Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) ...Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.展开更多
Obesity is a critical health condition that severely affects an individual’s quality of life andwell-being.The occurrence of obesity is strongly associated with extreme health conditions,such as cardiac diseases,diab...Obesity is a critical health condition that severely affects an individual’s quality of life andwell-being.The occurrence of obesity is strongly associated with extreme health conditions,such as cardiac diseases,diabetes,hypertension,and some types of cancer.Therefore,it is vital to avoid obesity and or reverse its occurrence.Incorporating healthy food habits and an active lifestyle can help to prevent obesity.In this regard,artificial intelligence(AI)can play an important role in estimating health conditions and detecting obesity and its types.This study aims to see obesity levels in adults by implementing AIenabled machine learning on a real-life dataset.This dataset is in the form of electronic health records(EHR)containing data on several aspects of daily living,such as dietary habits,physical conditions,and lifestyle variables for various participants with different health conditions(underweight,normal,overweight,and obesity type I,II and III),expressed in terms of a variety of features or parameters,such as physical condition,food intake,lifestyle and mode of transportation.Three classifiers,i.e.,eXtreme gradient boosting classifier(XGB),support vector machine(SVM),and artificial neural network(ANN),are implemented to detect the status of several conditions,including obesity types.The findings indicate that the proposed XGB-based system outperforms the existing obesity level estimation methods,achieving overall performance rates of 98.5%and 99.6%in the scenarios explored.展开更多
The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were eval...The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.展开更多
Germany,as a western developed country,has an advanced medical level,especially in the health care of very immature premature infants.We trace the medical history of perinatology to understand the development of perin...Germany,as a western developed country,has an advanced medical level,especially in the health care of very immature premature infants.We trace the medical history of perinatology to understand the development of perinatal centers in Germany.After analyzing the classification and function,hierarchical management and quality control systems of German perinatal centers,we established a German standard level 1 perinatal center in the Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children(CHCWC).During more than two years of practice,we changed concepts,continuously updated clinical knowledge and skills,developed a series o f high-quality work processes and supervision systems and introduced advanced medical equipment.We believe that the experience of establishing a German standard level 1 perinatal center and perinatal center network in Chongqing is worthy of being promoted to the Chinese maternal and child health care system.展开更多
In China,sports and physical activity(PA)have traditionally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and adolescents.Three decades of economic reforms,howe...In China,sports and physical activity(PA)have traditionally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and adolescents.Three decades of economic reforms,however,have brought major changes in social,economic,and built environments that have resulted in concerns about the general health of the Chinese population due to accumulating epidemiologic evidence of increased levels of physical inactivity,high rates of obesity,and unhealthy diet.With the emergence of a progressively obesogenic environment,lack of safe and acces-展开更多
Background: To identify health concerns of veterans with high-level lower extremity amputations.Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, general practitioners, an orthopedic specialist, psychologists, psychiatrists,p...Background: To identify health concerns of veterans with high-level lower extremity amputations.Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, general practitioners, an orthopedic specialist, psychologists, psychiatrists,physiotherapist and prosthetists examined 100 veterans using a short-form health-related quality of life questionnaire(SF-36) that assessed their ability to perform activities of daily living(ADL), instrumental activities of daily living(IADL) and life satisfaction(SWLS) after hip disarticulation or hemi-pelvectomy amputations. The assessment tool was designed to gather statistically useful information about their health needs.Results: The means of the Physical Component Summary(PCS), Mental Component Summary(MCS), SWLS, ADL and IADL were 48.58±29.6, 33.33±22.0, 19.30±7.7, 48.10±10.5 and 5.08±1.8, respectively. Somatization, depression, and anxiety were the most prevalent disorders;among the veterans who were visited by psychiatrists, 11.6% had a history of hospitalization in a psychiatry section, and 53.2% had a psychiatric visit. Regardless of their injury in battle, 34% of veterans were hospitalized. Hearing problems were common, and about four-fifths of the participants suffered from at least one orthopedic condition. Neuroma(49%) was the most common stump-related complication during orthopedic evaluations, though the prevalence of phantom pain was 81% during the pain assessment. A total of 87% of the participants had a history of wearing a prosthesis, but only 29% wore a prosthesis at the time of the present study.The Canadian-type of prosthesis was uncomfortable and not useful(27%) and excessively heavy(10%) according to the amputees.Conclusions: Understanding veterans’ characteristics and special needs are important to make sure that enough facilities and services are afforded to them. These findings emphasize the importance of paying close attention to different dimensions of health in veterans and can help health providers identify health needs and make regular assessments.展开更多
This is an experimental study conducted on two groups of control and experimental using pretestposttest design, applying psychological intervention on the study sample. The present study aimed to determine the effecti...This is an experimental study conducted on two groups of control and experimental using pretestposttest design, applying psychological intervention on the study sample. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of collective education life skills on mental health and resilience of teachers in Zahedan. The population of the study included all teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students in Zahedan, among which 60 teachers at normal schools and 20 teachers at exceptional schools were selected and placed in two groups of experimental and control, respectively. Initially, members of the experimental group were taught 10 basic life skills in 10 2-hour sessions. Mental health and resilience questionnaires were distributed and gathered before and after the training sessions. Results indicated the positive effect of life skills training on mental health of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the lower their mental health scores would be. Results also indicated the positive effect of life skills training on resilience of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the higher their resilience scores would be.展开更多
Purpose: Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public health. This study aimed to define the relationship between the physical activity level (PAL) and adult Saudi health-related quality of lif...Purpose: Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public health. This study aimed to define the relationship between the physical activity level (PAL) and adult Saudi health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: Participants of this study were 100 Saudi adult aged from 18 - 70 years. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) was used to measure the participant’s HRQoL. The SF-36 is comprised of 8 domains. The electronic version of the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to categorize participants in terms of physical activity level into;inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, and active. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to treat the collected data. Results: Results showed that only 17% of the Saudi adults had active PAL. The PAL had significantly positive relationship with 4 domains of HRQoL including: physical functioning (P = 0.004), role limitations caused by physical health problems (P = 0.048), vitality (P = 0.009), and general health (P = 0.044). Results also confirmed that the younger the subject, the higher the PAL (P = 0.0001) and the better the HRQoL. This is true for all domains except the role limitations caused by emotional problems and emotional wellbeing. Conclusion: The poor physical activity level of adult Saudi negatively impacts their HRQoL.展开更多
Good psychological quality is the basic requirement for college students in the new era.Students from junior colleges moving into xmdergraduate level in private colleges are a special group as they are already an impo...Good psychological quality is the basic requirement for college students in the new era.Students from junior colleges moving into xmdergraduate level in private colleges are a special group as they are already an important part of students in private colleges.Based on the mental health status of these students,private colleges have analyzed the issues of mental health education which include weak teaching staffs,lack attention,and traditional education methods.From the perspective of three-dimensional education,the psychological education work model in private colleges is explored to build an education team to promote the participation of all employees in the work of psychological education,strengthen the attention of college students who are moving into the undergraduate level,and to pay full attention to these students.Private colleges should try to innovate education methods and improve psychological education in all aspects.展开更多
This study maintains that university-level physical education does not currently include or implement health education.? As a consequence of this, college and university students have a very weak theoretical understan...This study maintains that university-level physical education does not currently include or implement health education.? As a consequence of this, college and university students have a very weak theoretical understanding of health.? This study maintains that university-level physical education should focus on the state of students’ health, using the principles of the health quotient.? Of particular importance are problems related to mental health, social adaptive ability, and lifestyle.? Physical education should incorporate instruction based on health quotient-related theories and techniques;doing so will lay a strong foundation for students’ lifelong physical education.? In addition to opening up new paths and methods in research related to the all-around health education of college students, this can also enrich and perfect the theoretical system of modern sports science, as well as provide a new line of thinking and perspective to university-level physical education reform.展开更多
Complex survey designs often involve unequal selection probabilities of clus-ters or units within clusters. When estimating models for complex survey data, scaled weights are incorporated into the likelihood, producin...Complex survey designs often involve unequal selection probabilities of clus-ters or units within clusters. When estimating models for complex survey data, scaled weights are incorporated into the likelihood, producing a pseudo likeli-hood. In a 3-level weighted analysis for a binary outcome, we implemented two methods for scaling the sampling weights in the National Health Survey of Pa-kistan (NHSP). For NHSP with health care utilization as a binary outcome we found age, gender, household (HH) goods, urban/rural status, community de-velopment index, province and marital status as significant predictors of health care utilization (p-value < 0.05). The variance of the random intercepts using scaling method 1 is estimated as 0.0961 (standard error 0.0339) for PSU level, and 0.2726 (standard error 0.0995) for household level respectively. Both esti-mates are significantly different from zero (p-value < 0.05) and indicate consid-erable heterogeneity in health care utilization with respect to households and PSUs. The results of the NHSP data analysis showed that all three analyses, weighted (two scaling methods) and un-weighted, converged to almost identical results with few exceptions. This may have occurred because of the large num-ber of 3rd and 2nd level clusters and relatively small ICC. We performed a sim-ulation study to assess the effect of varying prevalence and intra-class correla-tion coefficients (ICCs) on bias of fixed effect parameters and variance components of a multilevel pseudo maximum likelihood (weighted) analysis. The simulation results showed that the performance of the scaled weighted estimators is satisfactory for both scaling methods. Incorporating simulation into the analysis of complex multilevel surveys allows the integrity of the results to be tested and is recommended as good practice.展开更多
With the continuous development and progress of economy,people's living standard and culture level have been improved,but with it,there are also various kinds of life stress,study stress and work stress,which make...With the continuous development and progress of economy,people's living standard and culture level have been improved,but with it,there are also various kinds of life stress,study stress and work stress,which make people's mental health problems in life more andmore prominent,and how to improve students'mental health level is the main task of each education stage.The current psychology discipline system has been perfected,including personality psychology and social psychology,which are effectively applied in the actual mental health education or psychological guidance work,and are key disciplines to improve people's mental health.The theoretical system of personality and social psychology consists of three theories:the theory of planned behavior,the theory of explanatory levels,and the theory of self-determination,all of which have an irreplaceable influence on mental health.In this regard,this paper combines relevant literature and work experience to study in depth the influence of personality ansocial psychology on mental health.展开更多
文摘Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Deputy for Research and Innovation-Ministry of Education,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,for this research through a grant(NU/IFC/ENT/01/020)under the Institutional Funding Committee at Najran University,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
文摘Obesity is a critical health condition that severely affects an individual’s quality of life andwell-being.The occurrence of obesity is strongly associated with extreme health conditions,such as cardiac diseases,diabetes,hypertension,and some types of cancer.Therefore,it is vital to avoid obesity and or reverse its occurrence.Incorporating healthy food habits and an active lifestyle can help to prevent obesity.In this regard,artificial intelligence(AI)can play an important role in estimating health conditions and detecting obesity and its types.This study aims to see obesity levels in adults by implementing AIenabled machine learning on a real-life dataset.This dataset is in the form of electronic health records(EHR)containing data on several aspects of daily living,such as dietary habits,physical conditions,and lifestyle variables for various participants with different health conditions(underweight,normal,overweight,and obesity type I,II and III),expressed in terms of a variety of features or parameters,such as physical condition,food intake,lifestyle and mode of transportation.Three classifiers,i.e.,eXtreme gradient boosting classifier(XGB),support vector machine(SVM),and artificial neural network(ANN),are implemented to detect the status of several conditions,including obesity types.The findings indicate that the proposed XGB-based system outperforms the existing obesity level estimation methods,achieving overall performance rates of 98.5%and 99.6%in the scenarios explored.
基金implemented in the frames of a theme "Studying geochemical stream of elements in atmospheric air of Yerevan"(No 13-1E220,2011) under agreement-based(thematic) financial support of the State Committee of Science to the Ministry of Education and Sciences RA
文摘The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.
文摘Germany,as a western developed country,has an advanced medical level,especially in the health care of very immature premature infants.We trace the medical history of perinatology to understand the development of perinatal centers in Germany.After analyzing the classification and function,hierarchical management and quality control systems of German perinatal centers,we established a German standard level 1 perinatal center in the Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children(CHCWC).During more than two years of practice,we changed concepts,continuously updated clinical knowledge and skills,developed a series o f high-quality work processes and supervision systems and introduced advanced medical equipment.We believe that the experience of establishing a German standard level 1 perinatal center and perinatal center network in Chongqing is worthy of being promoted to the Chinese maternal and child health care system.
文摘In China,sports and physical activity(PA)have traditionally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and adolescents.Three decades of economic reforms,however,have brought major changes in social,economic,and built environments that have resulted in concerns about the general health of the Chinese population due to accumulating epidemiologic evidence of increased levels of physical inactivity,high rates of obesity,and unhealthy diet.With the emergence of a progressively obesogenic environment,lack of safe and acces-
基金financially supported by Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center(JMERC)
文摘Background: To identify health concerns of veterans with high-level lower extremity amputations.Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, general practitioners, an orthopedic specialist, psychologists, psychiatrists,physiotherapist and prosthetists examined 100 veterans using a short-form health-related quality of life questionnaire(SF-36) that assessed their ability to perform activities of daily living(ADL), instrumental activities of daily living(IADL) and life satisfaction(SWLS) after hip disarticulation or hemi-pelvectomy amputations. The assessment tool was designed to gather statistically useful information about their health needs.Results: The means of the Physical Component Summary(PCS), Mental Component Summary(MCS), SWLS, ADL and IADL were 48.58±29.6, 33.33±22.0, 19.30±7.7, 48.10±10.5 and 5.08±1.8, respectively. Somatization, depression, and anxiety were the most prevalent disorders;among the veterans who were visited by psychiatrists, 11.6% had a history of hospitalization in a psychiatry section, and 53.2% had a psychiatric visit. Regardless of their injury in battle, 34% of veterans were hospitalized. Hearing problems were common, and about four-fifths of the participants suffered from at least one orthopedic condition. Neuroma(49%) was the most common stump-related complication during orthopedic evaluations, though the prevalence of phantom pain was 81% during the pain assessment. A total of 87% of the participants had a history of wearing a prosthesis, but only 29% wore a prosthesis at the time of the present study.The Canadian-type of prosthesis was uncomfortable and not useful(27%) and excessively heavy(10%) according to the amputees.Conclusions: Understanding veterans’ characteristics and special needs are important to make sure that enough facilities and services are afforded to them. These findings emphasize the importance of paying close attention to different dimensions of health in veterans and can help health providers identify health needs and make regular assessments.
文摘This is an experimental study conducted on two groups of control and experimental using pretestposttest design, applying psychological intervention on the study sample. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of collective education life skills on mental health and resilience of teachers in Zahedan. The population of the study included all teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students in Zahedan, among which 60 teachers at normal schools and 20 teachers at exceptional schools were selected and placed in two groups of experimental and control, respectively. Initially, members of the experimental group were taught 10 basic life skills in 10 2-hour sessions. Mental health and resilience questionnaires were distributed and gathered before and after the training sessions. Results indicated the positive effect of life skills training on mental health of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the lower their mental health scores would be. Results also indicated the positive effect of life skills training on resilience of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the higher their resilience scores would be.
文摘Purpose: Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public health. This study aimed to define the relationship between the physical activity level (PAL) and adult Saudi health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: Participants of this study were 100 Saudi adult aged from 18 - 70 years. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) was used to measure the participant’s HRQoL. The SF-36 is comprised of 8 domains. The electronic version of the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to categorize participants in terms of physical activity level into;inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, and active. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to treat the collected data. Results: Results showed that only 17% of the Saudi adults had active PAL. The PAL had significantly positive relationship with 4 domains of HRQoL including: physical functioning (P = 0.004), role limitations caused by physical health problems (P = 0.048), vitality (P = 0.009), and general health (P = 0.044). Results also confirmed that the younger the subject, the higher the PAL (P = 0.0001) and the better the HRQoL. This is true for all domains except the role limitations caused by emotional problems and emotional wellbeing. Conclusion: The poor physical activity level of adult Saudi negatively impacts their HRQoL.
文摘Good psychological quality is the basic requirement for college students in the new era.Students from junior colleges moving into xmdergraduate level in private colleges are a special group as they are already an important part of students in private colleges.Based on the mental health status of these students,private colleges have analyzed the issues of mental health education which include weak teaching staffs,lack attention,and traditional education methods.From the perspective of three-dimensional education,the psychological education work model in private colleges is explored to build an education team to promote the participation of all employees in the work of psychological education,strengthen the attention of college students who are moving into the undergraduate level,and to pay full attention to these students.Private colleges should try to innovate education methods and improve psychological education in all aspects.
文摘This study maintains that university-level physical education does not currently include or implement health education.? As a consequence of this, college and university students have a very weak theoretical understanding of health.? This study maintains that university-level physical education should focus on the state of students’ health, using the principles of the health quotient.? Of particular importance are problems related to mental health, social adaptive ability, and lifestyle.? Physical education should incorporate instruction based on health quotient-related theories and techniques;doing so will lay a strong foundation for students’ lifelong physical education.? In addition to opening up new paths and methods in research related to the all-around health education of college students, this can also enrich and perfect the theoretical system of modern sports science, as well as provide a new line of thinking and perspective to university-level physical education reform.
文摘Complex survey designs often involve unequal selection probabilities of clus-ters or units within clusters. When estimating models for complex survey data, scaled weights are incorporated into the likelihood, producing a pseudo likeli-hood. In a 3-level weighted analysis for a binary outcome, we implemented two methods for scaling the sampling weights in the National Health Survey of Pa-kistan (NHSP). For NHSP with health care utilization as a binary outcome we found age, gender, household (HH) goods, urban/rural status, community de-velopment index, province and marital status as significant predictors of health care utilization (p-value < 0.05). The variance of the random intercepts using scaling method 1 is estimated as 0.0961 (standard error 0.0339) for PSU level, and 0.2726 (standard error 0.0995) for household level respectively. Both esti-mates are significantly different from zero (p-value < 0.05) and indicate consid-erable heterogeneity in health care utilization with respect to households and PSUs. The results of the NHSP data analysis showed that all three analyses, weighted (two scaling methods) and un-weighted, converged to almost identical results with few exceptions. This may have occurred because of the large num-ber of 3rd and 2nd level clusters and relatively small ICC. We performed a sim-ulation study to assess the effect of varying prevalence and intra-class correla-tion coefficients (ICCs) on bias of fixed effect parameters and variance components of a multilevel pseudo maximum likelihood (weighted) analysis. The simulation results showed that the performance of the scaled weighted estimators is satisfactory for both scaling methods. Incorporating simulation into the analysis of complex multilevel surveys allows the integrity of the results to be tested and is recommended as good practice.
文摘With the continuous development and progress of economy,people's living standard and culture level have been improved,but with it,there are also various kinds of life stress,study stress and work stress,which make people's mental health problems in life more andmore prominent,and how to improve students'mental health level is the main task of each education stage.The current psychology discipline system has been perfected,including personality psychology and social psychology,which are effectively applied in the actual mental health education or psychological guidance work,and are key disciplines to improve people's mental health.The theoretical system of personality and social psychology consists of three theories:the theory of planned behavior,the theory of explanatory levels,and the theory of self-determination,all of which have an irreplaceable influence on mental health.In this regard,this paper combines relevant literature and work experience to study in depth the influence of personality ansocial psychology on mental health.