This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.Th...This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.The simulated heat source temperature(SHST)in this work was set from 39.51°C to 48.60°C by the simulated heat source module.The influence of load percentage of simulated heat source(LPSHS)between 50%and 70%,the rotary valve opening(RVO)between 20%and 100%,the resistive load between 36Ωand 180Ωor the no-load of the generator,as well as the autumn and winter ambient temperature on the system performance were studied.The results showed that the stability of the system was promoted when the generator had a resistive load.The power generation(PG)and generator speed(GS)of the system in autumn were better than in winter,but the expander pressure ratio(EPR)was lower than in winter.Keep RVO unchanged,the SHST,the mass flow rate(MFR)of the working medium,GS,and the PG of the system increased with the increasing of LPSHS for different generator resistance load values.When the RVO was 60%,LPSHS was 70%,the SHST was 44.15°C and the resistive load was 72Ω,the highest PG reached 15.11 W.Finally,a simulation formula was obtained for LPSHS,resistance load,and PG,and its correlation coefficient was between 0.9818 and 0.9901.The formula can accurately predict the PG.The experimental results showed that the standard deviation between the experimental and simulated values was below 0.0792,and the relative error was within±5%.展开更多
Since loading complexand dynamic heat source is a difficult job during welding simulation process, methods are studied to add the load automatically. Firstly, an expert module for selecting welding heat source model i...Since loading complexand dynamic heat source is a difficult job during welding simulation process, methods are studied to add the load automatically. Firstly, an expert module for selecting welding heat source model is founded based on simulation knowledge and experienc Secondly, a method named as "High order routine" is presented, which creates subroutines of 3D dynamic heat source m'od, el for user. Then an automated tool is presented to load the welding heat source boundary based on Marc software. The tool uses Marc command file to robustly achieve the process. At last, an electron beam welding heat model is presented to express the "toading method.展开更多
Since programing complex and dynamic heat source model for welding simulation is a complex job,the parametric methods are studied in this paper.Firstly,an overall flow to achieve automatically modeling welding was int...Since programing complex and dynamic heat source model for welding simulation is a complex job,the parametric methods are studied in this paper.Firstly,an overall flow to achieve automatically modeling welding was introduced.Secondly,an expert module rule for selecting welding heat source model was founded,which is based on simulation knowledge and experiences.Thirdly,a modularity routine method was investigated using writing with C++programing,which automatically creates subroutines of 3D dynamic heat source model for user.To realize the dynamic weld path,the local weld path coordinate system was moved in the global coordinate system and it is used to model the direction of weld gun,welding path and welding pose.The weld path data file was prepared by the automatic tool for the welding heat source subroutines.All above functions were integrated in the user interface and the connection with architecture was introduced.At last,a laser beam welding heat source modeling was automatically modeled and the weld pool geometry was compared with the reported literature.It demonstrated that the automated tool is valid for welding simulation.Since modeling became convenient for welding simulation using the tool proposed,it could be easy and useful for welding engineers to acquire the needed information.展开更多
In the hot summer&cold winter zone in China,intermittent heating space for rooms is widely used.However,in comparison with continuous space heating,the energy-saving performance of intermittent space heating has n...In the hot summer&cold winter zone in China,intermittent heating space for rooms is widely used.However,in comparison with continuous space heating,the energy-saving performance of intermittent space heating has not been sufficiently investigated.This paper studied the factors influencing the energy performance of intermittent heating for the representativeoffice inhot summer&coldwinter zone.Basedon theheatbalancemethod,adynamic thermalmodel of the intermittent heating roomwas built and tested by experiments.And then,it analyzed the total space heating load,the amount of energy saving and energy saving ratio of the intermittent heating under different preheating hours,occupation hours,required roomtemperatures,air change rates,overall heat transfer coefficients(U-value)of windows and wall materials.If the adjacent rooms were not heated,for a typical room occupied about 10 h a day,the energy-saving ratio of intermittent heating was about 30%compared with continuous heating.But the preheating power was higher than two times of continuous heating.The results also indicated that the occupation hours had a significant effect on energy saving amount and ratio,it should be noted that the energy saving ratio by intermittent heating was much lower than the unoccupied period ratio.Relative to other factors,the heating temperatures,room air change rates and U-value of windows,and room envelope materials had little effect on energy efficiency.If the adjacent rooms were heated in the same manner as the roomin question,the energy-saving ratio of the total load of intermittent heating was heavily reduced to 8.46%.展开更多
An actively water-cooled limiter has been designed for the long pulse operation of an HT-7 device, by adopting an integrated structure-doped graphite and a copper alloy heat sink with a super carbon sheet serving as a...An actively water-cooled limiter has been designed for the long pulse operation of an HT-7 device, by adopting an integrated structure-doped graphite and a copper alloy heat sink with a super carbon sheet serving as a compliant layer between them. The behaviors of the integrated structure were evaluated in an electron beam facility under different heat loads and cooling conditions. The surface temperature and bulk temperature distribution were carefully measured by optical pyrometers and thermocouples under a steady state heat flux of 1 to 5 MW/m^2 and a water flow rate of 3 m^3/h, 4.5 m^3/h and 6 m^3/h, respectively. It was found that the surface temperature increased rapidly with the heat flux rising, but decreased only slightly with the water flow rate rising. The surface temperature reached approximately 1200℃ at 5 MW/m^2 of heat flux and 6 m^3/h of water flow. The primary experimental results indicate that the integrated design meets the requirements for the heat expelling capacity of the HT-7 device. A set of numerical simulations was also completed, whose outcome was in good accord with the experimental results.展开更多
Mathematical model of cross type multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger is established.Meanwhile,mean square error of accumulative heat load is normalized by dimensionless,and the equations of temperature-difference un...Mathematical model of cross type multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger is established.Meanwhile,mean square error of accumulative heat load is normalized by dimensionless,and the equations of temperature-difference uniformity factor are improved.Evaluation factors above and performance of heat exchanger are compared and analyzed by taking aircraft three-stream condenser as an example.The results demonstrate that the mean square error of accumulative heat load is common result of total heat load and excess heat load between passages.So it can be influenced by passage arrangement,flow inlet parameters as well as flow patterns.Dimensionless parameter of mean square error of accumulative heat load can reflect the influence of passage arrangement to heat exchange performance and will not change dramatically with the variation of flow inlet parameters and flow patterns.Temperature-difference uniformity factor is influenced by passage arrangement and flow patterns.It remains basically unchanged under a certain range of flow inlet parameters.展开更多
In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effectiv...In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effective design and planning for estimating heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL)for energy saving have become paramount.In this vein,efforts have been made to predict the HL and CL using a univariate approach.However,this approach necessitates two models for learning HL and CL,requiring more computational time.Moreover,the one-dimensional(1D)convolutional neural network(CNN)has gained popularity due to its nominal computa-tional complexity,high performance,and low-cost hardware requirement.In this paper,we formulate the prediction as a multivariate regression problem in which the HL and CL are simultaneously predicted using the 1D CNN.Considering the building shape characteristics,one kernel size is adopted to create the receptive fields of the 1D CNN to extract the feature maps,a dense layer to interpret the maps,and an output layer with two neurons to predict the two real-valued responses,HL and CL.As the 1D data are not affected by excessive parameters,the pooling layer is not applied in this implementation.Besides,the use of pooling has been questioned by recent studies.The performance of the proposed model displays a comparative advantage over existing models in terms of the mean squared error(MSE).Thus,the proposed model is effective for EPB prediction because it reduces computational time and significantly lowers the MSE.展开更多
In this study,a model of combined cooling,heating and power system with municipal solid waste(MSW)and liquefied natural gas(LNG)as energy sources was proposed and developed based on the energy demand of a large commun...In this study,a model of combined cooling,heating and power system with municipal solid waste(MSW)and liquefied natural gas(LNG)as energy sources was proposed and developed based on the energy demand of a large community,andMSW was classified and utilized.The systemoperated by determining power by heating load,and measures were taken to reduce operating costs by purchasing and selling LNG,natural gas(NG),cooling,heating,and power.Based on this system model,three operation strategies were proposed based on whether MSW was classified and the length of kitchen waste fermentation time,and each strategy was simulated hourly throughout the year.The results showed that the strategy of MSW classified and centralized fermentation of kitchen waste in summer(i.e.,strategy 3)required the least total amount of LNG for the whole year,which was 47701.77 t.In terms of total annual cost expenditure,strategy 3 had the best overall economy,with the lowest total annual expenditure of 2.7730×108 RMB at LNG and NG unit prices of 4 and 4.2 RMB/kg,respectively.The lower heating value of biogas produced by fermentation of kitchen waste from MSW being classified was higher than that of MSW before being classified,so the average annual thermal economy of the operating strategy of MSW being classified was better than that of MSW not being classified.Among the strategies in which MSW was classified and utilized,strategy 3 could better meet the load demand of users in the corresponding season,and thus this strategy had better thermal economy than the strategy of year-round fermentation of kitchen waste(i.e.,strategy 2).The hourly analysis data showed that the net electrical efficiency of the system varies in the same trend as the cooling,heating and power loads in all seasons,while the relationship between the energy utilization efficiency and load varied from season to season.This study can provide guidance for the practical application of MSW being classified in the system.展开更多
NBI fast ion losses in the presence of the toroidal field ripple on EAST have been investigated by using the orbit code GYCAVA and the NBI code TGCO.The ripple effect was included in the upgraded version of the GYCAVA...NBI fast ion losses in the presence of the toroidal field ripple on EAST have been investigated by using the orbit code GYCAVA and the NBI code TGCO.The ripple effect was included in the upgraded version of the GYCAVA code.It is found that loss regions of NBI fast ions are mainly on the low field side near the edge in the presence of ripple.For co-current NBIs,the synergy effect of ripple and Coulomb collision on fast ion losses is dominant,and fast trapped ions located on the low field side are easily lost.The ripple well loss and the ripple stochastic loss of fast ions have been identified from the heat loads of co-current NBI fast ions.The ripple stochastic loss and the collisioninduced loss are much larger than the ripple well loss.Heat loads of lost fast ions are mainly localized on the right side of the radio frequency wave antennas from the inside view toward the first wall.For counter-current NBIs,the first orbit loss due to the magnetic drift is the dominant loss channel.In addition,fast ion loss fraction with ripple and collision for each NBI linearly increases with the effective charge number,which is related to the pitch angle scattering effect.展开更多
The influences of the shear coaxial injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of a combustor are studied numerically and experimentally. The injector parameters, including the ratio of the ox...The influences of the shear coaxial injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of a combustor are studied numerically and experimentally. The injector parameters, including the ratio of the oxidizer pressure drop to the combustor pressure (DP ), the velocity ratio of fuel to oxidizer (R V ), the thickness (WO ), and the recess (HO ) of the oxidizer injector post tip, the temperature of the hydrogen-rich gas (TH ) and the oxygen-rich gas (TO ), are integrated by the orthogonal experimental design method to investigate the performance of the shear coaxial injector. The gaseous hydrogen/oxygen at ambient temperature (GH2 /GO2 ), and the hot hydrogen-rich gas/oxygen-rich gas are used here. The length of the combustion (LC ), the average temperatures of the combustor wall (TW ), and the faceplate (TF ) are selected as the indicators. The tendencies of the influences of injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of the combustor for the GH2 /GO2 case are similar to those in the hot propellants case. However, the combustion performance in the hot propellant case is better than that in the GH2/GO2 case, and the heat load of the combustor is also larger than that in the latter case.展开更多
This paper presents the evolution of the design of cold mass support for the ITER magnet feeder system. The glass fibers in the cylinder and the flanges of the normal G10 support are discontinuous in the preliminary d...This paper presents the evolution of the design of cold mass support for the ITER magnet feeder system. The glass fibers in the cylinder and the flanges of the normal G10 support are discontinuous in the preliminary design. The heat load of this support from the analysis is only 4.86 W. However, the mechanical test of the prototype showed that it can only endure 9 kN lateral force, which is significantly less than the required 20 kN. So, the configuration of the glass fibers in the cylinders and flanges of this G10 support are modified by changing it to a continuous and knitted type to reinforce the support, and then a new improved prototype is manufactured and tested. It could endure 15'kN lateral forces this time, but still not meet the required 20 kN. Finally, the SS316LN material is chosen for the cold mass supports. The analysis results show that it is safe under 20 kN lateral forces with the heat load increased to 14.8 W. Considering the practical application, the requirements of strength is of primary importance. So, this SS316LN cold mass support is acceptable for the ITER magnet feeder system. On the other hand, the design idea of using continuous and knitted glass fibers to reinforce the strength of a G10 support is a good reference for the case with a lower heat load and not too high Lorentz force.展开更多
Thermo-mechanical simulation of the vacuum plasma spraying tungsten (VPS-W) coating on the actively cooled CuCrZr substrate under the relevant quasi-stationary heat load and transient heat flux for tokamak device, i...Thermo-mechanical simulation of the vacuum plasma spraying tungsten (VPS-W) coating on the actively cooled CuCrZr substrate under the relevant quasi-stationary heat load and transient heat flux for tokamak device, is conducted by finite element analysis (FEA). It is shown that the failure of copper softening is likely to occur at the W/Cu compliant interlayer under a typical quasi-stationary heat load and the surface failure of plastic yield damage to occur at the surface edge under a transient heat flux. In addition, the critical transient heat flux for melting is approximately 0.75 MJ/m2 for about 0.5 ms. All these results are useful for the design of the plasma facing components (PFCs) and the plasma operation in the future.展开更多
Temperature measurement by IR (infrared) camera was performed oll HT-T tokamak. particularly during long pulse discharges, during which the temperature of the hot spots on the belt limiter exceeded 1000℃. The heat ...Temperature measurement by IR (infrared) camera was performed oll HT-T tokamak. particularly during long pulse discharges, during which the temperature of the hot spots on the belt limiter exceeded 1000℃. The heat load on the surface of the movable limiter could be obtained through ANSYS with the temperature measured by IR-camera. This work could be important for the temperature measurement and heat load study on the first wall of EAST device.展开更多
The removal building heat load and electrical power consumption by air conditioning system are proportional to the outside conditions and solar radiation intensity. Building construction materials has substantial effe...The removal building heat load and electrical power consumption by air conditioning system are proportional to the outside conditions and solar radiation intensity. Building construction materials has substantial effects on the transmission heat through outer walls, ceiling and glazing windows. Good thermal isolation for buildings is important to reduce the transmitted heat and consumed power. The buildings models are constructed from common materials with 0 - 16 cm of thermal insulation thickness in the outer walls and ceilings, and double-layers glazing windows. The building heat loads were calculated for two types of walls and ceiling with and without thermal insulation. The cooling load temperature difference method, <em>CLTD</em>, was used to estimate the building heat load during a 24-hour each day throughout spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. The annual cooling degree-day, <em>CDD</em> was used to estimate the optimal thermal insulation thickness and payback period with including the solar radiation effect on the outer walls surfaces. The average saved energy percentage in summer, spring, autumn and winter are 35.5%, 32.8%, 33.2% and 30.7% respectively, and average yearly saved energy is about of 33.5%. The optimal thermal insulation thickness was obtained between 7 - 12 cm and payback period of 20 - 30 month for some Egyptian Cities according to the Latitude and annual degree-days.展开更多
Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated ...Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.展开更多
As the ubiquitous electric power internet of things(UEPIoT)evolves and IoT data increases,traditional scheduling modes for load dispatch centers have yielded a variety of chal-lenges such as calculation of real-time o...As the ubiquitous electric power internet of things(UEPIoT)evolves and IoT data increases,traditional scheduling modes for load dispatch centers have yielded a variety of chal-lenges such as calculation of real-time optimization,extraction of time-varying characteristics and formulation of coordinated scheduling strategy for capacity optimization of electric heating and cooling loads.In this paper,a deep neural network coor-dination model for electric heating and cooling loads based on the situation awareness(SA)of thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)is proposed.First,a sliding window is used to adaptively preprocess the IoT node data with uncertainty.According to personal thermal comfort(PTC)and peak shaving contribution(PSC),a dynamic model for loads is proposed;meanwhile,personalized behavior and consumer psychology are integrated into a flexible regulation model of TCLs.Then,a deep Q-network(DQN)-based approach,using the thermal comfort and electricity cost as the comprehensive reward function,is proposed to solve the sequential decision problem.Finally,the simulation model is designed to support the validity of the deep neural network coordination model for electric heating and cooling loads,by using UEPIoT intelligent dispatching system data.The case study demonstrates that the proposed method can efficiently manage coordination with large-scale electric heating and cooling loads.展开更多
The indoor parameters are generally non-uniform distributed.Consequently,it is important to study the space cooling/heating load oriented to local requirements.Though the influence of indoor set point,heat sources,and...The indoor parameters are generally non-uniform distributed.Consequently,it is important to study the space cooling/heating load oriented to local requirements.Though the influence of indoor set point,heat sources,and ambient temperature of convective thermal boundary on cooling/heating load has been investigated in the uniform environment in previous research,the influence of these factors,particularly the convective heat gain/loss through a building envelope,on cooling/heating load of non-uniform environment has not yet been investigated.Therefore,based on the explicit expression of indoor temperature under the convective boundary condition,the expression of space cooling/heating load with convective heat transfer from the building envelope is derived and compared through case studies.The results can be summarized as follows.(1)The convective heat transferred through the building envelope is significantly related to the airflow patterns:the heating load in the case with ceiling supply air,where the supply air has a smaller contribution to the local zone,is 24%higher than that in the case with bottom supply air.(2)The degree of influence from each thermal boundary to the local zone of space cooling cases is close to that of a uniform environment,while the influence of each factor,particularly that of supply air,is non-uniformly distributed in space heating.(3)It is possible to enhance the influence of supply air and heat source with a reasonable airflow pattern to reduce the space heating load.In general,the findings of this study can be used to guide the energy savings of rooms with non-uniform environments for space cooling/heating.展开更多
Building energy consumption is heavily dependent on its heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL).Therefore,an efficient building demand forecast is critical for ensuring energy savings and improving the operating efficacy...Building energy consumption is heavily dependent on its heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL).Therefore,an efficient building demand forecast is critical for ensuring energy savings and improving the operating efficacy of the heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)system.Modern and specialized energy-efficient building modeling technologies may offer a fair estimate of the influence of different construction methods.However,deploying these tools could be time-consuming and complex for the user.Thus,in this article,an ensemble model based on decision trees and the least square-boosting(LS-boosting)algorithm known as the regression tree ensemble(RTE)is proposed for the accurate prediction of HL and CL.The hyper parameters of the RTE are optimized by shuffled frog leaping optimization(SFLA),which leads to SRTE.Stepwise regression(STR)and Gaussian process regression(GPR)based on different kernel functions are also designed for comparison purposes.Results demonstrate that the value of root mean squared error is reduced by 37%–68%and 30%–41%for HL and CL of residential buildings,respectively,by the proposed SRTE in comparison to other models.Furthermore,the findings from the real dataset support the proposed model’s effectiveness in predicting HVAC energy usage.It can be concluded that the proposed SRTE is more effective and accurate than other methods for predicting the energy consumption of HVAC systems.展开更多
A system method is proposed to analyze pinch change of heat exchange problems with uncertain stream flowrates and temperatures. By an analysis of the maximum heating point and maximum cooling point of uncertain parame...A system method is proposed to analyze pinch change of heat exchange problems with uncertain stream flowrates and temperatures. By an analysis of the maximum heating point and maximum cooling point of uncertain parameters, existence of pinch jump can be determined. Based on the principle of reduced temperature interval analysis, a sufficient and necessary condition is derived for each stream supply temperature to determine if it is possible to become pinch within the specified range of uncertain parameters, then this range may be partitioned into different pinch regions. The study is a foundation for the flexibility analysis, synthesis, and retrofit of heat exchanger networks.展开更多
A great deal of effort has been made over the last decades to develop a better polarized electron source for high energy physics. Several laboratories operate DC guns with a gallium arsenide photocathode, which yield ...A great deal of effort has been made over the last decades to develop a better polarized electron source for high energy physics. Several laboratories operate DC guns with a gallium arsenide photocathode, which yield a highly polarized electron beam. However, the beam’s emittance might well be improved by using a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron gun, which delivers beams of a higher brightness than that from DC guns because the field gradient at the cathode is higher. SRF guns with metal and CsTe cathodes have been tested successfully. To produce polarized electrons, a Gallium-Arsenide photo-cathode must be used: an experiment to do so in a superconducting RF gun is under way at BNL. Since a bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs) photocathode is normal conducting, a problem arises from the heat load stemming from the cathode. We present our measurements of the electrical resistance of GaAs at cryogenic temperatures, a prediction of the heat load and verification by measuring the quality factor of the gun with and without the cathode at 2 K. We simulate heat generation and flow from the GaAs cathode using the ANSYS program. By following the findings with the heat load model, we designed and fabricated a new cathode holder (plug) to decrease the heat load from GaAs.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.21JCZDJC00750).
文摘This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.The simulated heat source temperature(SHST)in this work was set from 39.51°C to 48.60°C by the simulated heat source module.The influence of load percentage of simulated heat source(LPSHS)between 50%and 70%,the rotary valve opening(RVO)between 20%and 100%,the resistive load between 36Ωand 180Ωor the no-load of the generator,as well as the autumn and winter ambient temperature on the system performance were studied.The results showed that the stability of the system was promoted when the generator had a resistive load.The power generation(PG)and generator speed(GS)of the system in autumn were better than in winter,but the expander pressure ratio(EPR)was lower than in winter.Keep RVO unchanged,the SHST,the mass flow rate(MFR)of the working medium,GS,and the PG of the system increased with the increasing of LPSHS for different generator resistance load values.When the RVO was 60%,LPSHS was 70%,the SHST was 44.15°C and the resistive load was 72Ω,the highest PG reached 15.11 W.Finally,a simulation formula was obtained for LPSHS,resistance load,and PG,and its correlation coefficient was between 0.9818 and 0.9901.The formula can accurately predict the PG.The experimental results showed that the standard deviation between the experimental and simulated values was below 0.0792,and the relative error was within±5%.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract 50904038.
文摘Since loading complexand dynamic heat source is a difficult job during welding simulation process, methods are studied to add the load automatically. Firstly, an expert module for selecting welding heat source model is founded based on simulation knowledge and experienc Secondly, a method named as "High order routine" is presented, which creates subroutines of 3D dynamic heat source m'od, el for user. Then an automated tool is presented to load the welding heat source boundary based on Marc software. The tool uses Marc command file to robustly achieve the process. At last, an electron beam welding heat model is presented to express the "toading method.
基金supported by Young Innovative Talents Training Plan of Heilongjiang(UNPYSCT-2018133).
文摘Since programing complex and dynamic heat source model for welding simulation is a complex job,the parametric methods are studied in this paper.Firstly,an overall flow to achieve automatically modeling welding was introduced.Secondly,an expert module rule for selecting welding heat source model was founded,which is based on simulation knowledge and experiences.Thirdly,a modularity routine method was investigated using writing with C++programing,which automatically creates subroutines of 3D dynamic heat source model for user.To realize the dynamic weld path,the local weld path coordinate system was moved in the global coordinate system and it is used to model the direction of weld gun,welding path and welding pose.The weld path data file was prepared by the automatic tool for the welding heat source subroutines.All above functions were integrated in the user interface and the connection with architecture was introduced.At last,a laser beam welding heat source modeling was automatically modeled and the weld pool geometry was compared with the reported literature.It demonstrated that the automated tool is valid for welding simulation.Since modeling became convenient for welding simulation using the tool proposed,it could be easy and useful for welding engineers to acquire the needed information.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71974129).
文摘In the hot summer&cold winter zone in China,intermittent heating space for rooms is widely used.However,in comparison with continuous space heating,the energy-saving performance of intermittent space heating has not been sufficiently investigated.This paper studied the factors influencing the energy performance of intermittent heating for the representativeoffice inhot summer&coldwinter zone.Basedon theheatbalancemethod,adynamic thermalmodel of the intermittent heating roomwas built and tested by experiments.And then,it analyzed the total space heating load,the amount of energy saving and energy saving ratio of the intermittent heating under different preheating hours,occupation hours,required roomtemperatures,air change rates,overall heat transfer coefficients(U-value)of windows and wall materials.If the adjacent rooms were not heated,for a typical room occupied about 10 h a day,the energy-saving ratio of intermittent heating was about 30%compared with continuous heating.But the preheating power was higher than two times of continuous heating.The results also indicated that the occupation hours had a significant effect on energy saving amount and ratio,it should be noted that the energy saving ratio by intermittent heating was much lower than the unoccupied period ratio.Relative to other factors,the heating temperatures,room air change rates and U-value of windows,and room envelope materials had little effect on energy efficiency.If the adjacent rooms were heated in the same manner as the roomin question,the energy-saving ratio of the total load of intermittent heating was heavily reduced to 8.46%.
基金The project partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10275069)
文摘An actively water-cooled limiter has been designed for the long pulse operation of an HT-7 device, by adopting an integrated structure-doped graphite and a copper alloy heat sink with a super carbon sheet serving as a compliant layer between them. The behaviors of the integrated structure were evaluated in an electron beam facility under different heat loads and cooling conditions. The surface temperature and bulk temperature distribution were carefully measured by optical pyrometers and thermocouples under a steady state heat flux of 1 to 5 MW/m^2 and a water flow rate of 3 m^3/h, 4.5 m^3/h and 6 m^3/h, respectively. It was found that the surface temperature increased rapidly with the heat flux rising, but decreased only slightly with the water flow rate rising. The surface temperature reached approximately 1200℃ at 5 MW/m^2 of heat flux and 6 m^3/h of water flow. The primary experimental results indicate that the integrated design meets the requirements for the heat expelling capacity of the HT-7 device. A set of numerical simulations was also completed, whose outcome was in good accord with the experimental results.
文摘Mathematical model of cross type multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger is established.Meanwhile,mean square error of accumulative heat load is normalized by dimensionless,and the equations of temperature-difference uniformity factor are improved.Evaluation factors above and performance of heat exchanger are compared and analyzed by taking aircraft three-stream condenser as an example.The results demonstrate that the mean square error of accumulative heat load is common result of total heat load and excess heat load between passages.So it can be influenced by passage arrangement,flow inlet parameters as well as flow patterns.Dimensionless parameter of mean square error of accumulative heat load can reflect the influence of passage arrangement to heat exchange performance and will not change dramatically with the variation of flow inlet parameters and flow patterns.Temperature-difference uniformity factor is influenced by passage arrangement and flow patterns.It remains basically unchanged under a certain range of flow inlet parameters.
基金supported in part by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation(IITP)Grant by the Korean Government Ministry of Science and ICT(MSITArtificial Intelligence Innovation Hub)under Grant 2021-0-02068in part by the NationalResearch Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant by theKorean Government(MSIT)under Grant NRF-2021R1I1A3060565.
文摘In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effective design and planning for estimating heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL)for energy saving have become paramount.In this vein,efforts have been made to predict the HL and CL using a univariate approach.However,this approach necessitates two models for learning HL and CL,requiring more computational time.Moreover,the one-dimensional(1D)convolutional neural network(CNN)has gained popularity due to its nominal computa-tional complexity,high performance,and low-cost hardware requirement.In this paper,we formulate the prediction as a multivariate regression problem in which the HL and CL are simultaneously predicted using the 1D CNN.Considering the building shape characteristics,one kernel size is adopted to create the receptive fields of the 1D CNN to extract the feature maps,a dense layer to interpret the maps,and an output layer with two neurons to predict the two real-valued responses,HL and CL.As the 1D data are not affected by excessive parameters,the pooling layer is not applied in this implementation.Besides,the use of pooling has been questioned by recent studies.The performance of the proposed model displays a comparative advantage over existing models in terms of the mean squared error(MSE).Thus,the proposed model is effective for EPB prediction because it reduces computational time and significantly lowers the MSE.
基金support provided by the Nature Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR201709180049)the Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2019GSF109023).
文摘In this study,a model of combined cooling,heating and power system with municipal solid waste(MSW)and liquefied natural gas(LNG)as energy sources was proposed and developed based on the energy demand of a large community,andMSW was classified and utilized.The systemoperated by determining power by heating load,and measures were taken to reduce operating costs by purchasing and selling LNG,natural gas(NG),cooling,heating,and power.Based on this system model,three operation strategies were proposed based on whether MSW was classified and the length of kitchen waste fermentation time,and each strategy was simulated hourly throughout the year.The results showed that the strategy of MSW classified and centralized fermentation of kitchen waste in summer(i.e.,strategy 3)required the least total amount of LNG for the whole year,which was 47701.77 t.In terms of total annual cost expenditure,strategy 3 had the best overall economy,with the lowest total annual expenditure of 2.7730×108 RMB at LNG and NG unit prices of 4 and 4.2 RMB/kg,respectively.The lower heating value of biogas produced by fermentation of kitchen waste from MSW being classified was higher than that of MSW before being classified,so the average annual thermal economy of the operating strategy of MSW being classified was better than that of MSW not being classified.Among the strategies in which MSW was classified and utilized,strategy 3 could better meet the load demand of users in the corresponding season,and thus this strategy had better thermal economy than the strategy of year-round fermentation of kitchen waste(i.e.,strategy 2).The hourly analysis data showed that the net electrical efficiency of the system varies in the same trend as the cooling,heating and power loads in all seasons,while the relationship between the energy utilization efficiency and load varied from season to season.This study can provide guidance for the practical application of MSW being classified in the system.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11775265)。
文摘NBI fast ion losses in the presence of the toroidal field ripple on EAST have been investigated by using the orbit code GYCAVA and the NBI code TGCO.The ripple effect was included in the upgraded version of the GYCAVA code.It is found that loss regions of NBI fast ions are mainly on the low field side near the edge in the presence of ripple.For co-current NBIs,the synergy effect of ripple and Coulomb collision on fast ion losses is dominant,and fast trapped ions located on the low field side are easily lost.The ripple well loss and the ripple stochastic loss of fast ions have been identified from the heat loads of co-current NBI fast ions.The ripple stochastic loss and the collisioninduced loss are much larger than the ripple well loss.Heat loads of lost fast ions are mainly localized on the right side of the radio frequency wave antennas from the inside view toward the first wall.For counter-current NBIs,the first orbit loss due to the magnetic drift is the dominant loss channel.In addition,fast ion loss fraction with ripple and collision for each NBI linearly increases with the effective charge number,which is related to the pitch angle scattering effect.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2009702504)
文摘The influences of the shear coaxial injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of a combustor are studied numerically and experimentally. The injector parameters, including the ratio of the oxidizer pressure drop to the combustor pressure (DP ), the velocity ratio of fuel to oxidizer (R V ), the thickness (WO ), and the recess (HO ) of the oxidizer injector post tip, the temperature of the hydrogen-rich gas (TH ) and the oxygen-rich gas (TO ), are integrated by the orthogonal experimental design method to investigate the performance of the shear coaxial injector. The gaseous hydrogen/oxygen at ambient temperature (GH2 /GO2 ), and the hot hydrogen-rich gas/oxygen-rich gas are used here. The length of the combustion (LC ), the average temperatures of the combustor wall (TW ), and the faceplate (TF ) are selected as the indicators. The tendencies of the influences of injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of the combustor for the GH2 /GO2 case are similar to those in the hot propellants case. However, the combustion performance in the hot propellant case is better than that in the GH2/GO2 case, and the heat load of the combustor is also larger than that in the latter case.
基金supported by ITER IO, the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2008CB717906)the National Special Support for R&D on Science and Technology for ITER (No. 2008GB102000)
文摘This paper presents the evolution of the design of cold mass support for the ITER magnet feeder system. The glass fibers in the cylinder and the flanges of the normal G10 support are discontinuous in the preliminary design. The heat load of this support from the analysis is only 4.86 W. However, the mechanical test of the prototype showed that it can only endure 9 kN lateral force, which is significantly less than the required 20 kN. So, the configuration of the glass fibers in the cylinders and flanges of this G10 support are modified by changing it to a continuous and knitted type to reinforce the support, and then a new improved prototype is manufactured and tested. It could endure 15'kN lateral forces this time, but still not meet the required 20 kN. Finally, the SS316LN material is chosen for the cold mass supports. The analysis results show that it is safe under 20 kN lateral forces with the heat load increased to 14.8 W. Considering the practical application, the requirements of strength is of primary importance. So, this SS316LN cold mass support is acceptable for the ITER magnet feeder system. On the other hand, the design idea of using continuous and knitted glass fibers to reinforce the strength of a G10 support is a good reference for the case with a lower heat load and not too high Lorentz force.
基金supported by the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KJCX2-YW-N35)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10775138,11175205)
文摘Thermo-mechanical simulation of the vacuum plasma spraying tungsten (VPS-W) coating on the actively cooled CuCrZr substrate under the relevant quasi-stationary heat load and transient heat flux for tokamak device, is conducted by finite element analysis (FEA). It is shown that the failure of copper softening is likely to occur at the W/Cu compliant interlayer under a typical quasi-stationary heat load and the surface failure of plastic yield damage to occur at the surface edge under a transient heat flux. In addition, the critical transient heat flux for melting is approximately 0.75 MJ/m2 for about 0.5 ms. All these results are useful for the design of the plasma facing components (PFCs) and the plasma operation in the future.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10305011)
文摘Temperature measurement by IR (infrared) camera was performed oll HT-T tokamak. particularly during long pulse discharges, during which the temperature of the hot spots on the belt limiter exceeded 1000℃. The heat load on the surface of the movable limiter could be obtained through ANSYS with the temperature measured by IR-camera. This work could be important for the temperature measurement and heat load study on the first wall of EAST device.
文摘The removal building heat load and electrical power consumption by air conditioning system are proportional to the outside conditions and solar radiation intensity. Building construction materials has substantial effects on the transmission heat through outer walls, ceiling and glazing windows. Good thermal isolation for buildings is important to reduce the transmitted heat and consumed power. The buildings models are constructed from common materials with 0 - 16 cm of thermal insulation thickness in the outer walls and ceilings, and double-layers glazing windows. The building heat loads were calculated for two types of walls and ceiling with and without thermal insulation. The cooling load temperature difference method, <em>CLTD</em>, was used to estimate the building heat load during a 24-hour each day throughout spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. The annual cooling degree-day, <em>CDD</em> was used to estimate the optimal thermal insulation thickness and payback period with including the solar radiation effect on the outer walls surfaces. The average saved energy percentage in summer, spring, autumn and winter are 35.5%, 32.8%, 33.2% and 30.7% respectively, and average yearly saved energy is about of 33.5%. The optimal thermal insulation thickness was obtained between 7 - 12 cm and payback period of 20 - 30 month for some Egyptian Cities according to the Latitude and annual degree-days.
基金The work described in this paper was financially supported by the Shanghai Municipality Natural Science Foundation(No.21ZR1434400).
文摘Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.
基金This project was supported by National Key Research and Development Plan(2017YFB0902100)Key Project of Liaoning Natural Science Foundation under Grant(20170520292).
文摘As the ubiquitous electric power internet of things(UEPIoT)evolves and IoT data increases,traditional scheduling modes for load dispatch centers have yielded a variety of chal-lenges such as calculation of real-time optimization,extraction of time-varying characteristics and formulation of coordinated scheduling strategy for capacity optimization of electric heating and cooling loads.In this paper,a deep neural network coor-dination model for electric heating and cooling loads based on the situation awareness(SA)of thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)is proposed.First,a sliding window is used to adaptively preprocess the IoT node data with uncertainty.According to personal thermal comfort(PTC)and peak shaving contribution(PSC),a dynamic model for loads is proposed;meanwhile,personalized behavior and consumer psychology are integrated into a flexible regulation model of TCLs.Then,a deep Q-network(DQN)-based approach,using the thermal comfort and electricity cost as the comprehensive reward function,is proposed to solve the sequential decision problem.Finally,the simulation model is designed to support the validity of the deep neural network coordination model for electric heating and cooling loads,by using UEPIoT intelligent dispatching system data.The case study demonstrates that the proposed method can efficiently manage coordination with large-scale electric heating and cooling loads.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51638010 and No.51578306).
文摘The indoor parameters are generally non-uniform distributed.Consequently,it is important to study the space cooling/heating load oriented to local requirements.Though the influence of indoor set point,heat sources,and ambient temperature of convective thermal boundary on cooling/heating load has been investigated in the uniform environment in previous research,the influence of these factors,particularly the convective heat gain/loss through a building envelope,on cooling/heating load of non-uniform environment has not yet been investigated.Therefore,based on the explicit expression of indoor temperature under the convective boundary condition,the expression of space cooling/heating load with convective heat transfer from the building envelope is derived and compared through case studies.The results can be summarized as follows.(1)The convective heat transferred through the building envelope is significantly related to the airflow patterns:the heating load in the case with ceiling supply air,where the supply air has a smaller contribution to the local zone,is 24%higher than that in the case with bottom supply air.(2)The degree of influence from each thermal boundary to the local zone of space cooling cases is close to that of a uniform environment,while the influence of each factor,particularly that of supply air,is non-uniformly distributed in space heating.(3)It is possible to enhance the influence of supply air and heat source with a reasonable airflow pattern to reduce the space heating load.In general,the findings of this study can be used to guide the energy savings of rooms with non-uniform environments for space cooling/heating.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2021R1A2C3013687)the GIST Research Institute(GRI)grant funded by the GIST in GIST Research Project.
文摘Building energy consumption is heavily dependent on its heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL).Therefore,an efficient building demand forecast is critical for ensuring energy savings and improving the operating efficacy of the heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)system.Modern and specialized energy-efficient building modeling technologies may offer a fair estimate of the influence of different construction methods.However,deploying these tools could be time-consuming and complex for the user.Thus,in this article,an ensemble model based on decision trees and the least square-boosting(LS-boosting)algorithm known as the regression tree ensemble(RTE)is proposed for the accurate prediction of HL and CL.The hyper parameters of the RTE are optimized by shuffled frog leaping optimization(SFLA),which leads to SRTE.Stepwise regression(STR)and Gaussian process regression(GPR)based on different kernel functions are also designed for comparison purposes.Results demonstrate that the value of root mean squared error is reduced by 37%–68%and 30%–41%for HL and CL of residential buildings,respectively,by the proposed SRTE in comparison to other models.Furthermore,the findings from the real dataset support the proposed model’s effectiveness in predicting HVAC energy usage.It can be concluded that the proposed SRTE is more effective and accurate than other methods for predicting the energy consumption of HVAC systems.
文摘A system method is proposed to analyze pinch change of heat exchange problems with uncertain stream flowrates and temperatures. By an analysis of the maximum heating point and maximum cooling point of uncertain parameters, existence of pinch jump can be determined. Based on the principle of reduced temperature interval analysis, a sufficient and necessary condition is derived for each stream supply temperature to determine if it is possible to become pinch within the specified range of uncertain parameters, then this range may be partitioned into different pinch regions. The study is a foundation for the flexibility analysis, synthesis, and retrofit of heat exchanger networks.
基金Supported by China Scholarship Council, Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC (DE-AC02-98CH10886) with the U.S. DOE
文摘A great deal of effort has been made over the last decades to develop a better polarized electron source for high energy physics. Several laboratories operate DC guns with a gallium arsenide photocathode, which yield a highly polarized electron beam. However, the beam’s emittance might well be improved by using a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron gun, which delivers beams of a higher brightness than that from DC guns because the field gradient at the cathode is higher. SRF guns with metal and CsTe cathodes have been tested successfully. To produce polarized electrons, a Gallium-Arsenide photo-cathode must be used: an experiment to do so in a superconducting RF gun is under way at BNL. Since a bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs) photocathode is normal conducting, a problem arises from the heat load stemming from the cathode. We present our measurements of the electrical resistance of GaAs at cryogenic temperatures, a prediction of the heat load and verification by measuring the quality factor of the gun with and without the cathode at 2 K. We simulate heat generation and flow from the GaAs cathode using the ANSYS program. By following the findings with the heat load model, we designed and fabricated a new cathode holder (plug) to decrease the heat load from GaAs.