STAR CCM+ CFD Simulations of Enhanced Heat Transfer in High-Power Density Electronics Using Forced Air Heat Exchanger and Pumped Fluid Loop Cold Plate Fabricated from High Thermal Conductivity Materials

As telecommunication and RF power electronics applications continue to push the envelope of waste heat dissipation, more and more, we see a need for active thermal control employing forced air electronic cooling fans in unison with pumped fluid loops in order to meet temperature and performance requirements. This research paper presents results of applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial industry STAR-CCM+ software for heat transfer and fluid flow simulation of a novel heat exchanger/cold plate fabricated from k-core high thermal conductivity material in order to realize thermal control system hardware design for very much applications to very large power density (~1 kW/m2) electronics packaging scenarios. Trade studies involving different heat exchanger/cold plate materials, as well as vari- ous fault scenarios within a mock-up of a typical electronics system, are used to illustrate the upper bounds placed on the convective heat transfer coefficient. Agreement between our present findings and previous research in the field of electronics cooling is presented herein.

Theoretical study on the effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels based on a cross-aligned and cubic pore model

Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of SiO_(2) aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_(1)= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–10^(5)Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 10^(3)–10^(4)Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.

Deflection of transient thermoelastic circular plate by Marchi-Zgrablich and Laplace integral transform technique

This paper deals with the determination of temperature distribution and thermal deflection function of a thin circular plate with the stated conditions. The transient heat conduction equation is solved by using Marchi-Zgrablich transform and Laplace transform simultaneously and the results of temperature distribution and thermal deflection function are obtained in terms of infinite series of Bessel function and it is solved for special case by using Mathcad 2007 software and represented graphically by using Microsoft excel 2007.

基于LBM的低导热材料板强化沸腾换热机理分析

为进一步强化沸腾换热,通过在固体加热器的上壁面附近嵌入多段低导热材料板,实现了沸腾换热的受热面上的温度随空间的交替变化。采用单组分多相LBM,考察了低导热材料板的数量和间隙间距对沸腾换热性能和气泡动力学的影响,从微观角度揭示了添加低导热材料板强化沸腾换热的机理。结果表明:气泡动态行为随间隙间距的增大而发生变化,会出现气泡合并、独立生长等气泡脱离过程。结合气泡动态行为、温度场和流场分析,发现气泡首先会在间隙受热面处成核生长,脱离气泡的涡流可以促进生长气泡在受热面的横向迁移和合并过程,在一定间隙间距范围,气泡会相互融合形成较大的液桥,液桥的存在能够促进受热面气泡根部周围微层的蒸发,推动了间隙受热面处的冷流体再润湿过程。添加多段低导热材料板,间隙处热量积聚、气泡合并形成液桥、间隙受热面的再润湿、气泡横向迁移和多气泡的快速合并等这些过程的共同作用强化了沸腾换热性能。

各向异性膨胀石墨双极板对燃料电池性能的影响

该文分析了膨胀石墨双极板(EGBPs)各向异性结构对燃料电池水热管理与输出性能的影响。建立了三维两相非等温数值模型,对比了4种典型复合材料结构下温度、电流密度、水含量等参数的分布特征,揭示了双极板传热特性与输出性能的耦合效应。结果表明:沿质子传递方向热导率(k_z)对燃料电池性能具有显著影响,在2.2 A cm^(-2)电流密度下,将k_z从常规结构的5 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)提升至280 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),可以使输出性能提高22 m V;沿流道气体流动方向的热导率(k_y)是影响散热能力的关键因素,将k_y与k_z提高至280 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),或者实现各向同性结构(k_x=k_y=k_z=20 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)),均能够使膜电极组件(MEA)核心区域的温度降低2℃左右。因此,提高k_y与k_z并实现各向同性结构是膨胀石墨双极板技术的未来发展目标之一。

绝缘热管在大容量环保充气式开关柜应用可行性分析

文中首先针对热管传热原理进行了研究,基于CFD建模和仿真探寻了热管内部液态和气态工作介质冷凝蒸发的相互作用过程,通过与铜棒对比相同边界条件下的冷热端温度差和热阻,验证了热管高导热性的特点。然后对大容量充气式开关柜的温升传热过程进行了分析,对采用了热管结构的充气柜,在进行温度场仿真分析时将热管模型进行等效处理,忽略内部较为复杂的相变传热过程,可大幅提高计算效率,并通过试验验证了与气流场仿真结果的偏差在10%以内。最后提出了一种提高热管工作效率的绝缘热管结构,通过合理设计内部腔体、铜管嵌件和冷热段传热基座,并选用合适的工作液介质,使其同时满足绝缘和传热的要求,应用在12 kV/4000 A环保充气柜上,顺利通过了绝缘和1.1倍温升试验考核。

蒸发冷凝长度比对不同微槽平板铝热管热性能的影响

为研究不同蒸发段和冷凝段长度比值对平板铝热管热性能的影响,通过实验分析了相同截面尺寸、相同填充工质、矩形微槽道和三角形微槽道的平板热管90°安装,以及采用连续递增的输入热流和冷凝段强制风冷换热时,9种不同比值对平板热管热性能的影响。研究结果表明:提出的平板微槽道热管蒸发段冷凝段长度比值对平板微槽道热管热性能的影响明显。优选的两种类型蒸发段冷凝段长度比值在0.8~1.25范围内,传热性能良好。对比不同微槽道的平板热管发现,同等条件下矩形微槽道平板热管的传热性能优于三角形微槽道平板热管,并提出蒸发段冷凝段长度比值的最佳值为1,建议应用设计中蒸发段冷凝段长度比值范围为0.8~1.0。研究结果可对平板微槽道热管应用系统的设计提供准确参考。

Surface treatment to improve corrosion resistance of Al plate heat exchangers

The correlations between thermal and physical properties were studied through thermal conductivity measurements, hardness tests, salt spray tests (AASS) among the surface treatment samples named K20, K40 with thickness of 20, 40 μm respectively and raw sample named K00. In thermal conductivity measurements, there are little differences among the samples as K00, K20 and K40, they exhibit 153.39, 150.69 and 149.76 W/(m·K), respectively. According to hardness tests, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit 87.9, 259.7 and 344.8 in Vickers values. In the result of salt spray tests to examine the effects on corrosion resistance, K00, K20 and K40 exhibit the grade of 3?5, 2.0?9.8 and 10, respectively. The mutual relation of the above results was analyzed. It is found that the surface treatments do not affect the thermal conductivity of aluminum and result in the improvement of physical properties. As a result of the technology, the surface improvement of aluminum alloy specimen is achieved without thermal degradation. It validates the ability of the aluminum plate heat exchangers with surface treatment to enhance the corrosion resistance. Present work is performed as the first fundamental threshold in the process of aluminum plate heat exchangers development to check out its possibility, therefore the next step-experimental and numerical study of practical aluminum plate heat exchangers will be made.

Thermoelastic vibrations in a thin elliptic annulus plate with elastic supports

In this study, integral operational methods are used to investigate the thermally induced transverse vibration of a thin elliptic annulus plate with elastic supports at both radial boundaries.The axisymmetric temperature distribution is determined by the heat conduction differential equation and its corresponding boundary conditions by employing a unified integral transform technique by use of Mathieu functions and modified Mathieu functions. The solution of thermally induced vibration of the plate with both ends encased with elastic supports is obtained by employing an integral transform for double Laplace differential equation. The thermal moment is derived on the basis of temperature distribution, and its stresses are obtained based on resultant bending moments per unit width. The numerical calculations of the distributions of the transient temperature and its associated stress distributions are shown in the figures.

孔隙随机结构对非均质多孔泡沫导热性能的影响

多孔泡沫是一类低密度、高比表面积、具有独特性能的新型功能材料。实际多孔泡沫材料通常是非均质的,即其孔隙结构分布是随机的。为研究非均质多孔泡沫材料的导热性能,提出用孔隙均匀度作为表征孔隙结构分布随机性的参数,以多孔石墨泡沫为例,分析孔隙均匀度对多孔泡沫有效热导率的影响。数值计算结果表明:孔隙结构分布越不均匀,多孔泡沫材料的导热性能越差。根据计算结果提出了非均质石墨泡沫相对有效热导率的预测式,并与现有文献报道的结果进行了比较,发现当前结果呈现了孔隙结构随机性对材料有效热导率的影响,与ORNL实验结果更吻合。

不同充液率平板热管性能实验

搭建了平板热管测试实验台,对不同充液率下热管性能进行了实验研究,并以最佳充液率的热管为研究对象,分析了加热功率、冷却水温及冷却水流速对热管性能的影响。实验结果表明:充液率为20%和30%时热管在各加热功率下展现了良好的性能,最小热阻为0.18℃/W和0.19℃/W,热导率为8158W/(m·℃)和8540W/(m·℃)。由于沸腾换热滞后性,相较于功率增加,功率减少时热管性能更优,同等加热功率条件下蒸发段温度更低。功率增加和功率减少对热管蒸发段热阻影响较大,而冷凝段热阻几乎不受影响。当冷却水温为17℃和22℃时,热管蒸发段温度比冷却水温为7℃和12℃时蒸发段温度低2℃左右。相较于冷却水温22℃时,冷却水温为17℃时热管蒸发段温度能更快达到稳定值。冷却水流速影响蒸发段温度及达到稳定运行的时间,实验表明热管工作的最佳冷却水流速为5.81g/s。

地下含湿岩土热渗耦合模型及换热埋管周围土壤温度场数值模拟

考虑了地下水的渗流作用和U型换热埋管的实际形状,建立了U型管地下换热器管内流体以及周围土壤热渗耦合物理数学模型。模型将土壤视为均匀的、各向同性的饱和多孔介质,土壤中水的渗流视为二维。管内湍流流动采用Realizable k-ε模型,数值计算采用Fluent软件。给出了管内流体以及周围土壤的温度分布数值模拟结果,分析了土壤中水的渗流对传热过程的影响、U型管两支管的热短路作用及回填材料对土壤温度场的影响。所得结论对地下换热器的设计具有理论意义。

导热系数测定仪的系统稳定状态判定方法研究

由于现有平板导热仪存在测量时间固定且耗时长等不足,为了对现有平板导热仪的测量算法进行改善,通过对热板功率的稳定状态进行判定并加入测量阈值,提出了一种基于稳态法的导热仪系统稳定状态判定方法。实验结果表明:该方法能根据不同的测试试样和不同的测试条件在较短的时间内自动确定系统状态的平衡时刻点,且测量精度符合国家标准、重复性好(小于1%)、线性度高(大于0.998)。

铝基覆铜板导热系数测量方法研究

通过测量传热板两侧的温差间接得到流过铝基覆铜板的热流量,避免了传统测量方法由于热辐射和空气对流热损失所带来的误差。结果表明,该方法在导热系数测量方面具有准确、操作简单的优点。

热渗耦合作用下U型埋管换热器的数值模拟

针对土壤耦合热泵地下U型换热埋管,建立了管内流体以及换热器周围土壤热渗耦合物理数学模型。所建模型考虑了U型管的实际形状,土壤考虑为饱和多孔介质,管内湍流流动采用R ea lizab le k-ε模型。采用F luen t软件对模型进行模拟计算,得到了管内流体以及周围土壤温度分布。分析了土壤中水的渗流对传热过程的影响,并对考虑渗流作用时不同土壤物性对单根U型垂直埋管换热器周围土壤温度场进行了模拟计算与分析。

疏导热防护的固体传导的性能表征与传导特性分析

固体介质快速传导是疏导热防护的一个重要机制。本文在分析热传导的两个极限温度的基础上，提出疏导热防护的两个表征参数，即高热流区的表面降温系数和大面积的背面温升系数。数值模拟了热环境参数、固体介质导热系数、模型的几何外形、模型的长度及不同介质对表面降温系数的影响。数值模拟结果表明：1．固体介质传导降低表面温度的最大优点是不改变外形，不改变传统的热结构设计，安全可靠，并具有可观的降温效率；2．由于固体介质的滞后效应，快速传导的效率和范围有一定的局限性，在表面达到平衡温度的时间内，快速传导的距离有一定的限制。进一步研究固体介质传导的影响因素，提高固体介质的传导效率，并与其它传导机理配合，给出疏导热防护的有效机制是下一阶段的研究重点。

热环境下功能梯度材料板的自由振动和动力响应

基于Reddy高阶剪切变形理论和广义Kármán型方程,用双重Fourier级数展开法求得了四边简支功能梯度材料板的自由振动及动力响应的解析解,分析中考虑了热传导以及组分材料热物参数对温度变化的依赖性,讨论了材料组分指数和热环境对固有频率及动力响应的影响。

注射机模具加热系统的温度场快速优化

针对注射机模具加热系统中电热板表面温度场不均匀问题,结合线性热传导叠加原理,提出一种快速温度场优化方法来优化电热板中热管的功率分布.根据线性热传导问题的数学定义,结合线性系统的基本性质得出了线性热传导叠加原理,并且给出了线性热传导温度场的快速优化算法.通过分析单根电热管对电热板温度场的敏度响应获取热管的温度误差,在此基础上结合线性热传导温度场优化算法,利用Matlab软件计算出电热板中热管的功率分布,有限元模拟优化后的电热板温度场符合行业标准.通过实验测量优化后电热板的温度场,实测结果与数值模拟结果相吻合,验证了该优化方法的可行性.

新型石墨消解仪控制系统

样品的湿法消解是大多数有机、无机分析过程中样品处理的重要环节。传统的方法使用平板或者浴式加热消解设备,前者存在温度精度不高、温度不均匀,后者则有样品间、样品和消解设备间相互干扰等问题。本项目创造性使用预制石墨块作为导热媒质,把浴式加热和平板加热二者的优点结合在一起,解决了上述问题。同时,在仪器的研发中引入蓝牙通讯技术,实现远程及点对多的控制模式。特别适合在中大型分析实验室中应用。

制动器摩擦片材料热物性参数对其温度场的影响

采用Abaqus模拟盘式制动器制动过程的三维瞬态温度场,研究摩擦片材料的比热容和导热系数对其制动过程中温度分布的影响。结果表明:增大摩擦片材料导热系数可以降低摩擦片的轴向和径向温度梯度,但会增大摩擦面瞬时最高温度;增大摩擦片材料的比热容对降低摩擦面瞬时最高温度效果较好,但会增大摩擦材料轴向和径向的温度梯度;和导热系数相比,比热容变化对摩擦片瞬时最高温度的影响更为显著;同时增大比热容和导热系数可以达到既降低瞬时最高温度又减小轴向和径向温度梯度的作用。