Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the n...Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the network of actors in the Iran health insurance ecosystem regarding the laws before and after the adoption of the Universal Health Insurance(UHI).Methods The present study was done by sequential exploratory mixed method research,consisting of two distinct phases.During the qualitative phase,the actors and issues pertaining to the laws of the Iranian health insurance ecosystem from 1971 to 2021 were identified through a systematic search of the laws and regulations section of the Research Center of the Islamic Legislative Assembly website.Qualitative data was analyzed in three steps using directed content analysis.During the quantitative phase,in order to draw the communication network of the actors in Iran’s health insurance ecosystem,the data related to the nodes and links of the networks was collected.The communication networks were drawn using Gephi software and the micro-and macro-indicators of network were calculated and analyzed.Results There were 245 laws and 510 articles identified in the field of health insurance in Iran from 1971 to 2021.Most of the legal comments were on financial matters and credit allocation,and the payment of premiums.The number of actors before and after the enactment of the UHI Law was 33 and 137,respectively.The Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Iran Health Insurance Organization were found the two main actors in the network before and after the approval of this law.Conclusions Adopting a UHI Law and delegating various legal missions and tasks,often with support to the health insurance organization,have facilitated the achievement of the law objectives.However,it has created a poor governance system and a network of actors with low coherence.Based on the results of the study,it is suggested to reduce actor roles and separate them for better governance and to prevent corruption in health insurance ecosystem.Introducing knowledge and technology brokers can be effective in strengthening governance and filling the structural gaps between actors.展开更多
Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health prof...Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health professionals,such as doctors and nurses,with a basic knowledge of health law.However,unlike in western universities,health law education in China is still at its infant stage and,as such,lacks a systematic pedagogical approach among institutions of higher education in China.Considering the advancements in the field of health law education,this study systematically reviews the status of health law education in institutions of higher learning in China and suggests ways to make the pedagogical approach more consistent.This systematic review revealed that,between 2012 and 2021,major law schools and medical schools that have developed the subject of health law education in China lack consensus on the aim,scope,mode,and methods of health law education.The first problem is that Chinese universities are unable to agree on how to classify the subject of health law.Another set of problems relate to institutions themselves.Not only do universities lack qualified health law faculty,but they also rely on relatively uninspiring teaching materials.This leads to ineffective,generic pedagogical approaches in both medical and law schools.These problems leave future lawyers,future doctors and nurses unclear about their choices for health law study at the graduate level and their ultimate career development.We therefore propose four preliminary solutions to continue to develop this new interdisciplinary subject—health law education—in Chinese universities:clearly classify the subject of health law,equip the health law field with more professional textbooks,enact joint degree programs between medical schools and law schools,and establish a health law research center in either law schools or medical schools.展开更多
Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some reg...Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.展开更多
文摘Introduction The policy-making process in health reform is challenging due to the complexity of organizations,overlapping roles,and diversity of responsibilities.The present study aims to investigate and analyze the network of actors in the Iran health insurance ecosystem regarding the laws before and after the adoption of the Universal Health Insurance(UHI).Methods The present study was done by sequential exploratory mixed method research,consisting of two distinct phases.During the qualitative phase,the actors and issues pertaining to the laws of the Iranian health insurance ecosystem from 1971 to 2021 were identified through a systematic search of the laws and regulations section of the Research Center of the Islamic Legislative Assembly website.Qualitative data was analyzed in three steps using directed content analysis.During the quantitative phase,in order to draw the communication network of the actors in Iran’s health insurance ecosystem,the data related to the nodes and links of the networks was collected.The communication networks were drawn using Gephi software and the micro-and macro-indicators of network were calculated and analyzed.Results There were 245 laws and 510 articles identified in the field of health insurance in Iran from 1971 to 2021.Most of the legal comments were on financial matters and credit allocation,and the payment of premiums.The number of actors before and after the enactment of the UHI Law was 33 and 137,respectively.The Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Iran Health Insurance Organization were found the two main actors in the network before and after the approval of this law.Conclusions Adopting a UHI Law and delegating various legal missions and tasks,often with support to the health insurance organization,have facilitated the achievement of the law objectives.However,it has created a poor governance system and a network of actors with low coherence.Based on the results of the study,it is suggested to reduce actor roles and separate them for better governance and to prevent corruption in health insurance ecosystem.Introducing knowledge and technology brokers can be effective in strengthening governance and filling the structural gaps between actors.
基金supported by the Research on the Development of Health Law Education in China(2020-2021)sponsored by National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China。
文摘Health law education,an important part of global health education,is beneficial for both medical and law schools.This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health professionals,such as doctors and nurses,with a basic knowledge of health law.However,unlike in western universities,health law education in China is still at its infant stage and,as such,lacks a systematic pedagogical approach among institutions of higher education in China.Considering the advancements in the field of health law education,this study systematically reviews the status of health law education in institutions of higher learning in China and suggests ways to make the pedagogical approach more consistent.This systematic review revealed that,between 2012 and 2021,major law schools and medical schools that have developed the subject of health law education in China lack consensus on the aim,scope,mode,and methods of health law education.The first problem is that Chinese universities are unable to agree on how to classify the subject of health law.Another set of problems relate to institutions themselves.Not only do universities lack qualified health law faculty,but they also rely on relatively uninspiring teaching materials.This leads to ineffective,generic pedagogical approaches in both medical and law schools.These problems leave future lawyers,future doctors and nurses unclear about their choices for health law study at the graduate level and their ultimate career development.We therefore propose four preliminary solutions to continue to develop this new interdisciplinary subject—health law education—in Chinese universities:clearly classify the subject of health law,equip the health law field with more professional textbooks,enact joint degree programs between medical schools and law schools,and establish a health law research center in either law schools or medical schools.
文摘Turkey has always been one of the leading countries in the field of health and fundamental rights.Though Turkey is a member of many international organizations and a candidate state for the European Union,had some regulations on fundamental rights,patients rights and right to health,even before the international papers,such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,did not come into force.Turkey always follows closely to the new developments in health care technologies,that is why Turkey continues to be one of the most chosen countries in international health tourism.These improvements in health care drive Turkey to adjust its regulations related to patients'fundamental rights and right to access to health.In the 2000s,health law postgraduate programs were founded in some universities in Turkey.With these programs,research in health law has been accelerated.Turkey will be one of the leading countries in health law too in the next few years.In this study,we started with the fundamental sources of the right to health in Turkey;then we continued with current objects at issue in Turkish health law;then we gave place to the current problems of Turkish health law such as reproductive rights,problems related to organ and tissue transplantations,increasing numbers of legal cases against health care professionals,their possible solutions and the future expectations.
