SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GERMANIUM WITH MORIN IN WATER AND HEALTH DRINK

A highly sensitive and fairly selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of germanium with morin in tap water and health drink. The fluorescent reaction and optimal conditions of germanium with morin in phosphoric acid medium were studied. The detection limits of germanium in tap water and health drink were found to be 0.2 and 0.7μd/L respectively.

New Health Drink——Dayinxiang Fat Reducing Tea

China, the home of tea, boasts the largest variety of teas in the world and has a long history of tea drinking. Following the enthusiasm for health products in recent years, different kinds of health tea have come into being. Dayinxiang Tea is one of them, known for its unique flavor and effect. Dayinxiang Fat Reducing Tea,

Health Risk Assessment on Rural Drinking Water Safety —A Case Study in Rain City District of Ya’an City of Sichuan Province

Taking Rain City District of Ya’an for example, this paper based on ComGIS (Component Object Model Geographic Information System) platform takes comprehensive and systematic detection on the exposure dose of chemical carcinogens and non-carcinogens from drinking water sources in this region and discusses health risk assessment of single factor and the whole health risk assessment. As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd and fluorides in some drinking water sources of Rain City District are analyzed according to Standards For Drinking Wa-ter Quality (GB5749-2006). A health risk assessment model called USEPA is also applied to drinking water health risk assessment and management countermeasure is proposed. The results show that the greatest health risk for individual person per year is caused by Cr(VI). The health risk of carcinogens is much higher than that of non-carcinogens: the greatest risk value due to non-carcinogen pollutants is caused by fluoride (F), achieving 1.05×10-8/a. The ranking of risk values due to non-carcinogen pollutants by drinking water is Pb>fluoride (F)>Hg, within Pb accounting for 44.77%, fluo-ride (F) accounting for 34.30% and Hg accounting for 20.92%. The average individual carcinogenesis annual risk of Cr(VI) is the greatest, achieving 8.91×10-4/a. The ranking of risk value due to chemical carcinogen by rural drinking water of Ya’an is Cr6+>As>Cd, within Cr6+ accounting for 91.12%, As accounting for 5.89% and Cd accounting for 3.00%. Based on this, the strategy and measures of the health risk management are put forward. This study has worked efficiently in practice. Compared with the same kind of methods which have been found, the paper has the outstanding results for the health risk assessment of the rural drinking water safety.

Trace Elements in the Drinking Water and Their Possible Health Effects in Aligarh City, India

Environmental degradation and unethical human intervention in the natural system has increased the concern for the betterment of healthy living. The deterioration of aquatic system is commonplace in the developing world. The present paper shows the trace elements (Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu and Mn) concentrations in the drinking water of Aligarh city and their possible effect on the health of the inhabitants. The higher concen- tration of some elements in the drinking water and the poor health of inhabitants are found correlated. The statistical analysis of the data shows positive correlation between some elements. The principal component analysis of the data gives four factors with significance level of 42%, 29%, 15% and 12% respectively.

Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Drinking Water Consumed in Dakar, Senegal

Water contamination by chemical pollutants is increasingly associated with waterborne diseases worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical health risk associated with drinking water consumption in Dakar, Senegal. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the determination of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu and Mn) in human drinking water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the estimation of the exposure of populations of the study area on the basis of the quantity of water consumed daily and the determination of the hazard quotient which allows estimating the health risk. The results indicate unacceptable levels of Pb and Cd in the water according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, while the concentrations of Fe, Cu and Mn are below the regulatory values. The hazard quotient (HQ) is in the majority of samples higher than 1 in children and infants for scenario 1 (based on WHO data), reflecting a high risk for this target. In scenario 2 based on consumption data from the populations studied, the HQ is greater than 1 only in heavy consumers. The drinking water consumed by Dakar population presents health risks related to Pb and Cd, particularly for infants, children and heavy consumers, hence the need to strengthen the water treatment system before home consumption.

Spatial variation of health risk of groundwater for drinking water supply in Mingshan County,Ya'an City,China

Rural drinking water safety is a growing concern in China. This study investigated the health risk of pollution of groundwater for the drinking water supply in Mingshan County, Ya＇an City, in Sichuan Province, China, using 46 samples from the years 1991 to 2010. Carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and total risks were assessed by the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency （U.S. EPA）. Thematic maps of the risks caused by single and multiple factors were generated from inverse distance weighting interpolation （IDW） and the geostatistical analysis functions of ArcGIS. The results show that the carcinogenic risks caused by chemicals in groundwater for drinking water supply are low, within the acceptable interval for risk management. However, non-carcinogenic risks are high and the number of sampling sites with risk values exceeding the standards amounted to 29. Non-carcinogenic risks of Cr6＋, nitrate, fluoride, and Fe at sites 43, 46, 50, 64, 67, and 74 were the sources that caused high total health risk. This study reveals the risk level of groundwater quality and orders of treatment of pollutants, and provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in this area.

Neutron Induced Fission Track Estimation of Uranium Concentration and Its Associated Health Hazards in Drinking Water of the Faisalabad Industrial City

Drinking water plays a major role regarding quality of human life because polluted water is the main cause of many types of diseases. Besides other pollutants, high concentration of uranium above a certain level in drinking water is also hazardous. As water and food are the main sources of uranium intake, it is absolutely imperative that their level of concentrations is monitored regularly for safety of the general public. In this regard, trace amount of uranium in drinking water samples collected from different locations of Faisalabadcity has been carried out using Neutron Induced Fission Track Technique. The water samples along with the standard of known uranium concentration were poured and dried over Lexan track detectors and then irradiated with thermal neutrons in Reactor. After etching, the tracks produced in the detectors as a result of 235U (n, f) reaction were counted under an optical microscope. The uranium concentration was determined by counting and comparing the observed fission track density in the samples and the standard. The observed uranium concentration in the studied water samples varied from (1.04 ± 0.30) μg·L-1 to (21.08 ± 2. 95) μg·L-1 with an average value of (7.39 ± 1.30) μg·L-1 and is found to be within safe limits as far as uranium related health hazards are concerned.

Health Risk Assessment of Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Small Towns of Chongqi City: A Case Study of Beibei District

Based on the health risk assessment model of water quality recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the health risk of five centralized drinking water sources in small towns of Beibei District, Chongqing City was evaluated. The results showed that the risk of health hazard of chemical carcinogen arsenic did not exceed the acceptable level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)(5.0×10 -5 a -1 ), but was still at the same order of magnitude as the recommended value of ICRP. The risk of the highest health hazard was 127 times higher than the maximum acceptable level recommended by Sweden EPA and Holland EPA (1.0×10 -6 a -1 ). The health risk of As in genetic toxic substances at monitoring points A, B, and C accounted for 99.99% of the total risk, showing that As was the main pollutant that posed the health risk, so priority should be given to the prevention and control of As pollution in the centralized drinking water sources in Chongqing towns.

Health Risk Assessment after Exposure to Aluminium in Drinking Water between Two Different Villages

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Mukim Parit Lubok (MPL) and Parit Raja (PR), Batu Pahat, Malaysia. The main objective of this study was to determine the aluminium concentration in drinking water and to perform health risk assessment prediction among respondents from these two residential areas. A total of 100 respondents were selected from the study areas based on inclusive and exclusive criteria. Two duplicates of treated water samples were taken from each respondent’s house using 200mL high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles and 0.4 mL (69%) pure concentrated nitric acid were added as a preservative. Aluminium concentrations were analyzed using a Lambda 25 UV/V spectrophotometer. The result showed that aluminium concentration in drinking water from MPL was 0.18 ± 0.022 mg/L and 0.22 ± 0.044 mg/L for PR. Statistical analysis showed that 14 (28%) water samples collected from MPL and 35 (70%) from PR recorded concentration of aluminium above the standard limit set by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia for drinking water guideline (0.2 mg/L). The mean value of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) of aluminium in drinking water from PR (0.00707 mg/kg/day) was significantly higher compared to MPL (0.00164 mg/kg/day). Hazard Index (HI) calculation showed that all respondents had “HI” of less than 1. In conclusion, there was an unlikely potential for adverse health effects from aluminium intake in drinking water from both study areas. However, it was necessary for some actions to be taken in order to reduce aluminium levels found in drinking water for both locations.

Drinking Water from Hand-Pumps in Mali, Niger, and Ghana, West Africa: Review of Health Effects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate parameters of drinking water quality from hand-pumps in Ghana, Mali, and Niger, evaluate possible sources of parameters, and provide an overview of potential health effects in the population. Concentrations of 22 parameters in 3337 groundwater samples were analyzed and compared with World Health Organization drinking water guidelines. In general, F, Mn, and Al had relatively larger and more common rates of occurrence, though there was by country. For F, there were reports of skeletal fluorosis in Niger and dental fluorosis in Ghana. For Mn and Al it was difficult to assess health effects due to scarce information.

Health Risk Assessment on Pesticide Residues in Drinking Water in Shenzhen

Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment of drinking water pesticide residues and its annual trend analysis in Shenzhen City. Methods: The samples of product water, pipe water and secondary supply water from 2011 to 2013 were collected and analyzed. The evaluation models of health risk assessments for children and adults on the 12 non-carcinogenic materials (namely heptachlor, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, DDT, malathion, glyphosate, dimethoate, bentazone, atrazine, chlorothalonil, furadan) were recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Results: The results showed that the maximums of the measured indicators in the above were controlled in accordance with the National Health Standards (GB5749-2006) published by Ministry of Health in China. The adults and children’s health indices (HIs) of the 12 non-carcinogenic materials were greater than 1 (2.323 - 6.312). Dimethoate residue in factory and peripheral water was the largest risks of harm among the non-carcinogenic pollutants measured. And its HIi (Its Hli) was also greater than 1 (1.995 - 5.094) and followed by hexachlorobenzene and heptachlor. Annual rising trend on health risk of the 12 pesticide residues indicated that their HIT on adults was 2323. 18 × 10-3 in 2011, 2340. 18 × 10-3 in 2012 and 2431. 97 × 10-3 in 2013, and HIT on children was 2965. 07 × 10-3 in 2011, 2986. 77 × 10-3 in 2012 and 3103. 93 × 10-3 in 2013, respectively. This study also suggested that the average risk of peripheral water samples (HIT was equal to 2619. 64 × 10-3) was greater than the factory samples’ (HIT was the same as 2366. 92 × 10-3), and the children’s health risk was greater than the adults’. Conclusions: Health risks of drinking water pesticide residues in Shenzhen have exceeded the threshold values. The dimethoate was the main hazard and had been rising annually, and the children’s health risk was greater than the adults’.

Health Risk Assessment on Drinking Water in Shenzhen, China

Objectives: To conduct health risk assessment on drinking water in 2012 in Shenzhen of China. Methods: The water quality monitoring data on product water and pipe water in 2012 were collected and analyzed, and the risk evaluation models recommended by the U.S. environmental protection agency (US EPA) were employed, to perform adults and children’s health risk assessments on the three kinds of genetic toxic substances such as hexavalent chromium, cadmium and arsenic and the 12 non-carcinogenic materials such as iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, volatile phenol, cyanide, mercury, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, copper, zinc and selenium. Results: The results about water quality from the 150 factory samples and 207 peripheral water samples showed that the measured indicators in other water samples were accord with the National Health Standards (GB5749-2006) released by Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, except manganese level in one factory sample and the same index in one peripheral sample, and nitrate concentration in another water sample were out of limit, respectively. Namely, the total of 3 samples was disqualification. The adults and children’s health risks (HI) on the 12 non-carcinogenic materials were 178.04 × 10-8 and 249.96 × 10-8 in the factor water samples, and 363.02 × 10-8 and 509.66 × 10-8 in the pipe samples, respectively. Lead in factory water and fluoride in peripheral water samples were the most serious harm in the all measured non-carcinogenic indicators. The adults and children’s cancer risks (R) on the 3 genetic toxic substances were 25.60 × 10-6 and 28.51 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 23.47 × 10-6 and 26.08 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Hexavalent chromium was the most damage among the three detected carcinogenic indicators. Therefore, the total adults and children’s health hazard risks including the 3 carcinogenic and 12 non-carcinogenic substances were 27.38 × 10-6 and 31.00 × 10-6 in the factor water samples, and 27.10 × 10-6 and 31.17 × 10-6 in the pipe samples, respectively. Genetic toxic matters in drinking water are the main hazard and more children’s health risk than adults’ risk. Conclusions: The health risk (R) on the 15 kinds of chemicals in Shenzhen’s municipal water supply was in the range of maximum acceptable risk levels (5.0 × 10-5/a) recommended by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP). The results in this study indicate that the carcinogenic substances are greater risk comparing with the non-carcinogenic substances, and hexavalent chromium is the biggest carcinogenic risk, and lead and fluoride are the most non-carcinogenic risk, and the rather risk of children than adults.

2018-2023年保山市农村饮用水水质卫生监测结果分析

目的:了解保山市农村饮用水水质卫生状况,为保障农村水资源质量安全提供科学依据。方法:根据云南省城乡饮用水水质监测工作方案的要求,对2018-2023年保山市农村饮用水水质监测数据进行统计学分析。结果:2018-2023年共监测3790个样本,合格率为63.85%,不同年份之间合格率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。监测指标中有16个项目超标,超标率大于10%的项目均属于微生物指标。丰水期和枯水期的合格率无显著性差异(P>0.05),出厂水和末梢水的合格率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:保山市农村饮用水的水质合格率较低,微生物污染是主要因素,水质有待进一步改善提升。

Questionnaire and Intervention Study on Effects of Drinking Cows’ Milk at Breakfast on the Circadian Typology and Mental Health of Japanese Infants Aged 1 - 6 Years

This study examines relationship between drinking cows’ milk at breakfast and several mental and physical characteristics (the diurnal type, sleep habits and mental condition as anger, out of control of emotion, irritation and depression) of Japanese small children aged 1 - 6 years old. A questionnaire study and an intervention one were performed in this study. An integrated questionnaire was administered, in July 2014 to 1112 participants attending one of 10 nursery school and 1 kindergarten located in Kochi (33&deg;N, 133&deg;E), Japan, and 582 parents (mostly mothers) which answered it instead of children (rate of answer: 51.9%). Intervention was done to 111 children attending the kindergarten. Seventy six parents answered the questionnaire which was administered 3 months after the intervention days of 21 (rate of answer: 51.9%). There are two contents of intervention, one is the distribution of cows’ milk for 21 days to be drunk at breakfast and another is the distribution of leaflet entitled “Go to bed early! Get up early! and Take nutritionally rich breakfast and cows’ milk!” just before the intervention. Just before the intervention, letter was distributed to 111 parents who were asked for their children to follow the contents of the leaflet and drink the cows’ milk distributed every day for the 21 days. Small children who drink cows’ milk at breakfast more than once per week and take nutritionally rich breakfast more than 4 times per week are more morning-typed than the other three groups in which children fit into one or none of the two issues of taking morning cows’ milk and rich breakfast (p p = 0.004). Also there was positive correlation between the implementation value for the 21 days and the diurnal type score 3 months later (r = 0.301, p = 0.018). Drinking cows’ milk at breakfast seems to be effective for small children to become more morning-typed through two sets of syntheses from tryptophan via serotonin into melatonin in the evening.

饮水系统中抗生素抗性基因赋存特征及健康风险评估

近几年抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为一种新型污染物在世界各地的水体、土壤中被频繁检出,其在环境中大量扩散和增殖十分容易导致微生物获得抗生素抗性,对人体健康产生潜在威胁。结合国内外文献报道数据,介绍了ARGs在城市饮水系统中污染现状,描述了其赋存特征,发现在国内外城市饮水系统中ARGs的数量不容小觑,数量最高可达1.38×105 copies·ml-1。其次对城市饮水系统中常用工艺对ARGs的赋存与传播影响因素进行了总结,发现城市常用水处理工艺对ARGs的灭杀效果差,甚至对其富集和繁殖往往起着促进作用;在不同的环境影响因素中,微生物群落结构是影响ARGs的主要驱动力,其次是重金属。最后提出ARGs对人体可能造成的健康威胁以及现有健康风险评估方法的局限性,并对未来ARGs的研究进行了展望。

Brewing of low-alcoholic drink from corncobs via yeast-cellulase synchronous fermentation process

The present work focuses on the influence of various parameters, i.e., the dosage of cellulase, the inoculum concentration of yeast, the fermentation temperature and the fermentation time, on the alcohol content and sensory evaluation of the low-alcoholic health drink produced from corncob in a yeast-cellulase synchronous fermentation process. The fermentation was performed by inoculating the seed solution (containing corncob powder and yeast) and cellulase into the synchronous saccharification fermentation medium. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were performed, and the optimal processing conditions were obtained based on the characterizations of alcohol content and sensory evaluation. The results show that the alcohol content and sensory evaluation of the drink can reach 6.1 vol.% and 92, respectively, when the dosage of cellulase, inoculum concentration of yeast, the fermentation temperature and the fermentation time are 15 U/g, 7%, 32℃ and 84 h, respectively.

2017-2022年陕西省某市农村生活饮用水中5种金属及类金属健康风险

目的评估2017-2022年陕西省某市农村生活饮用水中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(VI,Cr^(6+))、铅(Pb)及汞(Hg)5种金属及类金属的健康风险。方法分析陕西省某市2017-2022年间4153份农村生活饮用水监测数据,应用美国环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评估模型计算不同暴露水平下不同暴露水平下5种金属及类金属经饮水途径对当地居民所致的健康风险。结果陕西省某市2017-2022年农村饮用水中5种金属及类金属在一般暴露水平下经饮水途径所致的总危害指数(HI)为0.344,总致癌风险(R_(T))为3.99×10^(-4);高暴露水平下经饮水途径所致的HI为1.81,R_(T)为1.99×10^(-3)。浓度分层分析表明Cd、Cr^(6+)和Hg的浓度在枯水期均高于丰水期;江河水中As、Cd、Cr^(6+)和Pb的浓度均高于其他类型水源水,浅井水中Hg的浓度较高;部分处理水样中5种金属及类金属的浓度均高于未处理和完全处理水样。健康风险分层分析表明,经饮水途径摄入5种金属及类金属,男性的健康风险高于女性、儿童高于成人。结论陕西省某市2017-2022年农村饮用水中5种金属及类金属一般暴露水平下的非致癌风险及总危害指数均未超过可接受风险值,高暴露水平下总危害指数超出可接受风险值;Cr^(6+)无论是一般暴露水平还是高暴露水平,其致癌风险均略高于最大可接受风险(10^(-6)~10^(-4)),在风险管理中应重点关注。

2021年广东省生活饮用水砷、镉与氟化物健康风险

目的评估广东省生活饮用水中砷、镉、氟化物人群健康风险。方法基于2021年1-12月采集的广东省各监测点生活饮用水水样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷、镉、氟化物浓度。应用美国环境保护局(US EPA)健康风险评估模型,分析3种化学物质对人体的长期与短期经口摄入健康风险。结果2021年广东省共收集生活饮用水监测样品23160份,其中镉的达标率为100%,砷和氟化物的达标率分别为99.91%、99.97%;砷与镉对全人群的致癌风险(carcinogenic risk,CR)分别为2.01×10^(-6)和5.46×10^(-6)。砷、镉、氟化物的全人群非致癌风险用危害商(hazard quotient,HQ)分别为4.47×10^(-3)、1.79×10^(-3)和6.96×10-2;砷的短期暴露对于人群的健康风险处于可接受水平(HQ<1),氟化物可能会对人群造成一定的急性健康损害(HQ>1)。结论2021年广东省生活饮用水砷、镉与氟化物长期健康风险均处于可接受范围内。氟化物短期暴露可能会对人群造成一定的急性健康损害。

海南某市饮用水质的差异特征及多指标的关联分析

探讨海南某市饮用水的水质指标在不同的供水类型、消毒方式和降雨等状况下的差异,了解水中硬度和微量元素等水平。为热带地区饮用水的健康风险防范、人群健康促进及卫生监管提供依据。采集城乡末梢水和二次供水共176份,参照GB5749-2006进行指标的检测。利用SPSS22.0对各水质指标进行分种类、水期、消毒方式的分组比较,用t检验对水质进行差异比较。可见二次供水中硒、氟化物、二氧化氯、余氯的含量较低,但菌落总数、pH较末梢水高(P<0.05);饮用水的浊度、硫酸盐、溶解性固体、总硬度、砷、硝酸盐氮、pH、色度等8项指标在丰水期比枯水期更高(P<0.05)。二氧化氯消毒使水中氯化物、硫酸盐、溶解性固体、铝、硒、氟化物、pH、色度均较次氯酸钠消毒后的饮用水浓度更高(P<0.05)。二次供水、枯水期和次氯酸钠消毒三种情况下饮用水中的多数理化指标含量较低,可能对人体硒、镁、氟、钙等微量元素或必须元素的补充效应降低。不同条件下的更多各组分的剂量效应关系需深入研究。