及血清细胞因子水平。结果治疗1个月后,B组总有效率高于A组[96.00%(48/50)vs 70.00(35/50),P<0.05]。与治疗前比较,治疗1个月后,两组髋关节屈曲、外展、外旋活动度、Harris评分、髋关节股骨粗隆、股骨颈、Ward′s三角骨密度、骨坏死区灰度、股骨头灰度及血清转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)、骨碱性磷酸酶(bone alkaline phosphatase,BAP)水平均升高,且B组高于A组;视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、骨坏死区体积及血清N-端骨钙素(N-terminal osteocalcin,N-MID)、总Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽(total type I procollagen amino terminal peptide,P1NP)水平均降低,且B组低于A组(P<0.05)。结论仙灵骨葆胶囊联合冲击波治疗可有效调节早期股骨头缺血性坏死患者相关血清因子水平,改善患者骨密度,进一步可提高患者髋关节功能及活动度,改善影像学指标,并有效缓解患者疼痛度,进而可提高临床疗效。

爆炸冲击波作用下假人头部加速度响应测试与损伤分析

为了研究爆炸冲击波作用下人体头部的加速度响应、建立加速度与爆炸冲击波超压的内在联系、评价基于加速度参数的头部损伤评估指标,利用标准人体参数的假人模型开展了多种TNT当量的空中静爆试验,获得了不同比例距离下模型头部的加速度时程曲线以及同距离处的自由场超压曲线。基于峰值线性加速度、头部损伤标准(head injury criterion,HIC)和头部撞击功率(head impact power,HIP)定量分析了头部损伤的风险等级,评价3种损伤评估指标在爆炸场景下的适用性和有效性。结果显示,距爆心4.2 m处的假人头部加速度随TNT当量的增加而迅速增大,TNT质量在1~4 kg范围内,正对爆心方向峰值加速度由16.29g增大至70.11g;在本次试验工况下,3种评估指标预测轻度脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,mTBI)风险最大依次为25%、10%和5%,其中HIP指标评估的头部轻度损伤风险偏低;当3种评估指标达到头部严重损伤阈值时,对应的峰值超压依次为0.322、0.300和0.332 MPa,其中HIC指标对应的峰值超压最低,表明其预测头部严重损伤的敏感性最强。