STAR CCM+ CFD Simulations of Enhanced Heat Transfer in High-Power Density Electronics Using Forced Air Heat Exchanger and Pumped Fluid Loop Cold Plate Fabricated from High Thermal Conductivity Materials

As telecommunication and RF power electronics applications continue to push the envelope of waste heat dissipation, more and more, we see a need for active thermal control employing forced air electronic cooling fans in unison with pumped fluid loops in order to meet temperature and performance requirements. This research paper presents results of applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial industry STAR-CCM+ software for heat transfer and fluid flow simulation of a novel heat exchanger/cold plate fabricated from k-core high thermal conductivity material in order to realize thermal control system hardware design for very much applications to very large power density (~1 kW/m2) electronics packaging scenarios. Trade studies involving different heat exchanger/cold plate materials, as well as vari- ous fault scenarios within a mock-up of a typical electronics system, are used to illustrate the upper bounds placed on the convective heat transfer coefficient. Agreement between our present findings and previous research in the field of electronics cooling is presented herein.

Analysis of steady heat conduction for 3D axisymmetric functionally graded circular plate

The thermal conduction behavior of the three-dimensional axisymmetric functionally graded circular plate was studied under thermal loads on its top and bottom surfaces. Material properties were taken to be arbitrary distribution functions of the thickness. A temperature function that satisfies thermal boundary conditions at the edges and the variable separation method were used to reduce equation governing the steady state heat conduction to an ordinary differential equation （ODE） in the thickness coordinate which was solved analytically. Next, resulting variable coefficients ODE due to arbitrary distribution of material properties along thickness coordinate was also solved by the Peano-Baker series. Some numerical examples were given to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency of the present model, mad to investigate the influence of different distributions of material properties on the temperature field. The numerical results confirm that the influence of different material distributions, gradient indices and thickness of plate to temperature field in plate can not be ignored.

Analytical solution for the time-fractional heat conduction equation in spherical coordinate system by the method of variable separation

In this paper,using the fractional Fourier law,we obtain the fractional heat conduction equation with a time-fractional derivative in the spherical coordinate system.The method of variable separation is used to solve the timefractional heat conduction equation.The Caputo fractional derivative of the order 0 〈 α≤ 1 is used.The solution is presented in terms of the Mittag-Leffler functions.Numerical results are illustrated graphically for various values of fractional derivative.

AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF HEAT CONDUCTION ON A LOCALLY NONUNIFORMLY HEATED SURFACE OF A PLATE WITH FINITE THICKNESS

In engineering and technology, the following problem is often touched upon A certain portion of a plate with finite thickness is heated on its surface, so that the heat flux along the surface is distributed nonuniformly and varying with time. For this kind of heal conduction, there is no available analytical solution given in existing treatises concerning heat conduction. This paper presents an analytical solution of this problem, its calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Surface treatment to improve corrosion resistance of Al plate heat exchangers

The correlations between thermal and physical properties were studied through thermal conductivity measurements, hardness tests, salt spray tests (AASS) among the surface treatment samples named K20, K40 with thickness of 20, 40 μm respectively and raw sample named K00. In thermal conductivity measurements, there are little differences among the samples as K00, K20 and K40, they exhibit 153.39, 150.69 and 149.76 W/(m·K), respectively. According to hardness tests, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit 87.9, 259.7 and 344.8 in Vickers values. In the result of salt spray tests to examine the effects on corrosion resistance, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit the grade of 3?5, 2.0?9.8 and 10, respectively. The mutual relation of the above results was analyzed. It is found that the surface treatments do not affect the thermal conductivity of aluminum and result in the improvement of physical properties. As a result of the technology, the surface improvement of aluminum alloy specimen is achieved without thermal degradation. It validates the ability of the aluminum plate heat exchangers with surface treatment to enhance the corrosion resistance. Present work is performed as the first fundamental threshold in the process of aluminum plate heat exchangers development to check out its possibility, therefore the next step-experimental and numerical study of practical aluminum plate heat exchangers will be made.

An improved local radial point interpolation method for transient heat conduction analysis

The smoothing thin plate spline （STPS） interpolation using the penalty function method according to the optimization theory is presented to deal with transient heat conduction problems. The smooth conditions of the shape functions and derivatives can be satisfied so that the distortions hardly occur. Local weak forms are developed using the weighted residual method locally from the partial differential equations of the transient heat conduction. Here the Heaviside step function is used as the test function in each sub-domain to avoid the need for a domain integral. Essential boundary conditions can be implemented like the finite element method （FEM） as the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property. The traditional two-point difference method is selected for the time discretization scheme. Three selected numerical examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the availability and accuracy of the present approach comparing with the traditional thin plate spline （TPS） radial basis functions.

Deflection of transient thermoelastic circular plate by Marchi-Zgrablich and Laplace integral transform technique

This paper deals with the determination of temperature distribution and thermal deflection function of a thin circular plate with the stated conditions. The transient heat conduction equation is solved by using Marchi-Zgrablich transform and Laplace transform simultaneously and the results of temperature distribution and thermal deflection function are obtained in terms of infinite series of Bessel function and it is solved for special case by using Mathcad 2007 software and represented graphically by using Microsoft excel 2007.

基于LBM的低导热材料板强化沸腾换热机理分析

为进一步强化沸腾换热,通过在固体加热器的上壁面附近嵌入多段低导热材料板,实现了沸腾换热的受热面上的温度随空间的交替变化。采用单组分多相LBM,考察了低导热材料板的数量和间隙间距对沸腾换热性能和气泡动力学的影响,从微观角度揭示了添加低导热材料板强化沸腾换热的机理。结果表明:气泡动态行为随间隙间距的增大而发生变化,会出现气泡合并、独立生长等气泡脱离过程。结合气泡动态行为、温度场和流场分析,发现气泡首先会在间隙受热面处成核生长,脱离气泡的涡流可以促进生长气泡在受热面的横向迁移和合并过程,在一定间隙间距范围,气泡会相互融合形成较大的液桥,液桥的存在能够促进受热面气泡根部周围微层的蒸发,推动了间隙受热面处的冷流体再润湿过程。添加多段低导热材料板,间隙处热量积聚、气泡合并形成液桥、间隙受热面的再润湿、气泡横向迁移和多气泡的快速合并等这些过程的共同作用强化了沸腾换热性能。

各向异性膨胀石墨双极板对燃料电池性能的影响

该文分析了膨胀石墨双极板(EGBPs)各向异性结构对燃料电池水热管理与输出性能的影响。建立了三维两相非等温数值模型,对比了4种典型复合材料结构下温度、电流密度、水含量等参数的分布特征,揭示了双极板传热特性与输出性能的耦合效应。结果表明:沿质子传递方向热导率(k_z)对燃料电池性能具有显著影响,在2.2 A cm^(-2)电流密度下,将k_z从常规结构的5 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)提升至280 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),可以使输出性能提高22 m V;沿流道气体流动方向的热导率(k_y)是影响散热能力的关键因素,将k_y与k_z提高至280 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),或者实现各向同性结构(k_x=k_y=k_z=20 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)),均能够使膜电极组件(MEA)核心区域的温度降低2℃左右。因此,提高k_y与k_z并实现各向同性结构是膨胀石墨双极板技术的未来发展目标之一。

平板型环路热管研究现状及发展趋势

平板型环路热管是一种具有平板蒸发器的环路结构热管器件,其利用气液相变原理进行高效热传递。由于平板型环路热管更符合先进电子技术的发展趋势,并具有优异的远距离热传输性能,在航天飞行器、电子设备冷却、余热回收利用等领域具备广阔的应用前景。因此,文章综述了近年来研究者在平板型环路热管的吸液芯、工质、工作特性、理论模型以及异型结构等方面所做出的努力,总结了平板型环路热管上述方向的发展现状,提出平板型环路热管的未来发展趋势,助力先进两相散热技术发展。

机器人点焊板材厚度检测的数值模拟与变量程序应用研究

针对轿车车门内板点焊过程中,机器人伺服焊枪经过多个焊点操作后工件间隙扩大,以及钣金厚度变化造成的焊接质量下降问题。基于ANSYS有限元技术对高强度双相钢机器人点焊过程进行热传导数值模拟分析,研究板材厚度变化对焊接热传导效率及熔核直径大小的影响。试验结果表明,当板材厚度为1.9~2.0 mm时,熔核直径达到最大值,随着板材厚度的增加,熔核直径减小,焊接质量下降。为解决这一问题,运用KUKA机器人伺服焊枪的板材厚度动态检测功能和变量程序跳转指令,在板材厚度超出公差值(1.8~2.5 mm)时中断机器人焊接程序并及时报警,减少了板材间隙增大带来的飞溅、虚焊等缺陷,提高形核质量和焊接精度,保证车门内板高强度双相钢点焊的前后焊点质量稳定。

蒸发冷凝长度比对不同微槽平板铝热管热性能的影响

为研究不同蒸发段和冷凝段长度比值对平板铝热管热性能的影响,通过实验分析了相同截面尺寸、相同填充工质、矩形微槽道和三角形微槽道的平板热管90°安装,以及采用连续递增的输入热流和冷凝段强制风冷换热时,9种不同比值对平板热管热性能的影响。研究结果表明:提出的平板微槽道热管蒸发段冷凝段长度比值对平板微槽道热管热性能的影响明显。优选的两种类型蒸发段冷凝段长度比值在0.8~1.25范围内,传热性能良好。对比不同微槽道的平板热管发现,同等条件下矩形微槽道平板热管的传热性能优于三角形微槽道平板热管,并提出蒸发段冷凝段长度比值的最佳值为1,建议应用设计中蒸发段冷凝段长度比值范围为0.8~1.0。研究结果可对平板微槽道热管应用系统的设计提供准确参考。

石墨及石墨-金属膜材料散热性能研究

基于石墨材料优异的各向异性导热性,本文针对物理模型为100 mm×100 mm×1.1 mm的石墨板、石墨-金属膜板、紫铜板进行热扩散能力的研究,并利用Fluent对"一角加一点热源"的仿真模型进行数值仿真。在同热流密度条件下,分析板材的物理特性、结构对热扩散能力的影响。

航天服用“屏蔽-发热”一体化导电织物的制备

航天服是保障航天员生命安全与工作环境的密闭多功能服装,具有阻挡辐射、维持宇航员体温等功能.本文分别选用亚麻织物、竹浆纤维织物和涤纶织物作为织物基底,采用简单高效的化学镀技术制备兼具电磁屏蔽效能和发热性能的"屏蔽-发热"一体化Cu-Ni合金导电织物.利用XRD和SEM表征导电织物的微观形貌和晶体结构,利用TGA来表征导电织物的热稳定性,并探讨了不同导电织物的电磁屏蔽效能和发热性能.结果表明:不同基底的"屏蔽-发热"一体化导电织物均表现出优异的屏蔽和发热性能.

Fabrication, microstructure and properties of SiCp/Cu heat sink materials

Cu-coated powder was fabricated by electroless plating process, and the composition and morphology of coated powder were studied. Moreover, Cu-30, 40, 50 vol.%SiCp heat sink materials were fabricated by hot pressing using coated and uncoated powder. And the microstructure and thermophysical properties of the heat sink materials were also studied. The results show that SiCp particles distribute uniformly in heat sink materials and the interface between SiCp particles and Cu matrix is clear and well bonded. On the condition of same volume fraction of SiCp, the thermal conductivity of the material using coated powder is larger than that of the material using uncoated powder. Under experiment conditions, the thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of Cu-30 vol.%SiCp heat sink material is 236.2 W·m-1·K-1 and 9.9×10-6/K (30-200 ℃) respectively. It provides important reference data for future experiments.

HL-2A装置偏滤器外靶板热负荷的红外测量

利用红外相机对HL-2A装置外偏滤器靶板的表面温度进行了测量,得到了具有一定时空分辨的红外热图。用一维热传导模型对热点处的温升进行数据处理,得到了轰击点上的热负荷演变曲线。分别对辐射偏滤器、ECRH加热、中性束注入、破裂四种放电情况下的热负荷曲线进行了分析,并就辐射偏滤器和破裂两种放电的热负荷与靶板探针测得的结果进行了比较。

Thermoelastic vibrations in a thin elliptic annulus plate with elastic supports

In this study, integral operational methods are used to investigate the thermally induced transverse vibration of a thin elliptic annulus plate with elastic supports at both radial boundaries.The axisymmetric temperature distribution is determined by the heat conduction differential equation and its corresponding boundary conditions by employing a unified integral transform technique by use of Mathieu functions and modified Mathieu functions. The solution of thermally induced vibration of the plate with both ends encased with elastic supports is obtained by employing an integral transform for double Laplace differential equation. The thermal moment is derived on the basis of temperature distribution, and its stresses are obtained based on resultant bending moments per unit width. The numerical calculations of the distributions of the transient temperature and its associated stress distributions are shown in the figures.

Three Dimensional Coupling between Elastic and Thermal Fields in the Static Analysis of Multilayered Composite Shells

This new work aims to develop a full coupled thermomechanical method including both the temperature profile and displacements as primary unknowns of the model.This generic full coupled 3D exact shell model permits the thermal stress investigation of laminated isotropic,composite and sandwich structures.Cylindrical and spherical panels,cylinders and plates are analyzed in orthogonal mixed curved reference coordinates.The 3D equilibrium relations and the 3D Fourier heat conduction equation for spherical shells are coupled and they trivially can be simplified in those for plates and cylindrical panels.The exponential matrix methodology is used to find the solutions of a full coupled model based on coupled differential relations with respect to the thickness coordinate.The analytical solution is based on theories of simply supported edges and harmonic relations for displacement components and sovra-temperature.The sovra-temperature magnitudes are directly applied at the outer faces through static state hypotheses.As a consequence,the sovra-temperature description is assumed to be an unknown variable of themodel and it is calculated in the sameway as the three displacements.The final systemis based on a set of coupled homogeneous differential relations of second order in the thickness coordinate.This system is reduced in a first order differential relation system by redoubling the number of unknowns.Therefore,the exponential matrix methodology is applied to calculate the solution.The temperature field effects are evaluated in the static investigation of shells and plates in terms of displacement and stress components.After an appropriate preliminary validation,new benchmarks are discussed for several thickness ratios,geometrical data,lamination sequences,materials and sovra-temperature values imposed at the outer faces.Results make evident the accordance between the uncoupled thermo-mechanical model and this new full coupled thermo-mechanical model without the need to separately solve the Fourier heat conduction relation.Both effects connected with the thickness layer and the related embedded materials are included in the conducted thermal stress analysis.

城轨列车空气冷却器波纹翅片通道内的传热特性研究

将波纹翅片应用于板翅式换热器,采用数值方法研究波纹翅片通道内流体的流动与传热特性。波纹翅片使通道内流体产生扰动,垂直于主流方向的横截面上产生纵向涡,形成二次流,实现强化换热;在相同的Re下,波纹翅片通道内的平均努塞尔数Nu_(m)、阻力系数f和二次流强度Se_(m)均高于平直翅片通道;所研究的几何尺寸条件下,二次流强度Se_(m)与平均努塞尔数Nu_(m)存在线性关系,二次流强度决定了换热能力;Re大于860时,JF_(1)的值大于1,表明波纹翅片可以有效地强化换热。

Analysis of Heat Transfer Behaviour of the Conduction Cold Plate System

The heat-transfer behaviour of the conduction cold plate system used for avionics is investigated in this paper. The steady-state temperature profile for the cold plate is derived and the relationship between the coolant mass flowrate, the heat load and the hashest cold plate temperature is established.A model is proposed to describe the transient thermal rosponse of the cold plate under thermal shock condition. The analytic solution of the transient heat transfer within the cold plate is provided. The results of this paper agree with those of the finite element method and can be used for the structural design and performance evaluation of cold plate system.