Latent tuberculosis infection in health-care workers in the government sector in Brunei Darussalam:A cross-sectional study

Objective:Health-care workers(HCWs)are known to be at high risk for occupational biological hazards,and this includes exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis(TB)which can result in either active or latent TB infection(LTBI).This study aims to provide an overview of the incidence of LTBI among HCWs in Brunei Darussalam,to examine associated risk factors,and to evaluate LTBI treatment compliance.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective cross-sectional study which was conducted using data from January 2018 to December 2021,on notified cases of LTBI in HCWs which identified 115 cases.Demographic data,underlying medical conditions,and compliance to treatment were assessed through reviews of their electronic health records.Results:The incidence of LBTI was 14.6/year/1000 HCWs.The incidence rate reached a high of 24.6/1000 in 2020,and majority of cases were in the older age groups.There was good treatment acceptance and compliance(82.6%),and this was observed to be significantly higher in females than males(P=0.02).Conclusion:This study showed an average incidence of LTBI of 14.6/1000 HCWs over 4 years and high LTBI treatment acceptance(82.6%)and compliance.Emphasis on infection prevention and control measures in health-care settings and actions to increase awareness of LTBI are crucial interventions toward reducing the burden of LTBI.

Adverse Skin Reactions to Personal Protective Equipment Among Health-Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study in Indonesia

Objective:Health-care workers(HCWs)in Indonesia have been participating in the war against the coronavirus disease-2019 since March 2020.Ever since HCWs were exposed to the regular use of personal protective equipment(PPE)with varying levels and maintain hand hygiene more as recommended by the World Health Organization.Adverse skin reactions to PPE in Indonesia has yet to be acknowledged.This study aimed to study the prevalence and characteristics-,possible risk factors-,and suggest possible solutions towards adverse skin reactions to PPE among HCWs in a multi-center setting of Indonesia.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted online among HCWs in the Siloam Hospitals Group of Banten province.HCWs of Banten Province were surveyed from June 1 to August 31,2020.The data was obtained using avalidated online survey questionnaire including(1)demographic characteristics;(2)occupational-related characteristics;(3)adverse skin reactions.Results:A response rate of 40.2%was obtained and 200 valid respondents were yielded.The mean age of respondents was(26.94±7.23)years old.Adverse skin reactions(66.5%)were reported primarily in female(73.7%)working as doctors(82.7%)of a non-referral center for coronavirus disease-2019(60.2%)wearing level 2 and 3 PPE(43.6% and 37.6%,respectively).The cheeks and chin was the most common site involved(69.9%)with dryness/tightness(63.9%)and acne(77.4%)as the highest symptoms and signs reported.Sex,age group classification,level of PPE worn,hand hygiene frequency,and duration of PPE worn daily were factors considerably associated with adverse skin reactions to PPE(P<0.05).Conclusions:Adverse skin reactions to PPE are common among HCWs in Indonesia.Comprehensive strengthening of the skin condition and awareness on adverse skin reactions should be advocated.

Variations, effectiveness and its associated factors of a nationwide web-based hypertension management training project in China: insights from a government-led campaign for 1.2 million lay health workers

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of a large-scale,web-based,in-service hypertension management training project among lay health workers(LHWs)at primary care health(PHC)settings in China,and to examine the factors contributing to the of effectiveness.variations METHODS We used data from a web-based national hypertension management training project implemented in 2018,it was designed to facilitate LHWs to learn,understand,and apply the relevant knowledge and skills in hypertension management through providing training courses by use of the web-based platform with unified standards.All LHWs were required to parti-cipate in the exams before and after training to acquire scores for the use of evaluating their performance of hypertension man-agement knowledge.We first used descriptive analysis to present the variations of effectiveness in hypertension management knowledge among LHWs by important subgroups.Afterwards,we used multilevel logistic regression to examine the individual regional factors contributing to the variations and quantify the magnitude of how these factors affected training effectiveness.and RESULTS There were 1,208,610 LHWs who completed training and were certificated.Nationally,the scores of LHWs in-creased significantly from 62.87±21.14 out of 100 in the pre-test to 88.30±11.31 in the post-test by 25.43(95%confidence interval[CI]:25.40-25.47).Training contents involved in antihypertensive medication showed the lowest score(54.36)in the pre-test and soared the most after training,up to 84.22 by 54.94%.Individual factors associated with disparities in the knowledge of hyperten-sion management decreased substantially after training,which included sex,age,education,practice type,professional level,and hierarchy of working institutions.Geographical variations were shown at the provincial level,with the majority of them being ex-by factors at the regional level.plained CONCLUSIONS Accessible web-based training modality,government efforts,accompanied with experiences derived from the training,could be generalized to other low-and middle-income countries in facilitating the hypertension management capacity of LHWs.Localization and evaluation is warranted on the way to its further application.

Unveiling health rights:A call to action for sex workers'HIV care in the Philippines

We are writing in response to the article titled“Addressing the needs and rights of sex workers for HIV healthcare services in the Philippines”[1].The article calls for attention on the significant challenges faced by sex workers in the Philippines in accessing HIV healthcare.We appreciate the article’s effort to examine these issues in depth.We would like to present a constant flow of thoughts in this letter while highlighting the positive aspects,potential obstacles,and additional points that contribute to this ongoing discussion.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital on Needle Stick Injury

Purpose: Needle-stick injury (NSI) is one of the most potential occupational hazards for healthcare workers because of the transmission of blood-borne pathogens. As per recent data, around 30 lakh healthcare workers sustain Needle stick injuries each year. This study was conducted to assess healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude and practices regarding needle stick injury. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital over the period of 3 months. The study population consisted of Intern Doctors, Post Graduate resident Doctors, Staff Nurses, laboratory technicians of Government Medical College and New Civil Hospital, Surat (n = 300). The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire via the means of Google Forms. Questionnaire was made with prior review literature. The data obtained were entered and analysed in Microsoft Excel. Results: The prevalence of NSI in our study was 46%, with a higher prevalence among the PG residents (72%). Overall scores regarding knowledge and attitude were better in PG residents (knowledge score > 7 in 71% and Attitude Score > 7 in 68% of PG Residents). Even though the PG residents scored highest in the knowledge category, the majority of them suffered needle stick injuries as a result of poor practice scores. Among those who had NSI (n = 139/300), 70% of study participants had superficial injuries, only 9% reported the incident, 18% got medical attention within 2 hours of the incident, and 7% followed up to recheck their viral markers status. Most incidents of NSI were due to hypodermic needles while recapping needles. Conclusion: Exposure to needle stick injuries and their underreporting remains a common problem. It is imperative that healthcare workers receive regular training on the proper handling of sharp objects. We can also draw the conclusion that preventing NSIs requires putting knowledge into practice.

Construction Activity Analysis of Workers Based on Human Posture Estimation Information

Identifying workers’construction activities or behaviors can enable managers to better monitor labor efficiency and construction progress.However,current activity analysis methods for construction workers rely solely on manual observations and recordings,which consumes considerable time and has high labor costs.Researchers have focused on monitoring on-site construction activities of workers.However,when multiple workers are working together,current research cannot accu rately and automatically identify the construction activity.This research proposes a deep learning framework for the automated analysis of the construction activities of multiple workers.In this framework,multiple deep neural network models are designed and used to complete worker key point extraction,worker tracking,and worker construction activity analysis.The designed framework was tested at an actual construction site,and activity recognition for multiple workers was performed,indicating the feasibility of the framework for the automated monitoring of work efficiency.

Pattern of Eye Diseases among Tea Workers

Background: Bangladesh’s tea industry is essential to the country’s economic expansion. Since tea workers in Bangladesh are marginalized within our community, they have limited access to comprehensive eye care services. Productivity and well-being are cornerstones of comprehensive health care strategy. Ocular disorders are influenced by life expectancy, sociodemographic status, and the epidemiological transition. In this context, the state of ocular health and the many eye illnesses remain to be significantly addressed. Purpose: To evaluate the pattern of eye diseases among tea workers in a tea estate of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in Halda Valley Tea Estate, Nazirhat, Fatickchari, Chattogram, Bangladesh, under the supervision of the Department of Community Ophthalmology, BSMMU, following ethical clearance and approval by the IRB board of BSMMU. With informed written consent and approval from the authority of the tea estate, a total of 110 tea workers were recruited. Socio-demographic characteristics, ocular findings, and patterns of eye diseases were determined and recorded. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 39.60 ± 11.63 years. The maximum (58.1%) study participants were 31 - 50 years old, female (64.5%), illiterate (82.7%), and tribal (71.8%) indigenes. Eye diseases were found in 94.5% of workers. Presbyopia (28.2%), cataracts (27.3%), and refractive error (26.4%) were the most common. Tea workers with eye diseases were significantly older than those who did not have any eye diseases (40.20 ± 11.57 vs. 29.17 ± 7.31 years, p Conclusion: A significant number of tea workers had eye diseases, of which presbyopia, cataracts, and refractive error were the most common.

Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence among Sex Workers in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR)

Background: Violence against women has become an international public health and human rights issue in recent decades. The violence suffered by sex workers is of little interest for research, yet it constitutes a major health and safety problem. We propose to assess the extent of the phenomenon of gender-based violence (GBV) among sex workers (SWs) in the city of Bangui in the CAR. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study covering the period from July to October 2021 carried out among SWs in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. Given that the SWs association had only 159 members in Bangui, an exhaustive sampling was retained. Were included in the study, any SW present during the data collection period and having given their written consent. The parameters studied were socio-demographic characteristics: age, sex, residence, level of education, marital status, and characteristics linked to violence: the notion of violence during their professional activity, the type of violence, the declaration and the declaration if necessary, the response and management of this violence. The data collected was analyzed using Epi info version 7 software. Results: Of the 159 SWs that counted the association, 108 had been included. The average age was 27.0 years with extremes of 14 and 46 years. The age groups of 25 to 34 years were the most represented (43.5%). Fifty-six SWs (51.9%) had reached the secondary level. Unemployed SWs were in the majority at 74.1%;Sixty-six (66) SWs in our sample (61.1%) had already been victims of violence during the exercise of their activity Sexual violence was the most represented (28.5%) followed by verbal violence (22.4%). Sixty-eight (62.9%) wanted to stop the professional activity of SWs and 93.1% would accept another income-generating activity in place of sex work. Conclusion: It is necessary to supervise SWs and protect them within the framework of respect for human rights, rather than criminalizing them and the exploiters flouting their human dignity and putting their lives in danger. .

Epidemiological Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men: First Data about Male Sex Workers in Central African Republic (CAR)

Objectives: Sex work is not well documented among African men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of men who have sex with men (MSM) and eventually to determine the proportion of sex workers (SW) among them, as well as the proportion of MSM who have been victims of gender-based violence (GBV). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study coordinated by the Direction de la Médecine du Travail was carried out at the headquarters of the association ALTERNATIVES in Bangui Bangui from July 1 to October 31, 2021. Consenting MSM present during the study period were systematically included. Sociodemographic variables, those relating to the future vision of the activity and to GBV were collected and analyzed using Epi-Info version 7 software. Results: Forty MSM with an average age of 23 years and mainly secondary education (75.0%) were included. The vast majority of MSM were unemployed (85.0%). 45.0% had been victims of GBV and wanted to stop working as an MSM (47.5%), and almost 2/3 (65.0%) would accept another income-generating activity in exchange for the MSM. Violence was sexual (32.5%), economic (22.5%), physical (20.0%), verbal (12.5%) and psychological (12.5%). Conclusion: The MSM were mainly young, poorly educated, unemployed, and almost half were victims of GBV. The desire to change MSM activity to another income-generating activity alongside that of MSM shows that many of them are SW, workers in the informal sector. This must be taken into account in prevention activities, even if the data needs to be confirmed on a much larger sample.

Study on Influencing Factors of Mental Health of Mobile Young White-Collar Workers in China

Mobile young white-collar workers not only have the characteristics of mobile young people,but also have the characteristics of general white-collar workers.Under the influence of both,their mental health may be suffering from“double disadvantage”.So,based on an ecological model of the stress process,this paper tries to use the data of the questionnaire on the mental health of mobile young white-collar workers in Zhejiang Province to explore the influence of some factors in the middle workplace and residence place on the mental health of micro individuals.The results show that:(1)The working environment with high control and low freedom and the workplace discrimination against the mobile status will have a negative impact on the mental health of mobile young white-collar workers;(2)Financial anxiety in daily life will lead to a decline in the mental health level of mobile young white-collar workers;(3)Good organizational support and neighborhood social relations can significantly relieve life pressure,so as to effectively improve the mental health of mobile young white-collar workers.It can be seen that we also need to pay more attention to the mental health of mobile young white-collar workers in order to improve their situation.

Labor Motivation and Its Influence on Workers’Productivity-A Secondary Publication

The productivity of an institution is achieved,in large part,by creating a harmonious environment that reflects the satisfaction,empowerment,and collaborative spirit of each employee.From this perspective,management will consider upgrades using all tactics that allow for the achievement of these goals,including direct effort and the involvement of all stakeholders.The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between work motivation and the productivity of workers in the communal board of the Barrio Sur corregimiento in the province of Colón.Using the questionnaire as an instrument,as well as the descriptive method,allowed for the report and evaluation of the characteristics of the workers,indicating interpersonal deficits and distancing in the motivations that drive administrative action.By incorporating different approaches previously analyzed and developed by different authors familiar with the subject,it was possible to achieve substantial results,such as the need to implement administrative strategies that harmoniously incorporate workers,showing that,despite motivation problems,the work environment where one works is very important in the performance of their duties.Managing to motivate the direct participation of the workers selected as part of the sample,who showed full satisfaction with the results framed within the framework of individual improvement and,above all,the commitment to the institution to improve its work.

Analysis of Hand Hygiene Knowledge,Compliance,and Influencing Factors Among Psychiatric Healthcare Workers

Objective:To evaluate the knowledge,compliance,and influencing factors of hand hygiene among psychiatric healthcare workers.Methods:68 healthcare workers who worked in the Department of Psychiatry between September 2023 and May 2024 were selected to assess their knowledge of hand hygiene and compliance by questionnaire as well as to analyze their influencing factors.Results:Knowledge of hand hygiene among healthcare workers was less than 90%,and doctors’knowledge was lower than that of nurses(P<0.05).The healthcare workers’compliance with hand hygiene was lower than 80%,and the adherence of doctors was lower than that of nurses(P<0.05).Analysis of influencing factors reveals that skepticism about the effectiveness of rapid disinfectants/hand washing,skin irritation from disinfectants/cleaning agents,and busy work schedules with time constraints are the main factors affecting healthcare workers’compliance with hand hygiene,with P<0.05 compared with the same group.Conclusion:Psychiatric healthcare workers’knowledge of hand hygiene as well as compliance with it is low,and there are various factors affecting it,so targeted training is required to strengthen their hand hygiene implementation.

Economic Growth:The Fundamental Path to the Realization of Social Security Rights for Migrant Workers

The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Diabetes among City Hall Workers, Bohicon, Benin

Introduction: Living and working conditions are increasingly conducive to a sedentary lifestyle. Many administrative workers are exposed daily to long hours of work in a prolonged sitting position, which can favour the onset of diabetes. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with diabetes among workers at a town hall in Benin in 2019. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. Exhaustive recruitment was carried out. Data were collected during a face-to-face interview, using a standardized questionnaire including socio-professional factors, behavioral factors, anthropometric measurements, and blood glucose. Frequencies were calculated. Frequencies were compared using the chi-square and Fisher tests. The significance threshold was 5%. Results: A total of 85 workers were included. Their mean age was 41.55 ± 9.82 years, with a sex ratio of 6.1. = The prevalence of diabetes was estimated at 8.2% [95% CI: 3.38 - 16.23%] and 3 of the workers knew they had diabetes. A family history of diabetes was associated with diabetes (p = 0.032). Occupationally, 10.77% of permanent employees had diabetes, compared with 0.0% of non-permanent employees;12.50% of employees with at least 10 years’ seniority had diabetes, compared with 7.25% of those with less seniority;19.05% of employees who spent at least 6 hours a day sitting at work had diabetes, compared with 4.69% of those who spent less time sitting. Conclusion: Preventing chronic disease in the workplace is part of promoting workers’ health, and must take into account occupational factors such as prolonged sitting.

Service Worker技术在WebVPN实践中的应用

文章讨论了一种新的基于浏览器远程访问网络资源的技术——ServiceWorker,以解决传统基于服务器端WebVPN存在的问题。WebVPN是一种主流远程访问网络资源的方式,但是传统WebVPN技术存在难以处理动态URL和跨域访问,以及服务器CPU占用高等问题。为了解决这些问题,文章详细介绍了ServiceWorker技术的基本原理,以及如何使用ServiceWorker技术解决动态URL问题。同时,文章还详细给出了解决方案的示例代码,帮助读者更好地理解ServiceWorker技术的实际应用。在WebVPN实践中,ServiceWorker技术的应用有效地提升了远程访问网络资源的速度和用户体验,该技术有望成为WebVPN领域的一项重要技术。

Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of health-care pharmaceutical products using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may eventually revolutionize the field of human health. Under normal circumstances, the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products based on chemical methods is time-consuming and complicated. In this investigation, the principal aim is to develop an LIBS-based methodology for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products. This LIBS technique was utilized for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the elements present in Ca-based tablets. All the elements present in the tablets were detected and their percentage compositions were verified in a single shot, using the proposed instrument. These elements(e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and others) were identified by the wavelengths of their spectral lines, which were verified using the NIST database. The approximate amount of each element was determined based on their observed peaks and the result was in exact agreement with the content specification. The determination of the composition of prescription drug for patients is highly important in numerous circumstances. For example, the exploitation of LIBS may facilitate elemental decomposition of medicines to determine the accuracy of the stated composition information. Moreover, the approach can provide element-specific, meaningful, and accurate information related to pharmaceutical products.

Health-care needs of remitted patients with bipolar disorder: A comparison with schizophrenia

AIM To investigate health-care needs and their correlates among patients with remitted bipolar disorder(BD) compared to patients with remitted schizophrenia. METHODS Outpatients with BD(n = 150) and schizophrenia(n = 75) meeting clearly defined remission criteria were included in the study along with their relatives. Diagnostic ascertainment was carried out using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Demographic and clinical details were recorded using structured formats. Residual symptoms were assessed using standardized scales. Health-care needs were assessed on two separate scales. The principal instrument employed to assess health-care needs was the Camberwell Assessment of Need-Research version(CAN-R). To further evaluate health-care needs we felt that an additional instrument, which was more relevant for Indian patients and treatment-settings and designed to cover those areas of needs not specifically covered by the CAN-R was required. This instrument with a structure and scoring pattern similar to the CAN-R was used for additional evaluation of needs. Patients' level offunctioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and their quality of life(QOL) using the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-BREF version in Hindi.RESULTS An average of 6-7 needs was reported by patients with BD as well as their relatives. Commonly reported needs were in the areas of economic and welfare needs, informational needs, social needs and the need for treatment. According to the CAN-R, both patients and relatives reported that more than 60% of the total needs were being met. However, over 90% of the needs covered by the additional evaluation were unmet according to patients and relatives. Needs in the areas of economic and welfare-benefits, information, company, daytime activities and physical health-care were largely unmet according to patients and relatives. Total, met and unmet needs were significantly higher for schizophrenia, but the most common types of needs were quite similar to BD. Relatives reported more needs than patients with certain differences in the types of needs reported. Level of patients' functioning was the principal correlate of greater total and unmet needs in both groups. Significant associations were also obtained with residual symptoms and QOL.CONCLUSION The presence of unmet needs in remitted patients with BD was an additional marker of the enduring psychosocial impairment characteristic of the remitted phase of BD.

Interpretation of WHO Guideline:Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-care Facilities to Prevent overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition

Along with the transitions of social and economic development,dietary patterns and physical activity and life-styles,the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased at an astonishing rate in the past decades,and has become one of the most serious public health challenges.Meanwhile,the stunting rate has declined with slowly pace,while millions of young lives are still be threatened by wasting all over the word.The present situation of Double Burden of Malnutrition should be recognized clearly and addressed seriously,which refers to,the common presence of both obesity and underweight in the same populations,communities and even families.In order to provide guidance on the appropriate assessment and management of infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities,to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity among children,the Guideline Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Healthcare Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition was developed and released by WHO in 2017 using the procedures outlined in the WHO handbook for guideline development.The WHO Guideline(2017)is intended primarily for use in low-and medium-resource settings where both under-nutrition and obesity are prevalent.In this guideline,there are three prioritized speci c areas and questions for infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities:anthropometric assessment,care of infants and children with acute or chronic malnutrition,and care of children who are overweight or obese.It is recommended that for infants and children aged<5 years presenting primary health-care facilities,weight and length/height should be measured and evaluate adequately,general nutrition and physical activity counselling should be provided for related caregivers and families,identi cation and appropriate management plan should be developed at primary health-care level.The discrepancies of the recommendation on the three prioritized areas in di erent guidelines are compared in this paper.All the related guidelines emphasize the important of anthropometric measurement and monitor of growth for primary care workers and suggest dietary and physical activity counselling for obese people.Almost all the guidelines provide recommendations on breastfeeding and continued feeding counselling from the aspect of improving the status of acute or chronic malnutrition.The setting condition should be carefully considered when taking the guidelines of di erent organizations and countries into application.

Knowledge and associated factors of healthcare workers on measles vaccine and cold chain management at health institutions in Gondar,Ethiopia

Objective:To assess the knowledge of healthcare workers on the measles vaccine and its cold chain management.Method:An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1 to March 30,2022 in Gondar City Administration public health institutions among 165 healthcare workers.Data were collected using a structured questionnaire.In addition,an on-spot observation checklist was used to assess the availability,status and management of the cold chain.A logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables.Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with 95%confidence intervals.Results:Overall,87(52.7%;95%CI 44.8%-60.5%)of the healthcare workers had unsatisfactory knowledge regarding the measles vaccine and its cold chain management.One hundred thirty-six(82.4%)healthcare workers correctly mentioned the recommended range of temperature(2-8℃)for measles vaccine storage.Healthcare workers aged 18-29 years(P=0.001)and 30-44 years(P=0.014)were observed as determinants of unsatisfactory knowledge on the measles vaccine and its cold chain management.One hundred and five(63.6%)of the healthcare workers did not correctly mention the type of measles vaccine used in routine immunization.More than one-third(36.4%)of the healthcare workers perceived that the measles vaccine is not safe and could cause measles.Conclusions:More than half of the healthcare workers in the study area had unsatisfactory knowledge on the measles vaccine and its cold chain management.It is necessary to provide technical support and in-service training for healthcare workers to ensure optimal immunization effectiveness.

Addressing the needs and rights of sex workers for HIV healthcare services in the Philippines

The right to health for all people means that healthcare services and programs are available,accessible,and acceptable for everyone in need.However,certain groups in the society may be marginalized from their needed healthcare services.In this regard,this paper discusses the challenges in providing HIV-related services to sex workers,a group that remains marginalized in Philippine society.